低温影响管线钢稳定性及焊接工艺的研究进展
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摘要
随着油气长输管道逐渐向高寒地区延伸,油气长输管道的施工、运营和维护均受到低温环境的影响。这就使低温环境下管线钢材料的选取、结构完整性评估以及管道的安全运营十分关键。综述了国内外低温环境对管线钢的疲劳寿命、裂缝萌生和扩展以及在焊接工艺和焊缝疲劳稳定性方面的研究成果,揭示了低温环境对管线钢疲劳裂缝萌生和扩展、焊缝力学性能及焊缝疲劳稳定性的影响机理,总结了目前研究存在的问题,并在此基础上提出了今后研究的重点。
Along with the extension of the long distance oil and gas pipeline to the alpine region,the construction,operation and maintenance of long distance oil and gas pipelines are affected by the low temperature environment. This makes the selection of pipeline steel materials,structural integrity assessment and safe operation of pipelines critical in low temperature environment. The literatures about fatigue life,crack generation and growth,welding technology and weld fatigue stability of pipeline steel are reviewed. The mechanism of the effect of low temperature environment on the fatigue crack generation and the expansion and the mechanical properties and the fatigue stability of the weld of pipeline steel is revealed. The problems existing in the present study are summarized,and on this basis,the key points for future research are put forward.
Along with the extension of the long distance oil and gas pipeline to the alpine region,the construction,operation and maintenance of long distance oil and gas pipelines are affected by the low temperature environment. This makes the selection of pipeline steel materials,structural integrity assessment and safe operation of pipelines critical in low temperature environment. The literatures about fatigue life,crack generation and growth,welding technology and weld fatigue stability of pipeline steel are reviewed. The mechanism of the effect of low temperature environment on the fatigue crack generation and the expansion and the mechanical properties and the fatigue stability of the weld of pipeline steel is revealed. The problems existing in the present study are summarized,and on this basis,the key points for future research are put forward.
引文
[1]尹长华,杨武堂.-20℃低温环境下大口径X80钢管的焊接[J].焊接技术,2009,38(5):19.(YIN Chang-hua,YANG Wutang.Welding of the big diameter X80 pipe in low temperature environment of-20℃[J].Welding Technology,2009,38(5):19.)
[2]刘文月,任毅,高红,等.X70/X80管线钢厚板低温CTOD韧性研究[J].焊管,2016,39(10):10.(LIU Wen-yue,REN Yi,GAO Hong,et al.Low temperature CTOD toughness research of X70/X80 thick plates used for pipeline steel[J].Experiment and Research,2016,39(10):10.)
[3]张清清,章传国,郑磊.T8/5时间对X80管线钢热影响区组织和韧性的影响[J].中国冶金,2017,7(4):26.(ZHANG Qingqing,ZHANG Chuan-guo,ZHENG Lei.Effect of T8/5 time on microstructure and toughness in heat affected zone of X80 pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2017,27(4):26.)
[4]单庆林,陈玉鑫,王雷川,等.高级别管线钢氮质量分数控制的研究与实践[J].中国冶金,2016,26(11):51.(SHAN Qinglin,CHEN Yu-xin,WANG Lei-chuan,et al.Practice and study in nitrogen mass fraction control for high grade pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2016,26(11):51.)
[5]王秉新,连景宝,刘相华,等.热轧工艺对X80管线钢组织及低温塑性形变的影响[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2014,45(11):3786.(WANG Bing-xin,LIAN Jing-bao,LIU Xianghua,et al.Effect of hot-rolling processes on microstructures and low-temperature toughness in X80 grade pipe-line steel[J].Journal of Central South University:Natural Science,2014,45(11):3786.)
[6]颉向旭.表面机械研磨处理对X80管线钢低温渗铝的影响[D].西安:西安石油大学,2011.(XIE Xiang-xu.Effect of Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment on the Aluminizing X80Pipeline Steel at Low Temperature[D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Petroleum,2011.)
[7]谌铁强,宋欣,张国栋,等.中亚C线大壁厚X80低温管线钢工艺与性能研究[J].中国冶金,2014,24(s):57.(CHEN Tieqiang,SONG Xin,ZHANG Guo-dong,et al.Study of process and property on low temperature toughness of large wall X80pipeline steel for Central-Asia C project[J].China Metallurgy,2014,24(s):57.)
[8]刘志义.X80钢半自动焊及低温焊接施工工艺研究[D].北京:中国石油大学,2011.(LIU Zhi-yi.Study on Construction Process of Semi-Automatic Welding and Low-Temperature Welding of X80 Pipeline Steel[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum,2011.)
[9]孙亮.管线钢控氮分析与实践[J].中国冶金,2016,26(10):67.(SUN Liang.Nitrogen control analysis and practice of pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2016,26(10):67.)
[10]WANG Bing-xin,LIAN Jing-bao.Effect of microstructure on lowtemperature toughness of a low carbon Nb-V-Ti microalloyed pipeline steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2014,592:50.
[11]Fassina P,Brunella B M F,Lazzari L,et al.Effect of hydrogen and low temperature on fatigue crack growthof pipeline steels[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2013,103:10.
[12]Fassina P,Bolzoni F,Fumagalli G,et al.Influence of hydrogen and low temperature on mechanical behaviorof two pipeline steels[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2012,81:43.
[13]Odd M Akselsen.Low temperature toughness in SA welding of420 MPa steel[C]//Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.Maui:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2011:19.
[14]Hauge M.Arctic offshore materials and platform winterisation[C]//International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.Rhodes:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2012:33.
[15]Akselsen O M.Low temperature fracturetoughness of X80 girth welds[C]//Proc 22nd Annual Int Offshore and Polar Eng Conf.Rhodes:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2012:4.
[16]徐景涛.X80管线钢在长输管道中的应用及展望[J].中国冶金,2016,26(8):1.(XU Jing-tao.Application and prospect of X80 steel in long-distance pipeline[J].China Metallurgy,2016,26(8):1.)
[17]王志勇,李少坡,李群,等.经济型X80管线钢的研制开发[J].中国冶金,2016,26(11):64.(WANG Zhi-yong,LI Shao-po,LI Qun,et al.Research and development of low-cost X80 pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2016,26(11):64.
[18]张清清,章传国,郑磊.T8/5时间对X80管线钢热影响区组织和韧性的影响[J].中国冶金,2017,27(4):26.(ZHANG Qingqing,ZHANG Chuan-guo,ZHENG Lei.Effect of T8/5 time on microstructure and toughness in heat affected zone of X80 pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2017,27(4):26.)
[19]Bishop S,Spretnak J.Mechanical properties,including fatigue of titanium-base alloys,RC-130-B and Ti-150-A at very low temperatures[J].ASM Transactions,1953,45:993.
[20]Kenneford A,Nichols R.Fatigue properties of steels at low temperatures[J].J Iron and Steel Inst,1960,194:13.
[21]Yakovenko L,Pustovalov V.Fatigue life of brittle superconducting alloys in normal and superconducting states[J].Materials Science and Engineering 1983,60(2):109.
[22]Polak J,Klesnil M.The dynamics of cyclic plastic deformation and fatigue life of low carbon steel at low temperatures[J].Materials Science and Engineering 1976,26(2):157.
[23]Yakovenko L,Pustovalov V.Fatigue life of brittle superconducting alloys in normal and superconducting states[J].Materials Science and Engineering 1983,60(2):109.
[24]章伟钢,韩顺,厉勇,等.大型客机用300M钢疲劳破坏行为[J].钢铁,2017,52(10):83.(ZHANG Wei-gang,HAN Shun,LI Yong,et al.Behavior of fatigue fracture of 300M steel for large passenger aircraft[J].Iron and Steel,2017,52(10):83.)
[25]刘杰.钢轨表面疲劳裂缝扩展机制[J].钢铁,2017,52(4):67.(LIU Jie.Analysis of propagation mechanism of fatigue crack on rail surface[J].Iron and Steel,2017,52(4):67.)
[26]张慧芳,肖振兴,周宇,等.无镍高氮不锈钢弯曲疲劳裂缝萌生与扩展行为[J].钢铁,2017,52(10):89.(ZHANG Huifang,XIAO Zhen-xing,ZHOU Yu,et al.Bending fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviors of a nickel free high nitrogen stainless steel[J].Iron and Steel,2017,52(10):89.)
[27]Antonio Alvaro,Odd M,Akselsen,et al.Fundamental aspects of fatigue of steel in arctic applications[C]//Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference.Busan:[s.n.],2014:15.
[28]Sangid M D.The physics of fatigue crack initiation[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2013,57:58.
[29]Vogt J,Foct J.Low-temperature fatigue of 316L and 316LN austenitic stainless steels[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1991,22(10):2385.
[30]Vogt J B,Magnin T.Effective stresses and microstructure in cyclically deformed 316L austenitic stainless steel:effect of temperature and nitrogen content[J].Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures,1993,16(5):555.
[31]Carpinteri A.Handbook of Fatigue Crack Propagation Inmetallic Structures[M].Koninkrijk der Nederlanden:Access Online via Elsevier,1994.
[32]Moody N,Gerberich W.Fatigue crack propagation in iron and two iron binary alloys at low temperatures[J].Materials Science and Engineering,1979,41(2):271.
[33]聂文金,张晓兵,林涛铸,等.高性能钢组织控制及?1 422×32 mm K60-E2低温管线管用钢板开发[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2015.(NIE Wen-jin,Zhang Xiao-bing,Lin Tao-zhu,et al.Microstructure Control of the High Performance Steel and Development of Heavy Pipeline Steel Plates with High Toughness at a Low Temperature for?1 422×32 mm K60-E2LSAW Pipes[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2015.)
[34]李效华,张国柱,张传友,等.-100℃低温无缝钢管的开发[J].钢管,2014,43(1):25.(LI Xiao-hua,ZHANG Guo-zhu,ZHANG Chuan-you,et al.R&D of cryogenic seamless steel pipe for-100℃service[J].Steel Pipe,2014,43(1):25.)
[35]李建军.X80管线钢低温焊接技术研究[D].天津:天津大学,2010.(LI Jian-jun.Research on Low Temperature Welding Technology of X80 Pipeline Steel[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2010.)
[36]戈兆文.长输管道焊接工艺评定标准分析及建议[J].压力容器,2003,20(7):1.(GE Zhao-wen.Analysis and suggestion on welding procedure qualification standard for long distance gas transmission pipeline[J].The Pressure Vessel,2003,20(7):1.)
[37]隋永莉,薛振奎,赵海鸿.石油天然气金属管道焊接工艺评定标准对比分析[J].压力容器,2006,23(6):1.(SUI Yong-li,XUE Zhen-kui,ZHAO Hai-hong.Contrast of standard for weld procedure qualification of oil and gas metal pipeline[J].The Pressure Vessel,2006,23(6):1.)
[38]Suresh S G,Zamiski,et al.Oxide-induced crack closure:An explanation for near-threshold corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1981,12(8):1435.
[39]Lassen T.The effect of the welding process on the fatigue crack growth[J].Welding Journal,1990,69:S75.
[40]Rading G.The effect of welding on the fatigue crack growth rate in a structural steel[J].Welding Journal,1993,72:307.
[41]李龙庆,李大东,王艳.X80管线钢螺旋埋弧焊管性能分析[J].电焊报,2013,43(8):64.(LI Long-qing,LI Da-dong,WANG Yan.Performance analysis of submerged arc welding for X80spiral pipes[J].Electric Welding Machine,2013,43(8):64.)
[42]Singh P J,Mannan S.Fatigue life extension of notches in AISI304L weld ments using deep cryogenic treatment[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2005,12(2):263.
[43]Kalia S.Cryogenic processing:a study of materials at low temperatures[J].Journal of Low Temperature Physics,2010,158(5/6):934.
[44]孔令然.X80管线钢的研究与应用[J].科技情报开发与经济,2011,21(36):120.(KONG Ling-ran.Discussion on the research on and application of X80 pipeline steel[J].Sci-tech Information Development and Economy,2011,21(36):120.)
[45]Odd M Akselsen,Xiaobo Ren,et al.Properties in submerged arc welding X80 plate Arctic applications[C]//Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference.Hawaii:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2015:31.
[2]刘文月,任毅,高红,等.X70/X80管线钢厚板低温CTOD韧性研究[J].焊管,2016,39(10):10.(LIU Wen-yue,REN Yi,GAO Hong,et al.Low temperature CTOD toughness research of X70/X80 thick plates used for pipeline steel[J].Experiment and Research,2016,39(10):10.)
[3]张清清,章传国,郑磊.T8/5时间对X80管线钢热影响区组织和韧性的影响[J].中国冶金,2017,7(4):26.(ZHANG Qingqing,ZHANG Chuan-guo,ZHENG Lei.Effect of T8/5 time on microstructure and toughness in heat affected zone of X80 pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2017,27(4):26.)
[4]单庆林,陈玉鑫,王雷川,等.高级别管线钢氮质量分数控制的研究与实践[J].中国冶金,2016,26(11):51.(SHAN Qinglin,CHEN Yu-xin,WANG Lei-chuan,et al.Practice and study in nitrogen mass fraction control for high grade pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2016,26(11):51.)
[5]王秉新,连景宝,刘相华,等.热轧工艺对X80管线钢组织及低温塑性形变的影响[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2014,45(11):3786.(WANG Bing-xin,LIAN Jing-bao,LIU Xianghua,et al.Effect of hot-rolling processes on microstructures and low-temperature toughness in X80 grade pipe-line steel[J].Journal of Central South University:Natural Science,2014,45(11):3786.)
[6]颉向旭.表面机械研磨处理对X80管线钢低温渗铝的影响[D].西安:西安石油大学,2011.(XIE Xiang-xu.Effect of Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment on the Aluminizing X80Pipeline Steel at Low Temperature[D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Petroleum,2011.)
[7]谌铁强,宋欣,张国栋,等.中亚C线大壁厚X80低温管线钢工艺与性能研究[J].中国冶金,2014,24(s):57.(CHEN Tieqiang,SONG Xin,ZHANG Guo-dong,et al.Study of process and property on low temperature toughness of large wall X80pipeline steel for Central-Asia C project[J].China Metallurgy,2014,24(s):57.)
[8]刘志义.X80钢半自动焊及低温焊接施工工艺研究[D].北京:中国石油大学,2011.(LIU Zhi-yi.Study on Construction Process of Semi-Automatic Welding and Low-Temperature Welding of X80 Pipeline Steel[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum,2011.)
[9]孙亮.管线钢控氮分析与实践[J].中国冶金,2016,26(10):67.(SUN Liang.Nitrogen control analysis and practice of pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2016,26(10):67.)
[10]WANG Bing-xin,LIAN Jing-bao.Effect of microstructure on lowtemperature toughness of a low carbon Nb-V-Ti microalloyed pipeline steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering,2014,592:50.
[11]Fassina P,Brunella B M F,Lazzari L,et al.Effect of hydrogen and low temperature on fatigue crack growthof pipeline steels[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2013,103:10.
[12]Fassina P,Bolzoni F,Fumagalli G,et al.Influence of hydrogen and low temperature on mechanical behaviorof two pipeline steels[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2012,81:43.
[13]Odd M Akselsen.Low temperature toughness in SA welding of420 MPa steel[C]//Proceedings of the Twenty-first International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.Maui:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2011:19.
[14]Hauge M.Arctic offshore materials and platform winterisation[C]//International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.Rhodes:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2012:33.
[15]Akselsen O M.Low temperature fracturetoughness of X80 girth welds[C]//Proc 22nd Annual Int Offshore and Polar Eng Conf.Rhodes:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2012:4.
[16]徐景涛.X80管线钢在长输管道中的应用及展望[J].中国冶金,2016,26(8):1.(XU Jing-tao.Application and prospect of X80 steel in long-distance pipeline[J].China Metallurgy,2016,26(8):1.)
[17]王志勇,李少坡,李群,等.经济型X80管线钢的研制开发[J].中国冶金,2016,26(11):64.(WANG Zhi-yong,LI Shao-po,LI Qun,et al.Research and development of low-cost X80 pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2016,26(11):64.
[18]张清清,章传国,郑磊.T8/5时间对X80管线钢热影响区组织和韧性的影响[J].中国冶金,2017,27(4):26.(ZHANG Qingqing,ZHANG Chuan-guo,ZHENG Lei.Effect of T8/5 time on microstructure and toughness in heat affected zone of X80 pipeline steel[J].China Metallurgy,2017,27(4):26.)
[19]Bishop S,Spretnak J.Mechanical properties,including fatigue of titanium-base alloys,RC-130-B and Ti-150-A at very low temperatures[J].ASM Transactions,1953,45:993.
[20]Kenneford A,Nichols R.Fatigue properties of steels at low temperatures[J].J Iron and Steel Inst,1960,194:13.
[21]Yakovenko L,Pustovalov V.Fatigue life of brittle superconducting alloys in normal and superconducting states[J].Materials Science and Engineering 1983,60(2):109.
[22]Polak J,Klesnil M.The dynamics of cyclic plastic deformation and fatigue life of low carbon steel at low temperatures[J].Materials Science and Engineering 1976,26(2):157.
[23]Yakovenko L,Pustovalov V.Fatigue life of brittle superconducting alloys in normal and superconducting states[J].Materials Science and Engineering 1983,60(2):109.
[24]章伟钢,韩顺,厉勇,等.大型客机用300M钢疲劳破坏行为[J].钢铁,2017,52(10):83.(ZHANG Wei-gang,HAN Shun,LI Yong,et al.Behavior of fatigue fracture of 300M steel for large passenger aircraft[J].Iron and Steel,2017,52(10):83.)
[25]刘杰.钢轨表面疲劳裂缝扩展机制[J].钢铁,2017,52(4):67.(LIU Jie.Analysis of propagation mechanism of fatigue crack on rail surface[J].Iron and Steel,2017,52(4):67.)
[26]张慧芳,肖振兴,周宇,等.无镍高氮不锈钢弯曲疲劳裂缝萌生与扩展行为[J].钢铁,2017,52(10):89.(ZHANG Huifang,XIAO Zhen-xing,ZHOU Yu,et al.Bending fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviors of a nickel free high nitrogen stainless steel[J].Iron and Steel,2017,52(10):89.)
[27]Antonio Alvaro,Odd M,Akselsen,et al.Fundamental aspects of fatigue of steel in arctic applications[C]//Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference.Busan:[s.n.],2014:15.
[28]Sangid M D.The physics of fatigue crack initiation[J].International Journal of Fatigue,2013,57:58.
[29]Vogt J,Foct J.Low-temperature fatigue of 316L and 316LN austenitic stainless steels[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1991,22(10):2385.
[30]Vogt J B,Magnin T.Effective stresses and microstructure in cyclically deformed 316L austenitic stainless steel:effect of temperature and nitrogen content[J].Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures,1993,16(5):555.
[31]Carpinteri A.Handbook of Fatigue Crack Propagation Inmetallic Structures[M].Koninkrijk der Nederlanden:Access Online via Elsevier,1994.
[32]Moody N,Gerberich W.Fatigue crack propagation in iron and two iron binary alloys at low temperatures[J].Materials Science and Engineering,1979,41(2):271.
[33]聂文金,张晓兵,林涛铸,等.高性能钢组织控制及?1 422×32 mm K60-E2低温管线管用钢板开发[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2015.(NIE Wen-jin,Zhang Xiao-bing,Lin Tao-zhu,et al.Microstructure Control of the High Performance Steel and Development of Heavy Pipeline Steel Plates with High Toughness at a Low Temperature for?1 422×32 mm K60-E2LSAW Pipes[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2015.)
[34]李效华,张国柱,张传友,等.-100℃低温无缝钢管的开发[J].钢管,2014,43(1):25.(LI Xiao-hua,ZHANG Guo-zhu,ZHANG Chuan-you,et al.R&D of cryogenic seamless steel pipe for-100℃service[J].Steel Pipe,2014,43(1):25.)
[35]李建军.X80管线钢低温焊接技术研究[D].天津:天津大学,2010.(LI Jian-jun.Research on Low Temperature Welding Technology of X80 Pipeline Steel[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2010.)
[36]戈兆文.长输管道焊接工艺评定标准分析及建议[J].压力容器,2003,20(7):1.(GE Zhao-wen.Analysis and suggestion on welding procedure qualification standard for long distance gas transmission pipeline[J].The Pressure Vessel,2003,20(7):1.)
[37]隋永莉,薛振奎,赵海鸿.石油天然气金属管道焊接工艺评定标准对比分析[J].压力容器,2006,23(6):1.(SUI Yong-li,XUE Zhen-kui,ZHAO Hai-hong.Contrast of standard for weld procedure qualification of oil and gas metal pipeline[J].The Pressure Vessel,2006,23(6):1.)
[38]Suresh S G,Zamiski,et al.Oxide-induced crack closure:An explanation for near-threshold corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior[J].Metallurgical Transactions A,1981,12(8):1435.
[39]Lassen T.The effect of the welding process on the fatigue crack growth[J].Welding Journal,1990,69:S75.
[40]Rading G.The effect of welding on the fatigue crack growth rate in a structural steel[J].Welding Journal,1993,72:307.
[41]李龙庆,李大东,王艳.X80管线钢螺旋埋弧焊管性能分析[J].电焊报,2013,43(8):64.(LI Long-qing,LI Da-dong,WANG Yan.Performance analysis of submerged arc welding for X80spiral pipes[J].Electric Welding Machine,2013,43(8):64.)
[42]Singh P J,Mannan S.Fatigue life extension of notches in AISI304L weld ments using deep cryogenic treatment[J].Engineering Failure Analysis,2005,12(2):263.
[43]Kalia S.Cryogenic processing:a study of materials at low temperatures[J].Journal of Low Temperature Physics,2010,158(5/6):934.
[44]孔令然.X80管线钢的研究与应用[J].科技情报开发与经济,2011,21(36):120.(KONG Ling-ran.Discussion on the research on and application of X80 pipeline steel[J].Sci-tech Information Development and Economy,2011,21(36):120.)
[45]Odd M Akselsen,Xiaobo Ren,et al.Properties in submerged arc welding X80 plate Arctic applications[C]//Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference.Hawaii:International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2015:31.