海底天然气水合物开采的环境安全性探讨
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摘要
在能源需求和环保要求的双重压力下,天然气的消费量大幅增长,对海底天然气水合物进行大规模开采是必然的。目前,海底天然气水合物的开采还处于初级阶段,没有找到公认的合适的开采方式,最主要的原因是担心开采天然气水合物会造成其瞬间大规模气化,引发环境灾难。从人们所担心的问题出发,通过分析天然气水合物的开采原理,调研天然气水合物的开采实践,指出开采天然气水合物的主要物理过程是气化,而气化需要吸收大量的热量,但地层传递热量的速度非常慢。为此,天然气水合物的开采速度非常低。天然气水合物在其开采过程中虽然不可避免的会对环境产生一定影响,但不会对环境造成灾难性影响。
The demand towards natural gas continues to grow in China and large-scale exploitation of subsea natural gas hydrate is inevitable; however, environmental protection in conjunction with methane hydrate production poses challenges. At present, the exploitation of subsea gas hydrate is still in its initial stages, and no commonly accepted method of exploitation has been developed yet. The main reason for production delays is that the exploitation of gas hydrate is likely to cause instantaneous release of gas hydrate and lead to serious environmental disasters. This paper analyzes the exploitation principle of gas hydrate, investigates exploitation practices, and emphasizes that the most important physical process in gas hydrate exploitation is gasification. Gasification requires a large amount of heat,whereas, heat transmission in formation is slow. Therefore, the exploitation of gas hydrate should be conducted at a moderate pace on the premise of maintaining a manageable but not catastrophic release of gas hydrate.
The demand towards natural gas continues to grow in China and large-scale exploitation of subsea natural gas hydrate is inevitable; however, environmental protection in conjunction with methane hydrate production poses challenges. At present, the exploitation of subsea gas hydrate is still in its initial stages, and no commonly accepted method of exploitation has been developed yet. The main reason for production delays is that the exploitation of gas hydrate is likely to cause instantaneous release of gas hydrate and lead to serious environmental disasters. This paper analyzes the exploitation principle of gas hydrate, investigates exploitation practices, and emphasizes that the most important physical process in gas hydrate exploitation is gasification. Gasification requires a large amount of heat,whereas, heat transmission in formation is slow. Therefore, the exploitation of gas hydrate should be conducted at a moderate pace on the premise of maintaining a manageable but not catastrophic release of gas hydrate.
引文
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[2]张炜,邵明娟,田黔宁.日本海域天然气水合物开发技术进展[J].石油钻探技术,2017,45(5):98-102.ZHANG Wei,SHAO Mingjuan,TIAN Qianning.Technical progress of a pilot project to produce natural gas hydrate in Japanese waters[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2017,45(5):98-102.
[3]李建忠,郑民,陈晓明,等.非常规油气内涵辨析、源-储组合类型及中国非常规油气发展潜力[J].石油学报,2015,36(5):521-532.LI Jianzhong,ZHENG Min,CHEN Xiaoming,et al.Connotation analyses,source-reservoir assemblage types and development potential of unconventional hydrocarbon in China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015,36(5):521-532.
[4]吴能友,张海啟,杨胜雄,等.南海神狐海域天然气水合物成藏系统初探[J].天然气工业,2007,27(9):1-6.WU Nengyou,ZHANG Haiqi,YANG Shengxiong,et al.Preliminary discussion on natural gas hydrate(NGH)reservoir system of Shenhu Area,North Slope of South China Sea[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(9):1-6.
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[7]BHADE P,PHIRANI J.Effect of geological layers on hydrate dissociation in natural gas hydrate reservoirs[J].Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,2015,26:1549-1560.
[8]张永勤,李鑫淼,李小洋,等.冻土天然气水合物开采技术进展及海洋水合物开采技术方案研究[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2016,43(10):154-159.ZHANG Yongqin,LI Xinmiao,LI Xiaoyang,et al.Technical progress of gas hydrate production in permafrost and research on oceanic gas hydrate production[J].Exploration Engineering(Rock&Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2016,43(10):154-159.
[9]张洋,李广雪,刘芳.天然气水合物开采技术现状[J].海洋地质前沿,2016,32(4):63-68.ZHANG Yang,LI Guangxue,LIU Fang.Current status of mining technology for natural gas hydrate[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2016,32(4):63-68.
[10]贾怀东,郑瑞锋.可燃冰开发或引发环境灾难[J].生态经济,2012,28(12):14-17.JIA Huaidong,ZHENG Ruifeng.The development of combustible ice could lead to environmental disaster[J].Ecological Economy,2012,28(12):14-17.
[11]吴传芝,赵克斌,孙长青,等.天然气水合物开采研究现状[J].地质科技情报,2008,27(1):47-52.WU Chuanzhi,ZHAO Kebin,SUN Changqing,et al.Current research in natural gas hydrate production[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2008,27(1):47-52.
[12]王浩,王继平.天然气水合物开发可能导致的风险[J].当代化工,2017,46(3):485-488.WANG Hao,WANG Jiping.Possible risks in development of natural gas hydrate[J].Contemporary Chemical Industry,2017,46(3):485-488.
[13]朱超祁,张民生,刘晓磊,等.海底天然气水合物开采导致的地质灾害及其监测技术[J].灾害学,2017,32(3):51-56.ZHU Chaoqi,ZHANG Minsheng,LIU Xiaolei,et al.Gas hydrates:production,geohazards and monitoring[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2017,32(3):51-56.
[14]宫智武,张亮,程海清,等.海底天然气水合物分解对海洋钻井安全的影响[J].石油钻探技术,2015,43(4):19-24.GONG Zhiwu,ZHANG Liang,CHENG Haiqing,et al.The influence of subsea natural gas hydrate dissociation on the safety of offshore drilling[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2015,43(4):19-24.
[15]吴西顺,张百忍,张炜,等.天然气水合物开采技术进展[J].新能源进展,2015,3(3):218-225.WU Xishun,ZHANG Bairen,ZHANG Wei,et al.New developments in gas hydrate recovery technology[J].Advances in New and Renewable Energy,2015,3(3):218-225.
[16]胡志兴.天然气水合物相平衡研究及其应用[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学,2011.HU Zhixing.Research and application of natural gas hydrates phase equilibrium[D].Qinhuangdao:Yanshan University,2011.
[17]黄文件,刘道平,周文铸,等.天然气水合物的热物理性质[J].天然气化工,2004,29(4):66-71.HUANG Wenjian,LIU Daoping,ZHOU Wenzhu,et al.Thermophysical properties of natural gas hydrate[J].Natural Gas Chemical Industry,2004,29(4):66-71.
[18]吴能友,黄丽,胡高伟,等.海域天然气水合物开采的地质控制因素和科学挑战[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2017,37(5):1-11.WU Nengyou,HUANG Li,HU Gaowei,et al.Geological controlling factors and scientific challenges for offshore gas hydrate exploitation[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2017,37(5):1-11.
[19]魏镜郦.天然气水合物开采方法的研究进展[J].武汉工程职业技术学院学报,2015,27(4):35-38.WEI Jingli.Research progress on the mining method of gas hydrate[J].Journal of Wuhan Engineering Institute,2015,27(4):35-38.
[20]光新军,王敏生.海洋天然气水合物试采关键技术[J].石油钻探技术,2016,44(5):45-51.GUANG Xinjun,WANG Minsheng.Key production test technologies for offshore natural gas hydrate[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2016,44(5):45-51.
[21]思娜,安雷,邓辉,等.天然气水合物开采技术研究进展及思考[J].中国石油勘探,2016,21(5):52-61.SI Na,AN Lei,DENG Hui,et al.Discussion on natural gas hydrate production technologies[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2016,21(5):52-61.
[22]任红,裴学良,吴仲华,等.天然气水合物保温保压取心工具研制及现场试验[J].石油钻探技术,2018,46(3):44-48.REN Hong,PEI Xueliang,WU Zhonghua,et al.Development and field tests of pressure-temperature preservation coring tools for gas hydrate[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2018,46(3):44-48.
[23]班晓辉,翟宇佳,刘玉樱.天然气水合物开采研究现状[J].工业,2015(21):39.BAN Xiaohui,ZHAI Yujia,LIU Yuying.Research status of gas hydrate mining[J].Industry,2015(21):39.
[24]李鹏龙,王卫强,刘钊.天然气水合物开采技术研究进展[J].当代化工,2015,44(3):524-526.LI Penglong,WANG Weiqiang,LIU Zhao.Research progress in gas hydrate mining technologies[J].Contemporary Chemical Industry,2015,44(3):524-526.
[25]LEE J Y,RYU B J,YUN T S,et al.Review on the gas hydrate development and production as a new energy resource[J].KSCEJournal of Civil Engineering,2011,15(4):689-696.
[26]周守为,赵金洲,李清平,等.全球首次海洋天然气水合物固态流化试采工程参数优化设计[J].天然气工业,2017,37(9):1-14.ZHOU Shouwei,ZHAO Jinzhou,LI Qingping,et al.Optimal design of the engineering parameters for the first global trial production of marine natural gas hydrates through solid fluidization[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(9):1-14.
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