工程地震中v_(S30)估算模型及其应用研究进展
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摘要
在工程地震场地条件评价中,地表以下30m深度范围内的等效剪切波速(vS30)是一个重要的分类参数,但由于客观条件的制约,在很多实例中等效剪切波速度的计算深度未达到30m,因此如何更好地估算vS30就变得尤为重要。详细阐述vS30估算模型的演化发展:首先介绍基于钻孔测井数据的3类模型,即常速度外推模型、速度梯度模型、双深度参数外推模型;然后详述基于地质、地形坡度和地貌等替代指标的vS30估算模型,以及基于HVSR的反应谱比的估算模型。文章分析各模型的特点和适用性,同时在此基础上简述了vS30在现今工程地震领域的应用。
In earthquake engineering,the equivalent shear-wave velocity to a depth of 30 mbelow ground surface(vS30)is a significant parameter in evaluating site conditions.In many cases,however,because of the restrictions of objective conditions,shallow shear-wave velocity profiles do not extend to a depth of 30m;therefore,it is important to find a better way to estimate vS30.The development of vS30 estimation model is comprehensively introduced in this paper.First,three models(bottom-layer constant velocity model,velocity gradient model,and the extrapolation model with the travel-time averaged shear-wave velocities at two different depths)based on logging data are discussed,and then a vS30 estimation model based on some proxies and an estimation model based on horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio response are described.Considering the characteristics and applicability of the involved estimation models,the use of vS30 model in modern earthquake engineering is simply described.
In earthquake engineering,the equivalent shear-wave velocity to a depth of 30 mbelow ground surface(vS30)is a significant parameter in evaluating site conditions.In many cases,however,because of the restrictions of objective conditions,shallow shear-wave velocity profiles do not extend to a depth of 30m;therefore,it is important to find a better way to estimate vS30.The development of vS30 estimation model is comprehensively introduced in this paper.First,three models(bottom-layer constant velocity model,velocity gradient model,and the extrapolation model with the travel-time averaged shear-wave velocities at two different depths)based on logging data are discussed,and then a vS30 estimation model based on some proxies and an estimation model based on horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio response are described.Considering the characteristics and applicability of the involved estimation models,the use of vS30 model in modern earthquake engineering is simply described.
引文
[1]李小军,彭青.不同类别场地地震动参数的计算分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2001,21(1):29-36.
[2]彭艳菊,吕悦军,黄雅虹,等.工程地震中的场地分类方法及适用性评述[J].地震地质,2009,31(2):349-362
[3]薄景山,李秀领,李山有.场地条件对地震动影响研究的若干进展[J].世界地震工程,2003,19(2):11-15.
[4]薄景山,李秀领,刘德东,等.土层结构对反应谱特征周期的影响[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(5):42-45.
[5]JOYNER W B,WARRICK R E,FUMAL T E.The Effect of Quaternary Alluvium on Strong Ground Motion in the Coyote Lake,California,Earthquake of 1979[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1981,71(4):1333-1349.
[6]FUMAL T E,TINSLEY J C.Mapping Shear-wave Velocities of Near-surface Geological Materials[J].Predicting Aerial Limits of Earthquake Induced Lands Liding:U.S.Geologic Survey Professional Paper,1985,1360:101-126.
[7]BORCHERDT R D.On the Observation,Characterisation,and Predictive GIS Mapping of Strong Ground Shaking for Seismic Zonation[J].Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering,1991,24:287-305.
[8]BORCHERDT R D.Estimates of Site-dependent Response Spectra for Design(Methodology and Justification)[J].Earthquake Spectra,1994,10(4):617-653.
[9]SEED H B,MURARKA R,LYSMER J,et al.Relationships between Maximum Acceleration,Maximum Velocity,Distance from Source and Local Site Conditions for Moderately Strong Earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1976,66(4):1323-1342.
[10]IDRISS I M.An NGA Empirical Model for Estimating the Horizontal Spectral Values Generated by Shallow Crustal Earthquakes[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):217-242.
[11]The International Conference of Building Officials,The Uniform Building Code-1997(UBC-1997)[S].1997.
[12]European Committee of Standardization.EN 1998Eurocode8:Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance PartI:General Rules,Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings[S].Taylor and Francis,Landon,2004.
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[15]BOORE D M.Estimating vS30(or NEHRP Site Classes)from Shallow Velocity Models(Depth<30m)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2004,94(2):591-597.
[16]BOORE D M,THOMPSON E M,CADET H.Regional Correlations of vS30and Velocities Averaged over Depths Less than and Greater than 30m[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2011,101(6):3046-3059.
[17]WANG H Y,WANG S Y.A New Method for Estimating vS30from a Shallow Shear-wave Velocity Profile(Depth<30m)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105:1359-1370.
[18]PETERSEN M,BRYANT W,CRAMER C,et al.Seismic Ground-motion Hazard Mapping in Corporating Site Effects for Los Angeles,Orange,and Ventura counties,California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1997,87(1):249-255.
[19]PARK S,ELRICK S.Predictions of Shear-wave Velocities in Southern California Using Surface Geology[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1998,88(3):677-685.
[20]WILLS C J,PETERSEN M D,BRYANT W A,et al.A Site Condition Map For California Based on Geology and Shearwave Velocity[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(6b):S187-S208.
[21]EDWARD H F,PETERSEN M D.A Test of Various SiteEffect Parameterizations in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analyses of Southern California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(6b):S222-S244.
[22]EDWARD H F.A Modified Ground-motion Attenuation Relationship for Southern California That Accounts for Detailed Site Classification and a Basin-depth Effect[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(6b):S209-S221.
[23]WILLS C J,CLAHAN K B.Developing a Map of Geologically Defined Site-condition Categories for California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2006,96(4A):1483-1501.
[24]WALD D J,ALLEN T I.Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97(5):1379-1395.
[25]ALLEN T I,WALD D J.On the Use of High-resolution Topographic Data as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions(vS30)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(2A):935-943.
[26]MATSUOKA M,WAKAMATSU K,FUJIMOTO F,et al.Average Shear-wave Velocity Mapping Using Japan Engineering Geomorphologic Classification Map[J].Structural Engineering and Earthquake Engineering,2006,23(1):57s-68s.
[27]YONG A,HOUGH S E,IWAHASHI J,et al.A TerrainBased Site-conditions Map of California with Implications for the Contiguous United States[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2012,102(1):114-128.
[28]WILLS C J,GUTIERREZ C I,PEREZ F G,et al.A Next Generation vS30 Map for California Based on Geology and Topography[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105(6):3083-3091.
[29]STEWART J P,KLIMIS N,SAVVAIDIS A,et al.Compilation of a Local vSProfile Database and Its Application for Inference of vS30from Geologic and Terrain-based Proxies[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2014,104(6):2827-2841.
[30]史大成,温瑞智,杜春清.区域性场地vS30及峰值加速度放大系数估算方法[J].地震工程与工程震动,2012,32(4):40-46.
[31]THOMPSON E M,WALD D J,WORDEN C B.AvS30Map for California with Geologic and Topographic Constraints[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2014,104(5):2313-2321.
[32]HAYASHI S H,TSUCHIDA H,KURATA E.Average Response Spectra for Various Subsoil Conditions[C]//Proceedings of Third Joint Meeting,U.S.Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects.UJNR,Tokyo,1971.
[33]NEWMARK N M,BLUME J A,KAPUR K.Design Response Spectra for Nuclear Power Plants[R].Structural Engineers ASCE Conference,San Francisco,CA.1973.
[34]KURIBAYASHI E,IWASAKI T,IIDA Y,et al.Effects of Seismic and Subsoil Conditions on Earthquake Response Spectra[C]//Papers of International Conferences.1972:499-512.
[35]NOGOSHI M,IGARASHI T.On the Propagation Characteristics of Microtremor[J].Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan,1970,23:264-280.
[36]NOGOSHI M,IGARASHI T.On the Amplitude Characteristics of Microtremor(Part 2)[J].Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan,1971,24:26-40.
[37]NAKAMURA Y.A Method for Dynamic Characteristics Estimation of Subsurface Using Microtremor on the Ground Surface[C]//Quarterly Report of the Railway Technical Research Institute,1989,30:25-30.
[38]NAKAMURA Y.Clear Identification of Fundamental Idea of Nakamura’s Technique and Its Applications[C]//Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.New Zealand,2000.
[39]陈棋福,刘澜波,王伟君,等.利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应[J].科学通报,2008,53(18):2229-2235.
[40]GHOFRANI H,ATKINSON G M.Site Condition Evaluation Using Horizontal-to-Vertical Response Spectral Ratios of Earthquakes in the NGA-west 2and Japanese Databases[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2014,67:30-43.
[41]BOORE D M.Can Site Response be Predicted?[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2004,8(Special Issue 1):1-41.
[42]LEE V W,TRIFUNAC M D.Should Average Shear-wave Velocity in the Top 30 mof Soil be Used to Describe Seismic Amplification?[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2010,30(11):1250-1258.
[43]Building Seismic Safety Council.Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures,Part 1:Provisions[R].Report No FEMA-450,Federal Emergency Management Agency,Washington D C,2003.
[44]American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE).Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures:Standards ASCE/SEI 7-10[S].2010.
[45]CAMPBELL K W,BOZORGNIA Y.NGA Ground Motion Model for the Geometric Mean Horizontal Component of PGA,PGV,PGD and 5%Damped Linear Elastic Response Spectra for Periods Ranging from 0.01to 10s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):139-171.
[46]ABRAHAMSON N,SILVA W.Summary of the Abrahamson&Silva NGA Ground-motion Relations[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):67-97.
[47]CHIOU S J,YOUNGS R R.An NGA Model for the Average Horizontal Component of Peak Ground Motion and Response Spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):173-215.
[48]BOORE D M,ATKINSON G M.Earthquake Spectra-groundmotion Prediction Equations for the Average Horizontal Component of PGA,PGV,and 5%-damped PSA at Spectral Periods between 0.01sand 10.0s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):99-138.
[49]SOGHRAT M R,ZIYAEIFAR M.Ground Motion Prediction Equations for Horizontal and Vertical Components of Acceleration in Northern Iran[J].Journal of Seismology,2017,21(1):99-125.
[50]STEWART J P,SEYHAN E,BOORE D M,et al.Site Effects in Parametric Ground Motion Models for the GEM-PEERGlobal GMPEs Project[C]//Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Lisbon,2012.
[2]彭艳菊,吕悦军,黄雅虹,等.工程地震中的场地分类方法及适用性评述[J].地震地质,2009,31(2):349-362
[3]薄景山,李秀领,李山有.场地条件对地震动影响研究的若干进展[J].世界地震工程,2003,19(2):11-15.
[4]薄景山,李秀领,刘德东,等.土层结构对反应谱特征周期的影响[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(5):42-45.
[5]JOYNER W B,WARRICK R E,FUMAL T E.The Effect of Quaternary Alluvium on Strong Ground Motion in the Coyote Lake,California,Earthquake of 1979[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1981,71(4):1333-1349.
[6]FUMAL T E,TINSLEY J C.Mapping Shear-wave Velocities of Near-surface Geological Materials[J].Predicting Aerial Limits of Earthquake Induced Lands Liding:U.S.Geologic Survey Professional Paper,1985,1360:101-126.
[7]BORCHERDT R D.On the Observation,Characterisation,and Predictive GIS Mapping of Strong Ground Shaking for Seismic Zonation[J].Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering,1991,24:287-305.
[8]BORCHERDT R D.Estimates of Site-dependent Response Spectra for Design(Methodology and Justification)[J].Earthquake Spectra,1994,10(4):617-653.
[9]SEED H B,MURARKA R,LYSMER J,et al.Relationships between Maximum Acceleration,Maximum Velocity,Distance from Source and Local Site Conditions for Moderately Strong Earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1976,66(4):1323-1342.
[10]IDRISS I M.An NGA Empirical Model for Estimating the Horizontal Spectral Values Generated by Shallow Crustal Earthquakes[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):217-242.
[11]The International Conference of Building Officials,The Uniform Building Code-1997(UBC-1997)[S].1997.
[12]European Committee of Standardization.EN 1998Eurocode8:Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance PartI:General Rules,Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings[S].Taylor and Francis,Landon,2004.
[13]国家技术监督局,中华人民共和国建设部.建筑抗震设计规范(GBJ 11-89)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
[14]中华人民共和国建设部,国家质量监督检验检疫局.建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[15]BOORE D M.Estimating vS30(or NEHRP Site Classes)from Shallow Velocity Models(Depth<30m)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2004,94(2):591-597.
[16]BOORE D M,THOMPSON E M,CADET H.Regional Correlations of vS30and Velocities Averaged over Depths Less than and Greater than 30m[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2011,101(6):3046-3059.
[17]WANG H Y,WANG S Y.A New Method for Estimating vS30from a Shallow Shear-wave Velocity Profile(Depth<30m)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105:1359-1370.
[18]PETERSEN M,BRYANT W,CRAMER C,et al.Seismic Ground-motion Hazard Mapping in Corporating Site Effects for Los Angeles,Orange,and Ventura counties,California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1997,87(1):249-255.
[19]PARK S,ELRICK S.Predictions of Shear-wave Velocities in Southern California Using Surface Geology[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1998,88(3):677-685.
[20]WILLS C J,PETERSEN M D,BRYANT W A,et al.A Site Condition Map For California Based on Geology and Shearwave Velocity[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(6b):S187-S208.
[21]EDWARD H F,PETERSEN M D.A Test of Various SiteEffect Parameterizations in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analyses of Southern California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(6b):S222-S244.
[22]EDWARD H F.A Modified Ground-motion Attenuation Relationship for Southern California That Accounts for Detailed Site Classification and a Basin-depth Effect[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(6b):S209-S221.
[23]WILLS C J,CLAHAN K B.Developing a Map of Geologically Defined Site-condition Categories for California[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2006,96(4A):1483-1501.
[24]WALD D J,ALLEN T I.Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2007,97(5):1379-1395.
[25]ALLEN T I,WALD D J.On the Use of High-resolution Topographic Data as a Proxy for Seismic Site Conditions(vS30)[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(2A):935-943.
[26]MATSUOKA M,WAKAMATSU K,FUJIMOTO F,et al.Average Shear-wave Velocity Mapping Using Japan Engineering Geomorphologic Classification Map[J].Structural Engineering and Earthquake Engineering,2006,23(1):57s-68s.
[27]YONG A,HOUGH S E,IWAHASHI J,et al.A TerrainBased Site-conditions Map of California with Implications for the Contiguous United States[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2012,102(1):114-128.
[28]WILLS C J,GUTIERREZ C I,PEREZ F G,et al.A Next Generation vS30 Map for California Based on Geology and Topography[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105(6):3083-3091.
[29]STEWART J P,KLIMIS N,SAVVAIDIS A,et al.Compilation of a Local vSProfile Database and Its Application for Inference of vS30from Geologic and Terrain-based Proxies[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2014,104(6):2827-2841.
[30]史大成,温瑞智,杜春清.区域性场地vS30及峰值加速度放大系数估算方法[J].地震工程与工程震动,2012,32(4):40-46.
[31]THOMPSON E M,WALD D J,WORDEN C B.AvS30Map for California with Geologic and Topographic Constraints[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2014,104(5):2313-2321.
[32]HAYASHI S H,TSUCHIDA H,KURATA E.Average Response Spectra for Various Subsoil Conditions[C]//Proceedings of Third Joint Meeting,U.S.Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects.UJNR,Tokyo,1971.
[33]NEWMARK N M,BLUME J A,KAPUR K.Design Response Spectra for Nuclear Power Plants[R].Structural Engineers ASCE Conference,San Francisco,CA.1973.
[34]KURIBAYASHI E,IWASAKI T,IIDA Y,et al.Effects of Seismic and Subsoil Conditions on Earthquake Response Spectra[C]//Papers of International Conferences.1972:499-512.
[35]NOGOSHI M,IGARASHI T.On the Propagation Characteristics of Microtremor[J].Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan,1970,23:264-280.
[36]NOGOSHI M,IGARASHI T.On the Amplitude Characteristics of Microtremor(Part 2)[J].Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan,1971,24:26-40.
[37]NAKAMURA Y.A Method for Dynamic Characteristics Estimation of Subsurface Using Microtremor on the Ground Surface[C]//Quarterly Report of the Railway Technical Research Institute,1989,30:25-30.
[38]NAKAMURA Y.Clear Identification of Fundamental Idea of Nakamura’s Technique and Its Applications[C]//Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.New Zealand,2000.
[39]陈棋福,刘澜波,王伟君,等.利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应[J].科学通报,2008,53(18):2229-2235.
[40]GHOFRANI H,ATKINSON G M.Site Condition Evaluation Using Horizontal-to-Vertical Response Spectral Ratios of Earthquakes in the NGA-west 2and Japanese Databases[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2014,67:30-43.
[41]BOORE D M.Can Site Response be Predicted?[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2004,8(Special Issue 1):1-41.
[42]LEE V W,TRIFUNAC M D.Should Average Shear-wave Velocity in the Top 30 mof Soil be Used to Describe Seismic Amplification?[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2010,30(11):1250-1258.
[43]Building Seismic Safety Council.Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures,Part 1:Provisions[R].Report No FEMA-450,Federal Emergency Management Agency,Washington D C,2003.
[44]American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE).Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures:Standards ASCE/SEI 7-10[S].2010.
[45]CAMPBELL K W,BOZORGNIA Y.NGA Ground Motion Model for the Geometric Mean Horizontal Component of PGA,PGV,PGD and 5%Damped Linear Elastic Response Spectra for Periods Ranging from 0.01to 10s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):139-171.
[46]ABRAHAMSON N,SILVA W.Summary of the Abrahamson&Silva NGA Ground-motion Relations[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):67-97.
[47]CHIOU S J,YOUNGS R R.An NGA Model for the Average Horizontal Component of Peak Ground Motion and Response Spectra[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):173-215.
[48]BOORE D M,ATKINSON G M.Earthquake Spectra-groundmotion Prediction Equations for the Average Horizontal Component of PGA,PGV,and 5%-damped PSA at Spectral Periods between 0.01sand 10.0s[J].Earthquake Spectra,2008,24(1):99-138.
[49]SOGHRAT M R,ZIYAEIFAR M.Ground Motion Prediction Equations for Horizontal and Vertical Components of Acceleration in Northern Iran[J].Journal of Seismology,2017,21(1):99-125.
[50]STEWART J P,SEYHAN E,BOORE D M,et al.Site Effects in Parametric Ground Motion Models for the GEM-PEERGlobal GMPEs Project[C]//Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Lisbon,2012.
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