大地水准面高对InSAR大范围地壳形变监测的影响分析
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摘要
由于InSAR数据处理所用的WGS84参考椭球系统与通用的DEM高程系统(EGM96大地水准参考面)不一致,在InSAR形变监测分析中会引入大地水准面高导致的误差.本文利用覆盖青藏高原北部阿尔金断裂带西段的27景Envisat ASAR宽幅模式数据和44景条带模式数据,研究了大地水准面高与InSAR大范围形变测量不确定性的关系:(1)模拟分析表明对于100m的垂直基线,8.8m的DEM测量误差,若研究区域存在20m的大地水准面高的变化,对宽幅或条带模式InSAR形变测量造成的影响将由3mm增至10mm左右;(2)实例验证表明对于不同的研究区域,大地水准面高与该地区地形变化存在较大相关性,对于同一研究区域,垂直基线的大小决定了大地水准面高对InSAR不确定性的影响程度;(3)对于大地水准面高有较大梯度变化的研究区域,组合短基线方法与去除轨道平面的方法难以消除大地水准面高的影响.使用基于WGS84高程系统的DEM,可以为InSAR形变测量分析提供统一的高程基准,有效避免大地水准面高误差的影响.
An ellipsoidal height datum (e.g. WGS84) is required in SAR Interferometric processing, whilst DEMs are often referenced to a geoid datum (e.g. EMG96). Therefore, geoid height error is introduced due to the inconsistency of height datums in InSAR derived displacement maps. In this paper, the relationship between geoid heights and uncertainties in InSAR displacements is investigated using 27 scenes of Envisat ASAR ScanSAR images and 44 scenes of Image-mode images covering the western Altyn Tagh Fault, northern Tibetan Plateau. A typical error of 8.8 m in SRTM DEM leads to 3mm uncertainty in an InSAR interferogram with a perpendicular baseline of 100m, whilst a geoid height of 20m can result in 10mm uncertainty. Geoid height varies from one place to another, and is highly correlated with topography. The impacts of geoid height on InSAR displacements increase with perpendicular baselines, but SAR images with a small perpendicular baseline may not be available in some cases. In addition, it may also not always be feasible to use a best-fitting plane to remove the impacts of geoid height. It is thus highly recommended in this paper that DEMs with an ellipsoidal height datum should be employed in interferometric processing, particularly when long-wavelength crustal deformation is targeted.
An ellipsoidal height datum (e.g. WGS84) is required in SAR Interferometric processing, whilst DEMs are often referenced to a geoid datum (e.g. EMG96). Therefore, geoid height error is introduced due to the inconsistency of height datums in InSAR derived displacement maps. In this paper, the relationship between geoid heights and uncertainties in InSAR displacements is investigated using 27 scenes of Envisat ASAR ScanSAR images and 44 scenes of Image-mode images covering the western Altyn Tagh Fault, northern Tibetan Plateau. A typical error of 8.8 m in SRTM DEM leads to 3mm uncertainty in an InSAR interferogram with a perpendicular baseline of 100m, whilst a geoid height of 20m can result in 10mm uncertainty. Geoid height varies from one place to another, and is highly correlated with topography. The impacts of geoid height on InSAR displacements increase with perpendicular baselines, but SAR images with a small perpendicular baseline may not be available in some cases. In addition, it may also not always be feasible to use a best-fitting plane to remove the impacts of geoid height. It is thus highly recommended in this paper that DEMs with an ellipsoidal height datum should be employed in interferometric processing, particularly when long-wavelength crustal deformation is targeted.
引文
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[13]Cigna F,Osmˇan oglu B,Cabral-Cano E,et al.Monitoringland subsidence and its induced geological hazard withSynthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry:A case study inMorelia,Mexico.Remote Sensing of Environment,2012,117:146-161.
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[15]Shen Z K,Sun J B,Zhang P,et al.Slip maxima at faultjunctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008Wenchuanearthquake.Nature Geoscience,2009,2(10):718-724.
[16]Hu J,Li Z W,Ding X L,et al.Derivation of 3-D coseismicsurface displacement fields for the 2011 Mw9.0Tohoku-Okiearthquake from InSAR and GPS measurements.Geophysical Journal International,2013,192(2):573-585.
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[19]Holzner J,Bamler R.Burst-mode and ScanSAR interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2002,40(9):1917-1934.
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[23]Tobita M,Nishimura T,Kobayashi T,et al.Estimation ofcoseismic deformation and a fault model of the 2010 Yushuearthquake using PALSAR interferometry data.Earth andPlanetary Science Letters,2011,307(3-4):430-438.
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[28]Li P,Shi C,Li Z H,et al.Evaluation of ASTER GDEMusing GPS benchmarks and SRTM in China.InternationalJournalofRemoteSensing,2013,34(5):1744-1771.
[29]Li P,Shi C,Li Z,et al.Evaluation of ASTER GDEM ver2Using GPS Measurements and SRTM ver4.1in China.∥ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing andSpatial Information Sciences,2012,I-4:181-186.
[30]Rosen P A,Hensley S,Peltzer G,et al.Updated repeatorbit interferometry package released.EOS Trans.AGU,2004,85(5):47.
[31]Liang C,Zeng Q M,Jia J Y,et al.ScanSAR interferometricprocessing using existing standard InSAR software formeasuring large scale land deformation.Computers&Geosciences,2013,51:439-448.
[32]Rosich B,Monti-Guarnieri A,D′Aria D,et al.ASAR wideswath mode interferometry:Optimisation of the scan patternsynchronization.∥Proc.Envisat Symposium 2007(ESA SP-636),Montreux,Switzerland,2007.
[33]Sandwell D T,Myer D,Mellors R,et al.Accuracy andresolution of ALOS interferometry:Vector deformation mapsof the father′s day intrusion at kilauea.IEEE Transactionson Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2008,46(11):3524-3534.
[34]李振洪,刘经南,许才军.InSAR数据处理中的误差分析.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2004,29(1):72-76.Li Z H,Liu J N,Xu C J.Error analysis in InSAR dataprocessing.Geomatics and Information Science of WuhanUniversity(in Chinese),2004,29(1):72-76.
[35]张赤军,骆鸣津,方剑等青藏高原大地水准面异常的解释与场源效应初探.中国科学(地球科学),2011,41(8):1126-1133.Zhang C J,Luo M J,Fang J,et al.The interpretation ofQinghai-Tibet Plateau geoid anomaly and primary research inits field effect.Sci.Sin.Terrae.(in Chinese),2011,41:1126-1133.
[36]Ricard Y,Fleitout L,Froidevaux C.Geoid heights andlithospheric stresses for a dynamic Earth.Annales Geophysicae,1984,2(3):267-286.
[37]Hager B H,Richards M A.Long-wavelength variations inEarth′s geoid:Physical models and dynamical implications.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences,1989,328(1599):309-327.
[38]Guarnieri A M,Prati C.ScanSAR focusing and interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1996,34(4):1029-1038.
[39]Jarvis A,Reuter H I,Nelson A,et al.Hole-filled SRTM forthe globe Version 4.available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM90mDatabase(http:∥srtm csi.cgiar.org),2008.
[40]Wright T J,Parsons B,England P C,et al.InSARobservations of low slip rates on the major faults of WesternTibet.Science,2004,305(5681):236-239.
[41]Zhang P-Z,Shen Z,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformationof the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32(9):809-812.
[42]Wessel P,Smith W H F.New,improved version of genericmapping tools released.Eos Trans.AGU,1998,79(47):579-579.
[2]Li Z H,Pasquali P,Cantone A,et al.MERIS atmosphericwater vapor correction model for wide swath interferometricsynthetic aperture radar.IEEE Geoscience and RemoteSensing Letters,2012,9(2):257-261.
[3]Ferretti A,Prati C,Rocca F.Permanent scatterers in SARinterferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience andRemote Sensing,2001,39(1):8-20.
[4]Hooper A,Zebker H,Segall P,et al.A new method formeasuring deformation on volcanoes and other naturalterrains using InSAR persistent scatterers.GeophysicalResearch Letters,2004,31(23):L23611.
[5]Berardino P,Fornaro G,Lanari R,et al.A new algorithmfor surface deformation monitoring based on small baselinedifferential SAR interferograms.IEEE Transactions onGeoscience and Remote Sensing,2002,40(11):2375-2383.
[6]Elliott J R,Biggs J,Parsons B,et al.InSAR slip ratedetermination on the Altyn Tagh Fault,northern Tibet,inthe presence of topographically correlated atmosphericdelays.Geophysical Research Letters,2008,35(L12309):1-5.
[7]Wang H,Wright T J.Satellite geodetic imaging revealsinternal deformation of western Tibet.Geophysical ResearchLetters,2012,39(7):L07303.
[8]Baker S,Amelung F.Top-down inflation and deflation at thesummit of Kīlauea Volcano,Hawaii observed with InSAR.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2012,117(B12):B12406.
[9]Gourmelen N,Kim S W,Shepherd A,et al.Ice velocitydetermined using conventional and multiple-aperture InSAR.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2011,307(1-2):156-160.
[10]Hammond W C,Blewitt G,Li Z,et al.Contemporary upliftof the Sierra Nevada,western United States,from GPS andInSAR measurements.Geology,2012,40(7):667-670.
[11]Liu P,Li Z H,Hoey T,et al.Using advanced InSAR timeseries techniques to monitor landslide movements in Badongof the Three Gorges region,China.International Journal ofApplied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2013,21:253-264.
[12]Wang H,Wright T J,Yu Y P,et al.InSAR reveals coastalsubsidence in the Pearl River Delta,China.GeophysicalJournal International,2012,191(3):1119-1128.
[13]Cigna F,Osmˇan oglu B,Cabral-Cano E,et al.Monitoringland subsidence and its induced geological hazard withSynthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry:A case study inMorelia,Mexico.Remote Sensing of Environment,2012,117:146-161.
[14]许文斌,李志伟,丁晓利等.利用InSAR短基线技术估计洛杉矶地区的地表时序形变和含水层参数.地球物理学报,2012,55(2):452-461.Xu W B,Li Z W,Ding X L,et al.Application of smallbaseline subsets D-InSAR technology to estimate the timeseries land deformation and aquifer storage coefficients of LosAngeles area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(2):452-461.
[15]Shen Z K,Sun J B,Zhang P,et al.Slip maxima at faultjunctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008Wenchuanearthquake.Nature Geoscience,2009,2(10):718-724.
[16]Hu J,Li Z W,Ding X L,et al.Derivation of 3-D coseismicsurface displacement fields for the 2011 Mw9.0Tohoku-Okiearthquake from InSAR and GPS measurements.Geophysical Journal International,2013,192(2):573-585.
[17]Pritchard M E,Simons M.A satellite geodetic survey oflarge-scale deformation of volcanic centres in the centralAndes.Nature,2002,418(6894):167-171.
[18]Wen Y M,Li Z H,Xu C J,et al.Postseismic motion afterthe 2001 MW7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet observed byInSAR time series.Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117(B8),B08405.
[19]Holzner J,Bamler R.Burst-mode and ScanSAR interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2002,40(9):1917-1934.
[20]Guccione P.Interferometry with ENVISAT wide swathScanSAR data.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2006,3(3):377-381.
[21]Ortiz A B,Zebker H.ScanSAR-to-stripmap mode interferometryprocessing using ENVISAT/ASAR Data.IEEE Transactionson Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2007,45(11):3468-3480.
[22]Tong X P,Sandwell D T,Fialko Y.Coseismic slip model ofthe 2008Wenchuan earthquake derived from joint inversion ofInSAR GPS and field data.Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115(B04314):1-19.
[23]Tobita M,Nishimura T,Kobayashi T,et al.Estimation ofcoseismic deformation and a fault model of the 2010 Yushuearthquake using PALSAR interferometry data.Earth andPlanetary Science Letters,2011,307(3-4):430-438.
[24]Hofmann-Wellenhof B,Moritz H.Physical Geodesy,2nded.New York:Springer,2006.
[25]Koch K R.Parameter Estimation and Hypothesis Testing inLinear Models,2nd Ed.Berlin,Germany:Springer Verlag,1999.
[26]Taylor M,Yin A.Active structures of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and their relationships to earthquake distribution,contemporary strain field,and Cenozoic volcanism.Geosphere,2009,5(3):199-214.
[27]Jiménez-Munt I,Fernàndez M,Vergés J,et al.Lithospherestructure underneath the Tibetan Plateau inferred fromelevation,gravity and geoid anomalies.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,2008,267(1-2):276-289.
[28]Li P,Shi C,Li Z H,et al.Evaluation of ASTER GDEMusing GPS benchmarks and SRTM in China.InternationalJournalofRemoteSensing,2013,34(5):1744-1771.
[29]Li P,Shi C,Li Z,et al.Evaluation of ASTER GDEM ver2Using GPS Measurements and SRTM ver4.1in China.∥ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing andSpatial Information Sciences,2012,I-4:181-186.
[30]Rosen P A,Hensley S,Peltzer G,et al.Updated repeatorbit interferometry package released.EOS Trans.AGU,2004,85(5):47.
[31]Liang C,Zeng Q M,Jia J Y,et al.ScanSAR interferometricprocessing using existing standard InSAR software formeasuring large scale land deformation.Computers&Geosciences,2013,51:439-448.
[32]Rosich B,Monti-Guarnieri A,D′Aria D,et al.ASAR wideswath mode interferometry:Optimisation of the scan patternsynchronization.∥Proc.Envisat Symposium 2007(ESA SP-636),Montreux,Switzerland,2007.
[33]Sandwell D T,Myer D,Mellors R,et al.Accuracy andresolution of ALOS interferometry:Vector deformation mapsof the father′s day intrusion at kilauea.IEEE Transactionson Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2008,46(11):3524-3534.
[34]李振洪,刘经南,许才军.InSAR数据处理中的误差分析.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2004,29(1):72-76.Li Z H,Liu J N,Xu C J.Error analysis in InSAR dataprocessing.Geomatics and Information Science of WuhanUniversity(in Chinese),2004,29(1):72-76.
[35]张赤军,骆鸣津,方剑等青藏高原大地水准面异常的解释与场源效应初探.中国科学(地球科学),2011,41(8):1126-1133.Zhang C J,Luo M J,Fang J,et al.The interpretation ofQinghai-Tibet Plateau geoid anomaly and primary research inits field effect.Sci.Sin.Terrae.(in Chinese),2011,41:1126-1133.
[36]Ricard Y,Fleitout L,Froidevaux C.Geoid heights andlithospheric stresses for a dynamic Earth.Annales Geophysicae,1984,2(3):267-286.
[37]Hager B H,Richards M A.Long-wavelength variations inEarth′s geoid:Physical models and dynamical implications.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences,1989,328(1599):309-327.
[38]Guarnieri A M,Prati C.ScanSAR focusing and interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1996,34(4):1029-1038.
[39]Jarvis A,Reuter H I,Nelson A,et al.Hole-filled SRTM forthe globe Version 4.available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM90mDatabase(http:∥srtm csi.cgiar.org),2008.
[40]Wright T J,Parsons B,England P C,et al.InSARobservations of low slip rates on the major faults of WesternTibet.Science,2004,305(5681):236-239.
[41]Zhang P-Z,Shen Z,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformationof the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32(9):809-812.
[42]Wessel P,Smith W H F.New,improved version of genericmapping tools released.Eos Trans.AGU,1998,79(47):579-579.
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