基于静态模拟模型的青藏高原东缘高寒草甸区草畜平衡研究
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摘要
以澳大利亚反刍动物营养标准为参考,Stage one模型为框架,家庭牧场为研究尺度,从家畜营养角度出发,将代谢能(Metabolisable energy,ME)和氮维持需要量作为放牧家畜的营养单位,建立营养模型,模拟该地区典型家庭牧场欧拉型藏羊能、氮需求的月际变化及冬季暖棚利用对于藏羊体况维持的作用,研究青藏高原东缘高寒草甸区典型藏羊生产体系下的草畜平衡问题。结果表明:高寒草甸草地牧草消化率高,能量浓度高,高放牧强度(>3.5头/hm~2)下,藏羊仍能获得足够的代谢能用于增重,而冷季由于草地消化率低,能量浓度差,在低放牧强度(<3.5头/hm~2)即使放牧率低于暖季藏羊摄取能量仍不足以满足维持代谢,表现为减重(成年母羊平均5kg/头)。冷季低温造成典型牧户藏羊畜群维持代谢能每羊单位提高22%,且怀孕后期(1到2月)母羊能量需求高,草畜能量不平衡严重,因此,冷季补饲应以精饲料为主。暖棚可降低家畜御寒代谢能消耗,并降低冷季维持代谢能水平,有助于减少家畜掉膘,典型牧户藏羊畜群维持代谢能1到4月可分别降低1.08、1.23、1.28、1.26 MJ/(头/d)。冷季精饲料补饲+暖棚是较为可行的管理方式。
In order to study the grassland-livestock balance in alpine meadow area on the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,a nutrition model was constructed using Australian ruminant feeding standard as reference,stage one model as frame,typical family farm as study scale,and metabolisable energy(ME)and nitrogen requirement as nutrition unit.The nutrition model was used to stimulate the monthly variation of ME and nitrogen requirement of the Oula Tibetan sheep in this area and to study effects of winter warm sheds on weights of the sheep.The results showed that the Tibetan sheep could obtain enough energy for increase of weight under high stocking rate(>3.5SE/ha)during warm seasons in the alpine meadow with high forage digestibility and ME content.The Tibetan sheep could not obtain enough energy for keeping of weight under low stocking rate(<3.5SE/ha)during cold seasons in the alpine meadow with low forage digestibility and ME content.The energy requirement of the Oula Tibetan sheep increased greatly and grassland-livestock was not kept in good balance due to the low air temperature during the cold seasons in the alpine meadow.Concentrate feeds should be considered as the priority supplements during cold season.Warm shed could help to reduce the ME expenditure and the ME metabolic status during cold seasons.The ME of the Oula sheep reduced 1.08,1.23,1.28 and 1.26MJ/SE/d from January to April,respectively,after the Oula sheep being kept in warm shed.Concentrate supplement+warm shed would be a practical management during the cold seasons in this area.
In order to study the grassland-livestock balance in alpine meadow area on the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,a nutrition model was constructed using Australian ruminant feeding standard as reference,stage one model as frame,typical family farm as study scale,and metabolisable energy(ME)and nitrogen requirement as nutrition unit.The nutrition model was used to stimulate the monthly variation of ME and nitrogen requirement of the Oula Tibetan sheep in this area and to study effects of winter warm sheds on weights of the sheep.The results showed that the Tibetan sheep could obtain enough energy for increase of weight under high stocking rate(>3.5SE/ha)during warm seasons in the alpine meadow with high forage digestibility and ME content.The Tibetan sheep could not obtain enough energy for keeping of weight under low stocking rate(<3.5SE/ha)during cold seasons in the alpine meadow with low forage digestibility and ME content.The energy requirement of the Oula Tibetan sheep increased greatly and grassland-livestock was not kept in good balance due to the low air temperature during the cold seasons in the alpine meadow.Concentrate feeds should be considered as the priority supplements during cold season.Warm shed could help to reduce the ME expenditure and the ME metabolic status during cold seasons.The ME of the Oula sheep reduced 1.08,1.23,1.28 and 1.26MJ/SE/d from January to April,respectively,after the Oula sheep being kept in warm shed.Concentrate supplement+warm shed would be a practical management during the cold seasons in this area.
引文
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[34]Dove H.Balancing nutrient supply and nutrient requirements in grazing sheep[J].Small Ruminant Research,2010,92(1):36-40.
[35]Ding L M,Wang Y P,Brosh A,et al.Seasonal heat production and energy balance of grazing yaks on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2014,198:83-93.
[36]Han X T,Xie A Y,Bi X C,et al.Effects of high altitude and season on fasting heat production in the yak Bos grunniens or Poephagus grunniens[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2002,88(2):189-197.
[37]Shao B,Long R J,Ding Y,et al.Morphological adaptations of yak(Bos grunniens)tongue to the foraging environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(8):2594-2603.
[38]Zhou J W,Mi J D,Degen A A,et al.Apparent digestibility,rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance in Tibetan and fine-wool sheep offered forage-concentrate diets differing in nitrogen concentration[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2015,153(6):1135-1145.
[39]Zhou J W,Mi J D,Titgemeyer E C,et al.A comparison of nitrogen utilization and urea metabolism between Tibetan and fine-wool sheep[J].Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(6):3006-3017.
[40]方雷.饲养方式对夏季牦牛生长性能、屠宰性能、牛肉品质和瘤胃细菌多样性的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.
[41]Pulina G,Avondo M,Molle G,et al.Models for estimating feed intake in small ruminants[J].Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,2013,42(9):675-690.
[42]淡瑞芳,龙瑞军,张海涛,等.藏系绵羊瘤胃细菌区系的季节动态分析[J].动物营养学报,2009,21(5):798-802.
[43]吴铁成,吴建平,赵生国,等.甘南玛曲不同年龄欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量季节动态研究[J].草地学报,2016,24(2):317-321.
[44]Undi M,Wilson C,Ominski K H,et al.Comparison of techniques for estimation of forage dry matter intake by grazing beef cattle[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2008,88(4):693-701.
[45]Mayes R W,Dove H.Measurement of dietary nutrient intake in free-ranging mammalian herbivores[J].Nutrition Research Reviews,2000:107-138.
[46]Jones J W,Antle J M,Basso B,et al.Brief history of agricultural systems modeling[J].Agricultural systems,2016,155:240-254.
[47]Moore A D,Holzworth D P,Herrmann N I,et al.Modelling the manager:Representing rule-based management in farming systems simulation models[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2014,62:399-410.
[48]Holzworth D P,Snow V,Janssen S,et al.Agricultural production systems modelling and software:Current status and future prospects[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2015,72:276-286.
[49]Holzworth D P,Huth N I,Zurcher E J,et al.APSIM-evolution towards a new generation of agricultural systems simulation[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2014,62:327-350.
[50]Snow V O,Rotz C A,Moore A D,et al.The challengesand some solutions-to process-based modelling of grazed agricultural systems[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2014,62:420-436.
[51]Kumar S,Shamim M,Bansal M,et al.Computational modeling and emerging trend in agriculture[C]∥Jaimini U et al.International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development.New Delhi:IEEE,2015:1156-1160.
[2]Phalan B,Green R,Dicks L,et al.How can higher-yield farming help to spare nature[J].Science,2016,351(6272):450-451.
[3]Herrero M,Thornton P K.Livestock and global change:Emerging issues for sustainable food systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(52):20878.
[4]García-Martínez A,Rivas-Rangel J,Rangel-Quintos J,et al.A methodological approach to evaluate livestock innovations on small-scale farms in developing countries[J].Future Internet,2016,8(2):25.
[5]Vignola R,Harvey C A,Bautista-Solis P,et al.Ecosystem-based adaptation for smallholder farmers:Definitions,opportunities and constraints[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2015,211:126-132.
[6]Altieri M A,Funes-Monzote F R,Petersen P.Agroecologically efficient agricultural systems for smallholder farmers:Contributions to food sovereignty[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2012,32(1):1-13.
[7]Himmelstein J,Ares A,van Houweling E.Sustainable intensification:A multifaceted,systemic approach to international development[J].Journal of the science of food and agriculture,2016,96(15):4833-4839.
[8]Shang Z H,Gibb M J,Leiber F,et al.The sustainable development of grassland-livestock systems on the Tibetan plateau:Problems,strategies and prospects[J].Rangeland Journal,2014,36(3):267-296.
[9]付伟,赵俊权,杜国祯.青藏高原高寒草地放牧生态系统可持续发展研究[J].草原与草坪,2013,33(1):84-88.
[10]钱拴,毛留喜,侯英雨,等.青藏高原载畜能力及草畜平衡状况研究[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(3):389-397+498.
[11]刘兴元,冯琦胜,梁天刚,等.甘南牧区草地生产力与载畜量时空动态平衡研究[J].中国草地学报,2010,32(1):99-106.
[12]梁天刚,冯琦胜,夏文韬,等.甘南牧区草畜平衡优化方案与管理决策[J].生态学报,2011,31(4):1111-1123.
[13]杨博,吴建平,杨联,等.中国北方草原草畜代谢能平衡分析与对策研究[J].草业学报,2012,21(2):187-195.
[14]郭雅婧,薛冉,李春涛,等.青藏高原草畜供求的月际平衡模式研究[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(2):29-35.
[15]Primary Industries Standing Committee.Nutrient requir ements of domesticated ruminants[M].Melbourne:CSIRO Publishing,2007.
[16]Takahashi T,Jones R,Kemp D.Steady-state modelling for better understanding of current livestock production systems and for exploring optimal short-term strategies[A]∥.Kemp D,Michalk D.Development of Sustainable Livestock Systems on Grasslands in North-western China.Hohhot:Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research(ACIAR),2011:26-35.
[17]Li Q,Yang X,Soininen J,et al.Relative importance of spatial processes and environmental factors in shaping alpine meadow communities[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2011,4(4):249-258.
[18]王宏博,丁学智,郎侠,等.甘南玛曲夏季牧场欧拉型藏羊牧食行为的研究[J].草地学报,2012,20(3):583-588.
[19]Liu H B,Wu J P,Tian X H,et al.Dynamic of abo veground biomass and soil moisture as affected by shortterm grazing exclusion on eastern alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet plateau,China[J].Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,2016,76(3):321-329.
[20]梁建勇,焦婷,吴建平,等.不同类型草地牧草消化率季节动态与营养品质的关系研究[J].草业学报,2015,24(6):108-115.
[21]郑阳,徐柱,郝峰,等.内蒙古典型草原家庭牧场暖棚舍饲养羊效益分析[J].家畜生态学报,2010,31(2):64-69.
[22]Li Z G,Han G D,Zhao M L,et al.Identifying management strategies to improve sustainability and household income for herders on the desert steppe in inner mongolia,China[J].Agricultural Systems,2015,132:62-72.
[23]李江文,李治国,王静,等.草畜能量平衡模型在内蒙古草甸草原上的应用[J].中国草地学报,2016,38(2):79-85.
[24]Freer M,Moore A D,Donnelly J R.The GRAZPLAN animal biology model for sheep and cattle and the GrazFeed decision support tool[EB/OL].http://www.grazplan.csiro.au/files/TechPaperMay12.pdf,2012-12.
[25]Freer M,Moore A D,Donnelly J R.GRAZPLAN:Decision support systems for australian grazing enterprisesii.The animal biology model for feed intake,production and reproduction and the GrazFeed dss[J].Agricultural Systems,1997,54(1):77-126.
[26]Zhou J W,Guo X S,Degen A A,et al.Urea kinetics and nitrogen balance and requirements for maintenance in tibetan sheep when fed oat hay[J].Small Ruminant Research,2015,129:60-68.
[27]Kemp D,Brown C,Han G D,et al.Chinese grasslands:Problems,dilemmas and finding solutions[C]∥Kemp D,Michalk D.Development of Sustainable Livestock Systems on Grasslands in North-western China.Hohhot:Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research(ACIAR),2011:12-23.
[28]苏大学.中国草地资源的区域分布与生产力结构[J].草地学报,1994,2(1):71-77.
[29]中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医司.中国草地资源数据[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1994.
[30]Dong Q M,Zhao X Q,Wu G L,et al.Optimization yak grazing stocking rate in an alpine grassland of QinghaiTibetan plateau,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(5):2497-2503.
[31]Sun Y,Angerer J P,Hou F J.Effects of grazing systems on herbage mass and liveweight gain of Tibetan sheep in eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau,China[J].The Rangeland Journal,2015,37(2):181-190.
[32]郝正里,刘世民,孟宪政.反刍动物营养学[M].兰州:甘肃民族出版社,2000.
[33]Thornton P K.Livestock production:Recent trends,future prospects[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London:Biological Sciences,2010,365(1554):2853-2867.
[34]Dove H.Balancing nutrient supply and nutrient requirements in grazing sheep[J].Small Ruminant Research,2010,92(1):36-40.
[35]Ding L M,Wang Y P,Brosh A,et al.Seasonal heat production and energy balance of grazing yaks on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2014,198:83-93.
[36]Han X T,Xie A Y,Bi X C,et al.Effects of high altitude and season on fasting heat production in the yak Bos grunniens or Poephagus grunniens[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2002,88(2):189-197.
[37]Shao B,Long R J,Ding Y,et al.Morphological adaptations of yak(Bos grunniens)tongue to the foraging environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(8):2594-2603.
[38]Zhou J W,Mi J D,Degen A A,et al.Apparent digestibility,rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance in Tibetan and fine-wool sheep offered forage-concentrate diets differing in nitrogen concentration[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2015,153(6):1135-1145.
[39]Zhou J W,Mi J D,Titgemeyer E C,et al.A comparison of nitrogen utilization and urea metabolism between Tibetan and fine-wool sheep[J].Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(6):3006-3017.
[40]方雷.饲养方式对夏季牦牛生长性能、屠宰性能、牛肉品质和瘤胃细菌多样性的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.
[41]Pulina G,Avondo M,Molle G,et al.Models for estimating feed intake in small ruminants[J].Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,2013,42(9):675-690.
[42]淡瑞芳,龙瑞军,张海涛,等.藏系绵羊瘤胃细菌区系的季节动态分析[J].动物营养学报,2009,21(5):798-802.
[43]吴铁成,吴建平,赵生国,等.甘南玛曲不同年龄欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量季节动态研究[J].草地学报,2016,24(2):317-321.
[44]Undi M,Wilson C,Ominski K H,et al.Comparison of techniques for estimation of forage dry matter intake by grazing beef cattle[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2008,88(4):693-701.
[45]Mayes R W,Dove H.Measurement of dietary nutrient intake in free-ranging mammalian herbivores[J].Nutrition Research Reviews,2000:107-138.
[46]Jones J W,Antle J M,Basso B,et al.Brief history of agricultural systems modeling[J].Agricultural systems,2016,155:240-254.
[47]Moore A D,Holzworth D P,Herrmann N I,et al.Modelling the manager:Representing rule-based management in farming systems simulation models[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2014,62:399-410.
[48]Holzworth D P,Snow V,Janssen S,et al.Agricultural production systems modelling and software:Current status and future prospects[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2015,72:276-286.
[49]Holzworth D P,Huth N I,Zurcher E J,et al.APSIM-evolution towards a new generation of agricultural systems simulation[J].Environmental Modelling and Software,2014,62:327-350.
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