浙江田螺山遗址剖面记录的水文环境变化
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摘要
浙江余姚田螺山遗址是新石器时代河姆渡文化的一处保存良好的代表性遗址,为研究宁绍平原地区古环境变化及其对文化聚落的影响提供了良好的材料.本研究在田螺山遗址T005探方的西壁获取了厚达263 cm的连续地层剖面,对样品进行了系统的岩性地层描述、加速器质谱(AMS)~(14)C测年、高分辨率XRF(X射线荧光光谱分析)元素扫描、硅藻和粒度的综合分析.研究结果表明,该剖面反映的环境演变过程可以分为3个阶段:(1)河姆渡第一、二期文化时期(265～211 cm,约7.0～6.5 cal ka BP),该层堆积混杂,砂含量较高,含石块及陶片,受人类活动影响明显,具有海相性指示意义的Ca元素强度相对较低,优势硅藻种为淡水需氧气生种,指示了淡水的沼泽环境,受海水影响较小;(2)文化层之上为黏土质粉砂与白灰色砂互层的平行层理,与下覆文化层为不整合接触,沉积厚度达183 cm(211～28 cm),年代约4.2～4.0 cal ka BP, Ca元素强度较高,硅藻组合中优势种为咸水和半咸水种,推测该时期可能为风暴潮引起的洪水的快速沉积;(3)第三阶段(28～0 cm)为混杂堆积,含较多铁锰氧化物斑点, Ca元素强度低,硅藻主要属种为淡水附生种,可能为现代水稻田环境.本研究主要揭示了田螺山遗址7.0～6.5 cal ka BP的水文环境背景以及4.2 cal ka BP左右的事件沉积,对深入了解田螺山遗址先民生活的环境背景及区域极端事件具有重要意义.
The Tianluoshan Site of Yuyao City in Zhejiang Province is a typical Neolithic site with a complete preservation of the Hemudu culture(ca. 7–5 ka). This culture is well-known for its important role in studies on early rice domestication.Studying samples from the Tianluoshan Site provides a good opportunity to understand regional paleoenvironmental changes and their impact on Neolithic settlement. In this study, 263 cm samples were obtained from the T005 W profile in the Tianluoshan Site Museum. The profile samples were subjected to lithologic stratigraphic description, accelerated mass spectrometry(AMS)14 C dating, high-resolution X-ray fluorescence(XRF) spectrometry, elemental scanning(2 mm/sample), diatom(20 cm/sample) and particle size analysis(2 cm/sample). The paleoenvironmental changes reflected by this profile could be divided into three stages based on multi-proxy analysis.(1) In the first stage(263–211 cm, about 7.0–6.5 cal ka BP), or the first and second cultural periods of Hemudu, the cultural layer was stacked and mixed with high contents of sand, gravel, and pottery pieces, thereby showing obvious disturbance from human activities. The diatom assemblage was dominated by aerophilous species, such as Hantzschia amphioxys, which live in shallow swamp. These findings indicated that this period was dominated mainly by a freshwater swamp environment. The geomorphic condition provided Neolithic people with a suitable environment to colonize and develop rice cultivation.(2) In the second stage(211–28 cm, around 4.2–4.0 cal ka BP), the layer had a thickness of approximately 180 cm. However, five AMS~(14)C dates from this stage were between ca. 4.2 and 4.0 cal ka BP, and the lithology of these overlying strata were inconsistent with the cultural layer underneath. As such, a hiatus existed between the two stages. The lithological feature of this stage mainly consisted of a parallel layer with a couplet of interbedded clay silt and white-gray sand layer, which represented deposition under hydrostatic conditions after flooding. This part also contained multiple yellow oxide layers, possibly indicating transient exposure. The intensity of Ca between 211 and 166 cm was low, but this value increased rapidly above 166 cm and stabilized at a higher level than that of the first period. The dominant diatom assemblage changed from a freshwater group(H. amphioxys) at the bottom of this part to a marine and brackish group(e.g., Cyclotella striata var. striata and Actionptychus undulates). In this period, the rapid deposition of flooding events likely occurred as initiated by heavy precipitation(211–166 cm), which was indicated by low Ca and freshwater aerophilous diatom assemblage. Afterward,multiple storm surges resulted in sedimentation(166–50 cm) with marine-brackish characteristics.(3) In the third stage(28–0 cm, no date), the layer was characterized by a mixture of brown clay, silt, sand, and gravel with low contents of water, iron, and manganese oxide spots. Ca was weak, and clay content was high. This period was mainly dominated by freshwater epiphytic diatom species, such as Pinnularia vividis and Navicula cuspidate, and affected by modern farming.This study revealed the background of the hydrological environment during the first and second cultural periods of the Tianluoshan Site and the flooding events around 4.2–4.0 cal ka BP, which were essential for the understanding of the environmental background of Neolithic people and the extreme regional events in the Tianluoshan Site. The stratigraphic deposits of different sections in the site varied because of the influence of microtopography. Therefore, studies on the paleoenvironment of the Tianluoshan Site should involve a systematic analysis of multiple sections and cores around this site.
The Tianluoshan Site of Yuyao City in Zhejiang Province is a typical Neolithic site with a complete preservation of the Hemudu culture(ca. 7–5 ka). This culture is well-known for its important role in studies on early rice domestication.Studying samples from the Tianluoshan Site provides a good opportunity to understand regional paleoenvironmental changes and their impact on Neolithic settlement. In this study, 263 cm samples were obtained from the T005 W profile in the Tianluoshan Site Museum. The profile samples were subjected to lithologic stratigraphic description, accelerated mass spectrometry(AMS)14 C dating, high-resolution X-ray fluorescence(XRF) spectrometry, elemental scanning(2 mm/sample), diatom(20 cm/sample) and particle size analysis(2 cm/sample). The paleoenvironmental changes reflected by this profile could be divided into three stages based on multi-proxy analysis.(1) In the first stage(263–211 cm, about 7.0–6.5 cal ka BP), or the first and second cultural periods of Hemudu, the cultural layer was stacked and mixed with high contents of sand, gravel, and pottery pieces, thereby showing obvious disturbance from human activities. The diatom assemblage was dominated by aerophilous species, such as Hantzschia amphioxys, which live in shallow swamp. These findings indicated that this period was dominated mainly by a freshwater swamp environment. The geomorphic condition provided Neolithic people with a suitable environment to colonize and develop rice cultivation.(2) In the second stage(211–28 cm, around 4.2–4.0 cal ka BP), the layer had a thickness of approximately 180 cm. However, five AMS~(14)C dates from this stage were between ca. 4.2 and 4.0 cal ka BP, and the lithology of these overlying strata were inconsistent with the cultural layer underneath. As such, a hiatus existed between the two stages. The lithological feature of this stage mainly consisted of a parallel layer with a couplet of interbedded clay silt and white-gray sand layer, which represented deposition under hydrostatic conditions after flooding. This part also contained multiple yellow oxide layers, possibly indicating transient exposure. The intensity of Ca between 211 and 166 cm was low, but this value increased rapidly above 166 cm and stabilized at a higher level than that of the first period. The dominant diatom assemblage changed from a freshwater group(H. amphioxys) at the bottom of this part to a marine and brackish group(e.g., Cyclotella striata var. striata and Actionptychus undulates). In this period, the rapid deposition of flooding events likely occurred as initiated by heavy precipitation(211–166 cm), which was indicated by low Ca and freshwater aerophilous diatom assemblage. Afterward,multiple storm surges resulted in sedimentation(166–50 cm) with marine-brackish characteristics.(3) In the third stage(28–0 cm, no date), the layer was characterized by a mixture of brown clay, silt, sand, and gravel with low contents of water, iron, and manganese oxide spots. Ca was weak, and clay content was high. This period was mainly dominated by freshwater epiphytic diatom species, such as Pinnularia vividis and Navicula cuspidate, and affected by modern farming.This study revealed the background of the hydrological environment during the first and second cultural periods of the Tianluoshan Site and the flooding events around 4.2–4.0 cal ka BP, which were essential for the understanding of the environmental background of Neolithic people and the extreme regional events in the Tianluoshan Site. The stratigraphic deposits of different sections in the site varied because of the influence of microtopography. Therefore, studies on the paleoenvironment of the Tianluoshan Site should involve a systematic analysis of multiple sections and cores around this site.
引文
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3 Wu S H,Yin Y P.Impacts of climate extremes on human systems(in Chinese).Adv Clim Changes Res,2012,8:99-102[吴绍洪,尹云鹏.极端事件对人类系统的影响.气候变化研究进展,2012,8:99-102]
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8 Wang S W.4.2 ka BP event(in Chinese).Adv Clim Changs Res,2010,6:75-76[王绍武.4.2 ka BP事件.气候变化研究进展,2010,6:75-76]
9 Zhang J N,Xia Z K.Deposition evidences of the 4 ka BP flood events in central China plains(in Chinese).Acta Geogr Sin,2011,66:685-697[张俊娜,夏正楷.中原地区4 ka BP前后异常洪水事件的沉积证据.地理学报,2011,66:685-697]
10 Shang Z W,Tian L Z,Fan C F,et al.A preliminary study of the 4.2 ka event along the coast of Bohai Bay(in Chinese).Geol Bull Chin,2016,35:1614-1624[商志文,田立柱,范昌福,等.渤海湾4.2 ka事件初步研究.地质通报,2016,35:1614-1621]
11 Liu Y H,Sun X,Guo C Q.Records of 4.2 ka BP Holocene event from China and its impact on ancient civilizations(in Chinese).Geol Sci Technol Infor,2013,32:99-105[刘浴辉,孙霞,郭彩青.中国全新世4.2 ka BP气候事件及其对古文明的影响.地质科技情报,2013,32:99-105]
12 Wang Z,Ryves D B,Lei S,et al.Middle Holocene marine flooding and human response in the south Yangtze coastal plain,East China.Quat Sci Rev,2018,187:80-93
13 He K,Lu H,Zheng Y,et al.Middle-Holocene sea-level fluctuations interrupted the developing Hemudu culture in the lower Yangtze River,China.Quat Sci Rev,2018,188:90-103
14 Lambeck K,Rouby H,Purcell A,et al.Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2014,111:15296-15303
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