孤独症谱系障碍儿童的情景预见:情景记忆与语义记忆的贡献
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摘要
情景预见是个体在心理上将自我投射到未来某个特定时间和地点预先体验可能发生的未来事件的一种能力。本研究考察了孤独症谱系障碍儿童(Autism Spectrum Disorders,ASD)的情景预见能力与情景记忆和语义记忆的关系,并与智力匹配的正常发展(Typically developing,TD)儿童进行了比较,发现:(1)与TD儿童相比,ASD儿童的情景记忆和情景预见均受损,而语义经验则保存相对完整;(2)与TD儿童不同,ASD儿童的情景预见与情景记忆和语义记忆有显著相关,但情景记忆与语义记忆相关不显著;(3) ASD儿童的情景记忆能够有效预测情景预见的成绩,语义经验对情景预见也有一定的预测作用。结果提示,对于ASD儿童,情景记忆对情景预见有重要贡献,同时语义经验可能会以一种直接的方式支持情景预见,而不是作为情景记忆的脚手架来发挥作用。
Episodic foresight refers to an individual's ability to mentally project the self onto a certain time and place in the future and pre-experience a future event. The present study aims to explore the relationship between episodic foresight,episodic memory and semantic memory in children with autism spectrum disorders( ASD),and make a comparison between them and IQ-matched typically-developing( TD) children. The results show the following:( 1) Compared with TD children,ASD children got their episodic memory and episodic foresight impaired,but their semantic experience kept intact;( 2) ASD children's episodic foresight was significantly correlated with their episodic memory and semantic memory,but their episodic memory was not significantly correlated with their semantic memory; and( 3) ASD children's episodic memory could be used to effectively predict their episodic foresight,and their semantic experience could be used to predict their episodic foresight to a certain degree. These findings suggest that ASD children's episodic memory is closely related with their episodic foresight,and their semantic experience is likely not to act as a scaffold for their episodic memory,but to directly support their episodic foresight.
Episodic foresight refers to an individual's ability to mentally project the self onto a certain time and place in the future and pre-experience a future event. The present study aims to explore the relationship between episodic foresight,episodic memory and semantic memory in children with autism spectrum disorders( ASD),and make a comparison between them and IQ-matched typically-developing( TD) children. The results show the following:( 1) Compared with TD children,ASD children got their episodic memory and episodic foresight impaired,but their semantic experience kept intact;( 2) ASD children's episodic foresight was significantly correlated with their episodic memory and semantic memory,but their episodic memory was not significantly correlated with their semantic memory; and( 3) ASD children's episodic memory could be used to effectively predict their episodic foresight,and their semantic experience could be used to predict their episodic foresight to a certain degree. These findings suggest that ASD children's episodic memory is closely related with their episodic foresight,and their semantic experience is likely not to act as a scaffold for their episodic memory,but to directly support their episodic foresight.
引文
1 Suddendorf T,Corballis M C.The evolution of foresight:What is mental time travel,and is it unique to humans?Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2007,30(3):299-313
2 9 17 30 32 Lind S E,Bowler D M.Episodic memory and episodic future thinking in adults with autism.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,2010,119(4):896-905
3 20 Lind S E,Bowler D M,Raber J.Spatial navigation,episodic memory,episodic future thinking,and theory of mind in children with autism spectrum disorder:Evidence for impairments in mental simulation?Frontiers in Psychology,2014,5:1411
4 34刘岩,廖平平,李华.孤独症谱系障碍儿童的心理时间旅行.中国特殊教育,2016,4:47-52
5 10 31 33 Lind S E,Williams D M,Bowler DM,et al.Episodic memory and episodic future thinking impairments in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder:An underlying difficulty with scene construction or self-projection?Neuropsychology,2014,28(1):55-67
6刘岩,王静,张晓燕.幼儿的自我投射能力对情景预见的影响:来自典型发展儿童和孤独症谱系障碍儿童的证据.心理发展与教育,2017,33(6):649-657
7 11 Atance C M,Sommerville J A.Assessing the role of memory in preschoolers'performance on episodic foresight tasks.Memory,2014,22(1):118-128
8 29 Terrett G,Rendell P G,Raponi-Saunders S,et al.Episodic future thinking in children with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2013,43(11):2558-2568
9 12 Suddendorf T,Busby J.Making decisions with the future in mind:Developmental and comparative identification of mental time travel.Learning and Motivation,2005,36(2):110-125
13 Cuevas K,Rajan V,Morasch K C,et al.Episodic memory and future thinking during early childhood:Linking the past and future.Developmental Psychobiology,2015,57(5):552-565
14 Russell J,Alexis D,Clayton N.Episodic future thinking in 3-to 5-year-old children:The ability to think of what will be needed from a different point of view.Cognition,2010,114(1):56-71
15 Irish M,Piguet O.The pivotal role of semantic memory in remembering the past and imagining the future.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,2013,7(27):27
16廖平平,刘岩,徐周.情景预见的认知机制:情景建构与语义支撑.中国临床心理学杂志,2017,25(1):39-44
18 Crane L,Goddard L.Episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in adults with autism spectrum disorders.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2008,38(3):498-506
19 Lind S E,Bowler D M.Recognition memory,selfother source memory,and theory-of-mind in children with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2009,39(9):1231-1239
21刘岩.情景预见的发展进程与影响因素.北京:科学出版社,2018.115-123
22 Greenberg D L,Verfaellie M.Interdependence of episodic and semantic memory:evidence from neuropsychology.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,2010,16(5):748-53
23 Williams D L,Minshew N J,Goldstein G,et al.Long-term memory in older children/adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder.Autism Research,2017,10(9):1523-1532
24 Robinson S,Howlin P,Russell A.Personality traits,autobiographical memory and knowledge of self and others:A comparative study in young people with autism spectrum disorder.Autism,2017,21(3):357-367
25 Hutchins T L,Prelock P A.Using story-based interventions to improve episodic memory in autism spectrum disorder.Seminars in Speech and Language,2018,39(02):125-143
26桑标,缪小春.皮博迪图片词汇测验修订版(PPVT-R)上海市区试用常模的修订.心理科学通讯,1990,5(4):22-27
27 Atance C M,Meltzoff A N.My future self:Young children's ability to anticipate and explain future states.Cognitive Development,2005,20(3):341-361
28 Scarf D,Gross J,Colombo M,et al.To have and to hold:Episodic memory in 3-and 4-year-old children.Developmental Psychobiology,2013,55(2):125-132
35 Atance C M.Young children's thinking about the future.Child Development Perspectives,2015,9(3):178-182
36 Madore K P,Gaesser B,Schacter D L.Constructive episodic simulation:dissociable effectsof a specificity induction on remembering,imagining,and describing in young and older adults.Journal of Experimental Psychological Learning Memory Cognition,2014,40(3):609-622
37 Crane L,Lind S E,Bowler D M.Remembering the past and imagining the future in autism spectrum disorder.Memory,2013,21(2):157-166
38 Robinson S,Howlin P,Russell A.Personality traits,autobiographical memory and knowledge of self and others:A comparative study in young people with autism spectrum disorder.Autism,2017,21(3):357-367
2 9 17 30 32 Lind S E,Bowler D M.Episodic memory and episodic future thinking in adults with autism.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,2010,119(4):896-905
3 20 Lind S E,Bowler D M,Raber J.Spatial navigation,episodic memory,episodic future thinking,and theory of mind in children with autism spectrum disorder:Evidence for impairments in mental simulation?Frontiers in Psychology,2014,5:1411
4 34刘岩,廖平平,李华.孤独症谱系障碍儿童的心理时间旅行.中国特殊教育,2016,4:47-52
5 10 31 33 Lind S E,Williams D M,Bowler DM,et al.Episodic memory and episodic future thinking impairments in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder:An underlying difficulty with scene construction or self-projection?Neuropsychology,2014,28(1):55-67
6刘岩,王静,张晓燕.幼儿的自我投射能力对情景预见的影响:来自典型发展儿童和孤独症谱系障碍儿童的证据.心理发展与教育,2017,33(6):649-657
7 11 Atance C M,Sommerville J A.Assessing the role of memory in preschoolers'performance on episodic foresight tasks.Memory,2014,22(1):118-128
8 29 Terrett G,Rendell P G,Raponi-Saunders S,et al.Episodic future thinking in children with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2013,43(11):2558-2568
9 12 Suddendorf T,Busby J.Making decisions with the future in mind:Developmental and comparative identification of mental time travel.Learning and Motivation,2005,36(2):110-125
13 Cuevas K,Rajan V,Morasch K C,et al.Episodic memory and future thinking during early childhood:Linking the past and future.Developmental Psychobiology,2015,57(5):552-565
14 Russell J,Alexis D,Clayton N.Episodic future thinking in 3-to 5-year-old children:The ability to think of what will be needed from a different point of view.Cognition,2010,114(1):56-71
15 Irish M,Piguet O.The pivotal role of semantic memory in remembering the past and imagining the future.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,2013,7(27):27
16廖平平,刘岩,徐周.情景预见的认知机制:情景建构与语义支撑.中国临床心理学杂志,2017,25(1):39-44
18 Crane L,Goddard L.Episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in adults with autism spectrum disorders.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2008,38(3):498-506
19 Lind S E,Bowler D M.Recognition memory,selfother source memory,and theory-of-mind in children with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,2009,39(9):1231-1239
21刘岩.情景预见的发展进程与影响因素.北京:科学出版社,2018.115-123
22 Greenberg D L,Verfaellie M.Interdependence of episodic and semantic memory:evidence from neuropsychology.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,2010,16(5):748-53
23 Williams D L,Minshew N J,Goldstein G,et al.Long-term memory in older children/adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder.Autism Research,2017,10(9):1523-1532
24 Robinson S,Howlin P,Russell A.Personality traits,autobiographical memory and knowledge of self and others:A comparative study in young people with autism spectrum disorder.Autism,2017,21(3):357-367
25 Hutchins T L,Prelock P A.Using story-based interventions to improve episodic memory in autism spectrum disorder.Seminars in Speech and Language,2018,39(02):125-143
26桑标,缪小春.皮博迪图片词汇测验修订版(PPVT-R)上海市区试用常模的修订.心理科学通讯,1990,5(4):22-27
27 Atance C M,Meltzoff A N.My future self:Young children's ability to anticipate and explain future states.Cognitive Development,2005,20(3):341-361
28 Scarf D,Gross J,Colombo M,et al.To have and to hold:Episodic memory in 3-and 4-year-old children.Developmental Psychobiology,2013,55(2):125-132
35 Atance C M.Young children's thinking about the future.Child Development Perspectives,2015,9(3):178-182
36 Madore K P,Gaesser B,Schacter D L.Constructive episodic simulation:dissociable effectsof a specificity induction on remembering,imagining,and describing in young and older adults.Journal of Experimental Psychological Learning Memory Cognition,2014,40(3):609-622
37 Crane L,Lind S E,Bowler D M.Remembering the past and imagining the future in autism spectrum disorder.Memory,2013,21(2):157-166
38 Robinson S,Howlin P,Russell A.Personality traits,autobiographical memory and knowledge of self and others:A comparative study in young people with autism spectrum disorder.Autism,2017,21(3):357-367