生态工程综合治理系统对农业小流域氮磷污染的治理效应
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摘要
以典型农业小流域——开慧河流域源区为研究对象,基于研究区农业面源污染的主要排放特征,建立以生态湿地为主的小流域面源污染生态工程综合治理系统,重点探讨其对水体氮磷污染物的去除效果.结果表明,畜禽养殖业是开慧河流域源区水体氮磷污染物的主要来源,需要重点防控.组合生态湿地处理工程对农村分散式生活与养殖混合废水总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的平均去除率为87. 1%和90. 9%;多级人工湿地拦截工程对农田排水与分散式养殖混合废水TN、TP的平均去除率为85. 7%和84. 9%;景观型生态湿地净化工程对末端汇水区水体中TN、TP的去除率在27. 1%～67. 4%和13. 3%～81. 5%之间.整个生态工程综合治理系统对流域TN和TP污染物的总拦截量分别为5 292 kg·a~(-1)和1 054 kg·a~(-1),占研究区农业面源TN、TP总污染负荷的35. 3%和43. 6%.因此,构建的生态工程综合治理系统对流域农业面源氮磷污染具有较好的治理效应,适合在我国南方小流域水环境治理中推广应用.
Based on the discharge characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in the headstream region of the Kaihui River—a typical small agricultural watershed,an integrated ecological engineering treatment system( IEETS) was constructed with ecological wetland as the core unit to control the pollution. The nitrogen( N) and phosphorus( P) removal performances of the IEETS were discussed in this study. The results showed that the dominant source of N and P in the study area was livestock and poultry breeding,which was urgent to control. The monitoring results indicated that the ecological wetland treatment project resulted in average total nitrogen( TN) and total phosphorus( TP) removal rates of 87. 1% and 90. 9%,respectively,when treating mixed decentralized domestic and swine wastewater treatment. The multi-stage constructed wetlands had an average of 85. 7% of TN and 84. 9% of TP removal for mixed farmland drainage and decentralized swine wastewater. The removal rates for landscape-based ecological wetland were within the range of 27. 1%-67. 4% for TN and 13. 3%-81. 5% for TP in the catchment terminal water. The total interception amount of TN and TP by the IEETS was 5 292 kg·a~(-1) and 1 054 kg·a~(-1),accounting for 35. 3% and 43. 6% of total pollution loads in the headstream region,respectively. These findings illustrated that the IEETS presents promising treatment results on non-point source pollution,and is suitable for widespread applications to wastewater treatment in small watersheds of southern China.
Based on the discharge characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in the headstream region of the Kaihui River—a typical small agricultural watershed,an integrated ecological engineering treatment system( IEETS) was constructed with ecological wetland as the core unit to control the pollution. The nitrogen( N) and phosphorus( P) removal performances of the IEETS were discussed in this study. The results showed that the dominant source of N and P in the study area was livestock and poultry breeding,which was urgent to control. The monitoring results indicated that the ecological wetland treatment project resulted in average total nitrogen( TN) and total phosphorus( TP) removal rates of 87. 1% and 90. 9%,respectively,when treating mixed decentralized domestic and swine wastewater treatment. The multi-stage constructed wetlands had an average of 85. 7% of TN and 84. 9% of TP removal for mixed farmland drainage and decentralized swine wastewater. The removal rates for landscape-based ecological wetland were within the range of 27. 1%-67. 4% for TN and 13. 3%-81. 5% for TP in the catchment terminal water. The total interception amount of TN and TP by the IEETS was 5 292 kg·a~(-1) and 1 054 kg·a~(-1),accounting for 35. 3% and 43. 6% of total pollution loads in the headstream region,respectively. These findings illustrated that the IEETS presents promising treatment results on non-point source pollution,and is suitable for widespread applications to wastewater treatment in small watersheds of southern China.
引文
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[9]朱蒋洁,曾艳,陈敬安,等.我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展[J].四川环境,2014,33(3):153-161.Zhu J J,Zeng Y,Chen J A,et al.Review of agricultural nonpoint source pollution control technology[J].Sichuan Environment,2014,33(3):153-161.
[10]Mendes L R D,Tonderski K,Iversen B V,et al.Phosphorus retention in surface-flow constructed wetlands targeting agricultural drainage water[J].Ecological Engineering,2018,120:94-103.
[11]Kasak K,Kill K,Prn J,et al.Efficiency of a newly established in-stream constructed wetland treating diffuse agricultural pollution[J].Ecological Engineering,2018,119:1-7.
[12]陈莹,陈永华,宋胡,等.表面流-潜流-潜流串联人工湿地对排入星月水库污水的处理效果[J].湿地科学,2018,16(1):59-66.Chen Y,Chen Y H,Song H,et al.Treatment effectiveness of sewage drain into Xingyue reservoir by surface flow constructed wetlands-subsurface flow wetlands-subsurface flow wetlands[J].Wetland Science,2018,16(1):59-66.
[13]王迪,李红芳,刘锋,等.亚热带农区生态沟渠对农业径流中氮素迁移拦截效应研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1717-1723.Wang D,Li H F,Liu F,et al.Interception effect of ecological ditch on nitrogen transport in agricultural runoff in subtropical china[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1717-1723.
[14]张树楠,肖润林,刘锋,等.生态沟渠对氮、磷污染物的拦截效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4516-4522.Zhang S N,Xiao R L,Liu F,et al.Interception effect of vegetated drainage ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus from drainage ditches[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4516-4522.
[15]刘长娥,周胜,孙会峰,等.复合人工湿地处理低浓度畜禽养殖废水的净化效果[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(7):1416-1424.Liu C E,Zhou S,Sun H F,et al.Purification performance of combined constructed wetlands on livestock wastewater with low concentration of pollutants[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(7):1416-1424.
[16]Luo P,Liu F,Zhang S N,et al.Nitrogen removal and recovery from lagoon-pretreated swine wastewater by constructed wetlands under sustainable plant harvesting management[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,258:247-254.
[17]Peterson B J,Wollheim W M,Mulholland P J,et al.Control of nitrogen export from watersheds by headwater streams[J].Science,2001,292(5514):86-90.
[18]李红芳,刘锋,黎慧娟,等.生物滤池/人工湿地/稳定塘工艺处理农村分散污水[J].中国给水排水,2015,31(2):84-87.Li H F,Liu F,Li H J,et al.Combined process of biofilter,constructed wetland and stabilization pond for treatment of rural decentralized sewage[J].China Water&Wastewater,2015,31(2):84-87.
[19]崔超,刘申,翟丽梅,等.兴山县香溪河流域农业源氮磷排放估算及时空特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(5):937-946.Cui C,Liu S,Zhai L M,et al.Estimates and spatio-temporal characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus discharges from agricultural sources in Xiangxi river basin,Xingshan county[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(5):937-946.
[20]杨凤飞,刘锋,尹黎明,等.亚热带典型分散式养殖农区的环境污染特征研究[J].农业现代化研究,2014,35(1):113-117.Yang F F,Liu F,Yin L M,et al.Study on characteristics of environmental pollution in rural area with typical decentralized animal breeding in subtropical region[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2014,35(1):113-117.
[21]蔡金洲,范先鹏,黄敏,等.湖北省三峡库区农业面源污染解析[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(7):1421-1430.Cai J Z,Fan X P,Huang M,et al.Sources analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution in the three gorges reservoir area of Hubei province,China[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2012,31(7):1421-1430.
[22]朱兆良,Norse D,孙波.中国农业面源污染控制对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.Zhu Z L,Norse D,Sun B.Policy for reducing non-point pollution from crop production in China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2006.
[23]王书文,刘庆玉,焦银珠,等.生活污水土壤渗滤就地处理技术研究进展[J].水处理技术,2006,32(3):5-10.Wang S W,Liu Q Y,Jiao Y Z,et al.The latest progress in soil infiltration treatment of sewage in situ[J].Technology of water Treatment,2006,32(3):5-10.
[24]Jia H F,Sun Z X,Li G H.A four-stage constructed wetland system for treating polluted water from an urban river[J].Ecological Engineering,2014,71:48-55.
[25]尹振娟,杨扬,卢建,等.生物法-人工湿地组合工艺对小城镇混合污水氮素去除效果研究[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(5):1044-1049.Yin Z J,Yang Y,Lu J,et al.Studies on the effects of the combined process of A/BCO-CW for treatment of small town mixed sewage[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(5):1044-1049.
[26]Vymazal J.The use of hybrid constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment with special attention to nitrogen removal:a review of a recent development[J].Water Research,2013,47(14):4795-4811.
[27]Liu F,Zhang S N,Wang Y,et al.Nitrogen removal and mass balance in newly-formed Myriophyllum aquaticum mesocosm during a single 28-day incubation with swine wastewater treatment[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,166:596-604.
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