多年施用生物炭对河南烤烟种植区土壤呼吸的影响
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摘要
为探究生物炭施用对土壤呼吸的影响,采用5 a定位试验(2013～2017年)研究了不施生物炭(CK)、施用1. 5 t·hm-2生物炭(T1)、施用15 t·hm-2生物炭(T2)、施用45 t·hm-2生物炭(T3)这4种处理下土壤呼吸及土壤水热因子的动态变化规律.结果表明:(1)在土壤中连续5a施入中剂量生物炭(T2:15 t·hm-2)显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤呼吸速率,降幅为25. 89%;当施入量增至45 t·hm-2(T3)时土壤呼吸速率显著增加,增幅为21. 48%(P <0. 05).(2)长期中剂量生物炭的添加显著降低了土壤异养呼吸速率和自养呼吸速率,降幅分别为29. 80%和28. 75%;大剂量生物炭(T3:45 t·hm-2)的施入显著增加了土壤异养呼吸速率,增幅为28. 88%.低剂量生物炭(T1:1. 5 t·hm-2)和中剂量生物炭均显著增加土壤呼吸中自养呼吸的比例,大剂量生物炭的施入显著增加了异养呼吸的比例(P <0. 05).(3)低剂量生物炭显著降低了烤烟生长季土壤5 cm温度;大剂量生物炭显著降低了土壤5 cm湿度.土壤呼吸与土壤5 cm温度之间呈显著指数相关,与土壤5 cm湿度之间未表现出显著相关(P <0. 05).综上,连续5a低剂量生物炭的施用对土壤呼吸无影响,适量生物炭的施用具有固碳减排效应,大剂量生物炭施用则会适得其反,建议生物炭施用范围应控制在15 t·hm-2以内.
A five year( 2013-2017) experiment was conducted to explore the effects of biochar application on the dynamic changes in soil respiration,soil water,and heat factors under four treatments: CK( without biochar),T1( with 1. 5 t·hm-2 biochar),T2( with15 t·hm-2 biochar),and T3( with 45 t·hm-2 biochar). The results showed that:(1) the soil respiration rate in the growing season of flue-cured tobacco was significantly reduced by 25. 89% under the five year application of medium-dose biochar( T2: 15 t·hm-2) in soil,while it was significantly increased by 21. 48% when the applied dose increased to 45 t·hm-2( T3)( P < 0. 05).(2) The longterm application of medium-dose biochar in the soil significantly reduced the soil heterotrophic respiration and autotrophic respiration rates by 29. 80% and 28. 75%,respectively. Meanwhile,the application of high-dose biochar( T3: 45 t·hm-2) significantly increased the heterotrophic respiration rate by 28. 88%. In addition,the application of low-dose biochar( T1: 1. 5 t·hm-2) and medium-dose biochar significantly increased the proportion of autotrophic respiration,whereas the high-dose biochar application significantly increased the proportion of heterotrophic respiration( P < 0. 05).(3) The addition of low-dose biochar to the soil significantly reduced the soil temperature at 5 cm in the growing season of flue-cured tobacco,while the high-dose application significantly reduced the soil humidity. There was a significant index correlation between soil respiration and soil temperature at 5 cm but no significant correlation with soil humidity at 5 cm( P < 0. 05). Ultimately,the application of low-dose biochar for five years in soil had no effect on soil respiration,and the application of the proper amount of biochar had a carbon sequestration effect.Additionally,large-dose biochar application may be counterproductive. It is recommended that the application range of biochar should be controlled within 15 t·hm-2.
A five year( 2013-2017) experiment was conducted to explore the effects of biochar application on the dynamic changes in soil respiration,soil water,and heat factors under four treatments: CK( without biochar),T1( with 1. 5 t·hm-2 biochar),T2( with15 t·hm-2 biochar),and T3( with 45 t·hm-2 biochar). The results showed that:(1) the soil respiration rate in the growing season of flue-cured tobacco was significantly reduced by 25. 89% under the five year application of medium-dose biochar( T2: 15 t·hm-2) in soil,while it was significantly increased by 21. 48% when the applied dose increased to 45 t·hm-2( T3)( P < 0. 05).(2) The longterm application of medium-dose biochar in the soil significantly reduced the soil heterotrophic respiration and autotrophic respiration rates by 29. 80% and 28. 75%,respectively. Meanwhile,the application of high-dose biochar( T3: 45 t·hm-2) significantly increased the heterotrophic respiration rate by 28. 88%. In addition,the application of low-dose biochar( T1: 1. 5 t·hm-2) and medium-dose biochar significantly increased the proportion of autotrophic respiration,whereas the high-dose biochar application significantly increased the proportion of heterotrophic respiration( P < 0. 05).(3) The addition of low-dose biochar to the soil significantly reduced the soil temperature at 5 cm in the growing season of flue-cured tobacco,while the high-dose application significantly reduced the soil humidity. There was a significant index correlation between soil respiration and soil temperature at 5 cm but no significant correlation with soil humidity at 5 cm( P < 0. 05). Ultimately,the application of low-dose biochar for five years in soil had no effect on soil respiration,and the application of the proper amount of biochar had a carbon sequestration effect.Additionally,large-dose biochar application may be counterproductive. It is recommended that the application range of biochar should be controlled within 15 t·hm-2.
引文
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[3] Dlxon R K,Solomon A M,Brown S,et al. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems[J]. Science, 1994, 263(5144):185-190.
[4] Ciais P,Tans P P,Trolier M,et al. A large northern hemisphere terrestrial CO2sink indicated by the13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2[J]. Science,1995,269(5227):1098-1102.
[5] Colantoni A,Evic N,Lord R,et al. Characterization of biochars produced from pyrolysis of pelletized agricultural residues[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,64:187-194.
[6] Jin J,Kang M J,Sun K,et al. Properties of biochar-amended soils and their sorption of imidacloprid,isoproturon,and atrazine[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:504-513.
[7] Ren X H,Sun H W,Wang F,et al. The changes in biochar properties and sorption capacities after being cultured with wheat for 3 months[J]. Chemosphere,2016,144:2257-2263.
[8] Han Y T,Cao X,Ouyang X,et al. Adsorption kinetics of magnetic biochar derived from peanut hull on removal of Cr(VI)from aqueous solution:Effects of production conditions and particle size[J]. Chemosphere,2016,145:336-341.
[9] Tan X F,Liu Y G,Gu Y L,et al. Biochar-based nanocomposites for the decontamination of wastewater:a review[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,212:318-333.
[10] Liu Y X,Lu H H,Yang S M,et al. Impacts of biochar addition on rice yield and soil properties in a cold waterlogged paddy for two crop seasons[J]. Field Crops Research,2016,191(3):161-167.
[11] Mohamed B A,Ellis N,Kim C S,et al. Engineered biochar from microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of switchgrass for increasing water-holding capacity and fertility of sandy soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,566-567:387-397.
[12] Bass A M,Bird M I,Kay G,et al. Soil properties,greenhouse gas emissions and crop yield under compost,biochar and cocomposted biochar in two tropical agronomic systems[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:459-470.
[13] Purakayastha T J,Das K C,Gaskin J,et al. Effect of pyrolysis temperatures on stability and priming effects of C3and C4biochars applied to two different soils[J]. Soil and Tillage Research,2016,155(4):107-115.
[14] Plaza C,Giannetta B,Fernández J M,et al. Response of different soil organic matter pools to biochar and organic fertilizers[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,225:150-159.
[15] Xu X Y,Kan Y,Zhao L,et al. Chemical transformation of CO2during its capture by waste biomass derived biochars[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,213:533-540.
[16] Wu M X,Han X G,Zhong T,et al. Soil organic carbon content affects the stability of biochar in paddy soil[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,223:59-66.
[17] Subedi R, Taupe N, Pelissetti S, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions and soil properties following amendment with manurederived biochars:Influence of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2016,166:73-83.
[18]张阳阳,胡学玉,邹娟,等.生物炭输入对城郊农业区农田地表反照率及土壤呼吸的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1622-1632.Zhang Y Y,Hu X Y,Zou J,et al. Effects of biochar on surface albedo and soil respiration in suburban agricultural soil[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(4):1622-1632.
[19] Reth S,Reichstein M,Falge E. The effect of soil water content,soil temperature,soil pH-value and the root mass on soil CO2efflux-A modified model[J]. Plant and Soil,2005,268(1):21-33.
[20]张丁辰,蔡典雄,代快,等.旱作农田不同耕作土壤呼吸及其对水热因子的响应[J].生态学报,2013,33(6):1916-1925.Zhang D C,Cai D X,Dai K,et al. Soil respiration and its responses to soil moisture and temperature under different tillage systems in dryland maize fields[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(6):1916-1925.
[21]田冬,高明,黄容,等.油菜/玉米轮作农田土壤呼吸和异养呼吸对秸秆与生物炭还田的响应[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2988-2999.Tian D,Gao M,Huang R,et al. Response of soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration to returning of straw and biochar in rape-maize rotation systems[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2988-2999.
[22] Kim Y S,Makoto K,Takakai F,et al. Greenhouse gas emissions after a prescribed fire in white birch-dwarf bamboo stands in northern Japan,focusing on the role of charcoal[J]. European Journal of Forest Research,2011,130(6):1031-1044.
[23] Liu X Y,Zheng J F,Zhang D X,et al. Biochar has no effect on soil respiration across Chinese agricultural soils[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,554-555:259-265.
[24] Smith J L,Collins H P,Bailey V L. The effect of young biochar on soil respiration[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2010,42(12):2345-2347.
[25] Ventura M,Zhang C,Baldi E,et al. Effect of biochar addition on soil respiration partitioning and root dynamics in an apple orchard[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,2014,65(1):186-195.
[26] Jones D L,Murphy D V,Khalid M,et al. Short-term biocharinduced increase in soil CO2release is both biotically and abiotically mediated[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43(8):1723-1731.
[27] Kuzyakov Y,Ehrensberger H,Stahr K. Carbon partitioning and below-ground translocation by Lolium perenne[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(1):61-74.
[28]王丹丹,郑纪勇,颜永毫,等.生物炭对宁南山区土壤持水性能影响的定位研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):101-104,109.Wang D D,Zheng J Y,Yan Y H,et al. Effect of biochar application on soil water holding capacity in the southern region of Ningxia[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(2):101-104,109.
[29]颜永毫,郑纪勇,张兴昌,等.生物炭添加对黄土高原典型土壤田间持水量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(4):120-124,190.Yan Y H,Zhen J Y,Zhang X C,et al. Impact of biochar addition into typical soils on field capacity in Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(4):120-124,190.
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