滴灌系统灌水器堵塞机理与控制方法研究进展
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摘要
滴灌系统灌水器堵塞问题直接影响灌水均匀度、系统运行效益和使用寿命,是滴灌领域的国际难题之一,而地下滴灌系统中负压吸泥作用与根系入侵效应使得灌水器堵塞机理更为复杂。尤其是水资源短缺与水污染并重的现状迫使滴灌水源多元化、滴灌系统由单一灌溉功能逐步向灌溉施肥等多功能转变以及滴灌技术在高附加值的多年生作物上的应用等因素,对灌水器抗堵塞能力提出了更高的要求。本文通过回顾滴灌系统灌水器堵塞问题研究历程,系统总结了灌水器堵塞类型、测试与评价方法以及发生特征与预报方法,通过建立堵塞物质提取与精细测试方法,分别从堵塞物质形成与生长过程、水源中多物质运移过程两个角度,揭示了灌水器堵塞耦合诱发机制与持续增长机理,通过综合控制堵塞物质来源(前控)、提升自身抗堵塞能力(中排)和有效清除堵塞物质(后清)等多角度建立了灌水器堵塞控制方法,最终提出该领域急需进一步研究的问题和方向。本文旨在为解决滴灌系统灌水器堵塞问题及推动滴灌技术规模化应用与推广提供理论支撑。
Drip irrigation emitter clogging issue directly affects irrigation uniformity,operating benefits and service life of the whole irrigation system,and has become one of the most worldwide challenges of the drip irrigation studying area. Especially in the subsurface drip irrigation(SDI)system,the additional negative pressure suction and root invasion effects made the emitter clogging mechanism more complicated. Besides,both water shortage and water pollution forced us to apply multiple water sources in drip irrigation system,and meanwhile the system gradually transferred from merely irrigation to multifunction(including irrigation and fertilization etc.). Using drip irrigation in high value-added perennial crops also raised higher requirements in emitter anti-clogging ability. In this paper,the studying process of drip irrigation emitter clogging issue was reviewed. The types of emitter clogging,the testing and evaluating methods,as well as emitter clogging characteristics and prediction methods were systematically summarized at first. Then,based on how to analyze the clogging substances,the coupled-inducing mechanism and continuously growing mechanism were revealed,from the aspects of growth kinetics of clogging substances and transportation of multiple substances within emitters,respectively. Thus came up with the emitter clogging controlling methods,including controlling the sources of clogging substances,improving anti-clogging ability and effectively clearing clogging substances. Finally proposed the aspects needed to be studied in the future,aiming to provide references to solving emitter clogging issue completely and enhancing its large-scale promotions.
Drip irrigation emitter clogging issue directly affects irrigation uniformity,operating benefits and service life of the whole irrigation system,and has become one of the most worldwide challenges of the drip irrigation studying area. Especially in the subsurface drip irrigation(SDI)system,the additional negative pressure suction and root invasion effects made the emitter clogging mechanism more complicated. Besides,both water shortage and water pollution forced us to apply multiple water sources in drip irrigation system,and meanwhile the system gradually transferred from merely irrigation to multifunction(including irrigation and fertilization etc.). Using drip irrigation in high value-added perennial crops also raised higher requirements in emitter anti-clogging ability. In this paper,the studying process of drip irrigation emitter clogging issue was reviewed. The types of emitter clogging,the testing and evaluating methods,as well as emitter clogging characteristics and prediction methods were systematically summarized at first. Then,based on how to analyze the clogging substances,the coupled-inducing mechanism and continuously growing mechanism were revealed,from the aspects of growth kinetics of clogging substances and transportation of multiple substances within emitters,respectively. Thus came up with the emitter clogging controlling methods,including controlling the sources of clogging substances,improving anti-clogging ability and effectively clearing clogging substances. Finally proposed the aspects needed to be studied in the future,aiming to provide references to solving emitter clogging issue completely and enhancing its large-scale promotions.
引文
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[3]张钟莉莉.微咸水滴灌系统灌水器化学堵塞机理及控制方法研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[4]冯吉.引黄滴灌系统泥沙逐级调控机制及方法研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.
[5]CAPRA A,SCICOLONE B.Water quality and distribution uniformity in drip/trickle irrigation systems[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1998,70(4):355-365.
[6]王迪.不同类型灌水器对再生水滴灌施肥的适宜性及堵塞机制[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[7]卢泽华.不同方式加气灌溉对温室番茄生长及产量的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.
[8]CAMP C R.Subsurface drip irrigation:a review[J].Transaction of the ASAE,1998,41(5):1353-1367.
[9]BUCKS D A,NAKAYAMA F S,GILBERT R G.Trickle irrigation water quality and preventive maintenance[J].Agricultural Water Management,1979,2(2):149-162.
[10]BOUNOUA S,TOMAS S,LABILLE J,et al.Understanding physical clogging in drip irrigation:in situ,in-lab and numerical approaches[J].Irrigation Science,2016,34(4):327-331.
[11]NIU W Q,LIU L.Influence of fine particle size and concentration on the clogging of labyrinth emitters[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(4):6-7.
[12]KANG Y H,CHEN M,WAN S Q.Effects of drip irrigation with saline water on waxy maize(zea mays L.Var.ceratina Kulesh)in north China plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(9):1303-1309.
[13]赵和锋,李光永.微灌水质分析与指标判定[J].节水灌溉,2004(6):4-7.
[14]ZHOU B,LI Y K,PEI Y T,et al.Quantitative relationship between biofilms components and emitter clogging under reclaimed water drip irrigation[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(6):1251-1263.
[15]李久生,栗岩峰,王军,等.微灌在中国:历史、现状和未来[J].水利学报,2016,47(3):373-381.
[16]PITTS D J,HARMAN D Z,SMAJSTRLA A G.Causes and prevention of emitter plugging in microirrigation systems[J].Agricultural and Biological Engineering,1990,40(1/2):201-218.
[17]FORD H W,TUCKER D P H.Blockage of drip irrigation filters and emitters by iron sulfur bacterial products[J].Hortscience,1975,10(1):62-64.
[18]GILBERT R G,NAKAYAMA F S,BUCKS D A,et al.Trickle irrigation:predominant bacteria in treated Colorado River water and biologically clogged emitters[J].Irrigation Science,1982,3(2):123-132.
[19]Clogging test methods for emitters[S].ISO/TC 23/SC 18/WG 5 N 4,2003.
[20]王建东,龚时宏,李光永,等.低压下流道结构参数对锯齿型滴头水力性能影响的试验研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(1):72-78.
[21]Design and installation of micro-irrigation systems,EP405.1[S].St Joseph,Mich:ASAE.2003.
[22]李久生,陈磊,栗岩峰.地下滴灌灌水器堵塞特性田间评估[J].水利学报,2008,39(10):1272-1278.
[23]CAPRA A,SCICOLONE B.Emitter and filter tests for wastewater reuse by drip irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2004,68:135-149.
[24]DEHGHANISANIJ H,YAMAMOTO T,OULD A B,et al.The effect of chlorine on emitter clogging induced by algae and protozoa and the performance of drip irrigation[J].Transaction of the ASAE,2005,48(2):519-527.
[25]SUBRAMNIAN K,SENTHILVEL S.Reliability analysis of trickle emitter clogging using WEIBULL distribution[J].Agricultural Engineering Journal,2003,2(3):179-190.
[26]ZHOU B,LI Y K,SONG P,et al.Anti-clogging evaluation for drip irrigation emitters using reclaimed water[J].Irrigation Science,2017,35(3):181-192.
[27]LI Y K,LIU Y Z,LI G B,et al.Surface topographic characteristics of suspending sediment in two reclaimed wastewater and its effects on the clogging in labyrinth drip irrigation emitters[J].Irrigation Science,2012,30(1):43-56.
[28]LI Y K,ZHOU B,LIU Y Z,et al.Preliminary surface topographical characteristics of biofilms attached on drip irrigation emitters using reclaimed water[J].Irrigation Science,2013,31(4):557-574.
[29]增勇,汤光平,李建文,等.工业CT技术进展及应用[J].无损检测,2010,7:504-508.
[30]LI G B,LI Y K,XU T W,et al.Effects of average velocity on the growth and surface topography of biofilms attached to the reclaimed wastewater drip irrigation system laterals[J].Irrigation Science,2012,30(2):103-113.
[31]杜少卿,曾文杰,施泽,等.工作压力对滴灌管迷宫流道灌水器水力性能的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(S2):55-60.
[32]栗岩峰,李久生,李蓓.滴灌系统运行方式和施肥频率对番茄根区土壤氮素动态的影响[J].水利学报,2007,38(7):857-865.
[33]ZHOU B,LI Y K,SONG P,et al.A kinetic model for biofilm growth inside non-PC emitters under reclaimed water drip irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,168:23-34.
[34]薛松.滴灌系统灌水器复合型堵塞物质形成机制及动力学模型研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.
[35]ZHANG J,ZHAO W H,TANG Y P,et al.Structural optimization of labyrinth-channel emitters based on hydraulic and anti-clogging performances[J].Irrigation Science,2011,29(5):351-357.
[36]魏正英,赵万华,唐一平,等.滴灌灌水器迷宫流道主航道抗堵设计方法研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(6):1-7.
[37]王元,金文,何文博.锯齿型微通道内流流场的微尺度粒子图像测量[J].西安交通大学学报,2009,43(9):109-113.
[38]LI Y K,YANG P L,XU T W,et al.CFD and digital particle tracking to assess flow characteristics in the labyrinth flow path of a drip irrigation emitter[J].Irrigation Science,2008,26(5):427-438.
[39]喻黎明,吴普特,牛文全,等.迷宫流道转角对灌水器水力性能的影响[J].农业机械学报,2009,40(2):63-67.
[40]杜向润,孙楠,王蒙.基于PIV测量技术的变曝气量下气液两相流速度场研究[J].水利学报,2015,46(11):1371-1377.
[41]王建东,李光永,邱象玉,等.流道结构形式对滴头水力性能影响的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(S1):100-103.
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