尿素对浑水水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞的影响
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摘要
为确定水肥一体化灌溉过程中,尿素对滴头堵塞的影响,分别配置了3种泥沙浓度(1.0、1.5 g·L~(-1)和2.0 g·L~(-1)),3种肥料质量浓度(1%、2%和3%),进行了间歇灌水堵塞试验,分析了滴头流量和排出泥沙量。结果表明:施加尿素对浑水滴灌具有缓解滴头堵塞的作用,在一定的尿素浓度范围内,施肥浓度越大,减缓作用越明显;施肥浓度对滴头的堵塞形式和主要堵塞物淤积位置的影响很小。滴头出流泥沙含量随灌水次数的增加呈现先快速增加,后逐渐变缓并趋于下降的趋势。施加尿素提高了滴头泥沙输送能力,施肥浓度越大,滴头输送泥沙的能力越大,泥沙排出率越大。浑水中施加尿素具有减缓滴头堵塞,延长滴头有效灌水次数的作用,当含沙量为2.0g·L~(-1)时,尿素浓度为1%,2%和3%的水肥一体化滴灌有效灌水次数比未添加尿素的可分别提高11%,89%和100%。可尝试通过尿素水肥一体化滴灌,缓解黄河水滴灌滴头堵塞危险,提高滴灌系统使用效率。
Three kinds of sediment concentrations( 1. 0,1. 5 g·L~(-1) and 2. 0 g·L~(-1)) and three concentrations of the fertilizers( 1%,2% and 3%) were set up to determine the effect of urea on the clogging of the drip in the process of fertigation,and intermittent irrigation clogging test was conducted. The amount of discharge sediment and deposits sediment in the capillary was analyzed. The results showed that the application of urea to muddy water drip irrigation had the effect of relieving drip clogging. The effect of fertilization on the clogging of the emitter and the location of the main clogging was small. After apply urea to muddy water,the number of completely clogged emitters had declined,while the number of partially clogged drippers had increased. The sediment content in the drip flow increased with the increase of irrigation times,then gradually slows down and tends to decrease.Application of urea to muddy water improved the drip sediment transport capacity,the greater the concentration of fertilization,the greater the capacity of the drip sediment transport,the greater the discharge sediment rate. The application of urea in the water had the effect of slowing the clogging of the drip and prolonging the effective irrigation times of the dripper. When the sediment concentration was 2. 0 g·L~(-1),the number of effective irrigation with the urea concentration of 1%,2%,and 3% was 11%,89% and 100% higher than that of urea without adding urea. After application of urea to muddy water,changing the nature of the electrochemical properties and sediment particle surface of muddy water,muddy water stable aggregates sediment flocculation difficult to form,the ability to carry muddy sediment particles applied urea increased,thus play a role in slowing the emitter clogging. The current study can provide a way to alleviate the risk of drip clogging which using the Yellow River water and improve dripirrigation system efficiency.
Three kinds of sediment concentrations( 1. 0,1. 5 g·L~(-1) and 2. 0 g·L~(-1)) and three concentrations of the fertilizers( 1%,2% and 3%) were set up to determine the effect of urea on the clogging of the drip in the process of fertigation,and intermittent irrigation clogging test was conducted. The amount of discharge sediment and deposits sediment in the capillary was analyzed. The results showed that the application of urea to muddy water drip irrigation had the effect of relieving drip clogging. The effect of fertilization on the clogging of the emitter and the location of the main clogging was small. After apply urea to muddy water,the number of completely clogged emitters had declined,while the number of partially clogged drippers had increased. The sediment content in the drip flow increased with the increase of irrigation times,then gradually slows down and tends to decrease.Application of urea to muddy water improved the drip sediment transport capacity,the greater the concentration of fertilization,the greater the capacity of the drip sediment transport,the greater the discharge sediment rate. The application of urea in the water had the effect of slowing the clogging of the drip and prolonging the effective irrigation times of the dripper. When the sediment concentration was 2. 0 g·L~(-1),the number of effective irrigation with the urea concentration of 1%,2%,and 3% was 11%,89% and 100% higher than that of urea without adding urea. After application of urea to muddy water,changing the nature of the electrochemical properties and sediment particle surface of muddy water,muddy water stable aggregates sediment flocculation difficult to form,the ability to carry muddy sediment particles applied urea increased,thus play a role in slowing the emitter clogging. The current study can provide a way to alleviate the risk of drip clogging which using the Yellow River water and improve dripirrigation system efficiency.
引文
[1]秦大庸,于福亮,裴源生.宁夏引黄灌区耗水量及水均衡模拟[J].资源科学,2003,25(6):19-24.
[2]刘勤.宁夏引黄灌区节水农业技术模式研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2009.
[3]王战平.宁夏引黄灌区水资源优化配置研究[D].银川:宁夏大学,2014.
[4]张万宝,李聪敏,曹峰.黄河水滴灌工程泥沙处理效果评估[J].农业工程,2015,5(4):107-109.
[5]张杰武,冯吉,徐飞鹏,等.引黄滴灌砂石过滤器滤料过滤性能[J].排灌机械工程学报,2016,34(4):357-361.
[6]孙贯芳,于健,杜斌,等.过滤后黄河水对滴灌系统的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2015,33(10):901-907.
[7]杜慧慧.乌海市引黄滴灌水净化模式及净化系统水质变化规律研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2014.
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[11]刘璐,李康勇,牛文全,等.温度对施肥滴灌系统滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(2):98-104.
[12]刘璐,牛文全,武志广,等.施肥滴灌加速滴头堵塞风险与诱发机制研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(1):228-236.
[13]杜立鹏,张新燕.低压下加肥对迷宫滴头流量及灌水均匀度的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(1):142-145.
[14]Bozkurt Sefer.The Effects of fertigation management in the different type of in-line emitters on trickle irrigation system[J].Journal of Applied Sciences,2006,6(5):1165-1171.
[15]刘燕芳,吴普特,朱德兰,等.滴灌条件下水的硬度对滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(20):95-100.
[16]王伟楠,徐飞鹏,周博,等.引黄滴灌水源中泥沙表面附生生物膜的分形特征[J].排灌机械工程学报,2014,32(10):914-920.
[17]周博,李云开,宋鹏,等.引黄滴灌系统灌水器堵塞的动态变化特征及诱发机制研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(4/5):123-128.
[18]吴泽广,张子卓,张珂萌,等.泥沙粒径与含沙量对迷宫流道滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(7):99-108.
[19]中华人民共和国水利部.GB/T 50485-2009微灌工程技术规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2009.
[20]刘璐,牛文全,Bob Zhou.细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,(1):87-93.
[21]王心阳,王文娥,胡笑涛.滴灌施肥对滴头抗堵塞性能及系统均匀度影响试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2015,(11):1-5.
[22]Mukerjee P,Ray A.The effect of urea on micelle formation and hydrophobicbonding[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry,1963,67(1):190-192.
[23]王镜和.含无机盐和尿素的直链烷基苯磺酸钠浓溶液的粘度性质[J].高等学校化学学报,1995,16(2):287-289.
[24]张建合.疏水凝胶及疏水相互作用研究进展[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2004,17(2):237-243.
[25]Rupley J A.The effect of urea and amides upon water structure[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry,1964,68(7):269-284.
[26]Grdadolnik J,Marechal Y.Urea and urea-water solutions-an infrared study[J].Journal of Molecular Structure,2002,615(1-3):177-189.
[27]Soper A K,Castner E W.Impact of urea on water structure:a clue to its properties as a denaturant[J].Biophysical Chemistry,2003,105(2-3):649.
[28]Adama R,Balyuzi H H M,Burge R E.X-ray diffraction studies of aqueous solutions of urea[J].Journal of Applied Crystallography,1977,10(4):256-261.
[29]Keuleers R,Desseyn H O,Rousseau B,Alsenoy C V.Vibrational analysis of urea[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry A,1999,103(24):281-284.
[30]王家生,陈立,刘林,等.阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速影响实验研究[J].水科学进展,2005,16(2):169-173.
[31]武海霞,刘建军,赵启明.尿素溶液浓度对一维垂直入渗特性影响的试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2011,(6):67-69.
[2]刘勤.宁夏引黄灌区节水农业技术模式研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2009.
[3]王战平.宁夏引黄灌区水资源优化配置研究[D].银川:宁夏大学,2014.
[4]张万宝,李聪敏,曹峰.黄河水滴灌工程泥沙处理效果评估[J].农业工程,2015,5(4):107-109.
[5]张杰武,冯吉,徐飞鹏,等.引黄滴灌砂石过滤器滤料过滤性能[J].排灌机械工程学报,2016,34(4):357-361.
[6]孙贯芳,于健,杜斌,等.过滤后黄河水对滴灌系统的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2015,33(10):901-907.
[7]杜慧慧.乌海市引黄滴灌水净化模式及净化系统水质变化规律研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2014.
[8]Bounoua Salim,Tomas Séverine,Labille Jér8me,et al.Understanding physical clogging in drip irrigation:in situ,in-lab and numerical approaches[J].Irrigation Science,2016,34(4):327-342.
[9]Hills D J,Nawar F M,Waller P M.Effects of chemical clogging on drip-tape irrigation uniformity[J].Transactions of the Asae,1989,32(4):1202-1206.
[10]李康勇,牛文全,张若婵,等.施肥对浑水灌溉滴头堵塞的加速作用[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(17):81-90.
[11]刘璐,李康勇,牛文全,等.温度对施肥滴灌系统滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(2):98-104.
[12]刘璐,牛文全,武志广,等.施肥滴灌加速滴头堵塞风险与诱发机制研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(1):228-236.
[13]杜立鹏,张新燕.低压下加肥对迷宫滴头流量及灌水均匀度的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(1):142-145.
[14]Bozkurt Sefer.The Effects of fertigation management in the different type of in-line emitters on trickle irrigation system[J].Journal of Applied Sciences,2006,6(5):1165-1171.
[15]刘燕芳,吴普特,朱德兰,等.滴灌条件下水的硬度对滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(20):95-100.
[16]王伟楠,徐飞鹏,周博,等.引黄滴灌水源中泥沙表面附生生物膜的分形特征[J].排灌机械工程学报,2014,32(10):914-920.
[17]周博,李云开,宋鹏,等.引黄滴灌系统灌水器堵塞的动态变化特征及诱发机制研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(4/5):123-128.
[18]吴泽广,张子卓,张珂萌,等.泥沙粒径与含沙量对迷宫流道滴头堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(7):99-108.
[19]中华人民共和国水利部.GB/T 50485-2009微灌工程技术规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2009.
[20]刘璐,牛文全,Bob Zhou.细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器堵塞的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,(1):87-93.
[21]王心阳,王文娥,胡笑涛.滴灌施肥对滴头抗堵塞性能及系统均匀度影响试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2015,(11):1-5.
[22]Mukerjee P,Ray A.The effect of urea on micelle formation and hydrophobicbonding[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry,1963,67(1):190-192.
[23]王镜和.含无机盐和尿素的直链烷基苯磺酸钠浓溶液的粘度性质[J].高等学校化学学报,1995,16(2):287-289.
[24]张建合.疏水凝胶及疏水相互作用研究进展[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2004,17(2):237-243.
[25]Rupley J A.The effect of urea and amides upon water structure[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry,1964,68(7):269-284.
[26]Grdadolnik J,Marechal Y.Urea and urea-water solutions-an infrared study[J].Journal of Molecular Structure,2002,615(1-3):177-189.
[27]Soper A K,Castner E W.Impact of urea on water structure:a clue to its properties as a denaturant[J].Biophysical Chemistry,2003,105(2-3):649.
[28]Adama R,Balyuzi H H M,Burge R E.X-ray diffraction studies of aqueous solutions of urea[J].Journal of Applied Crystallography,1977,10(4):256-261.
[29]Keuleers R,Desseyn H O,Rousseau B,Alsenoy C V.Vibrational analysis of urea[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry A,1999,103(24):281-284.
[30]王家生,陈立,刘林,等.阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速影响实验研究[J].水科学进展,2005,16(2):169-173.
[31]武海霞,刘建军,赵启明.尿素溶液浓度对一维垂直入渗特性影响的试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2011,(6):67-69.