余弦调相散射波干扰对SAR双通道对消干扰抑制的影响
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摘要
作为多通道合成孔径雷达(SAR)的一种高效便捷的抗干扰方法,SAR多通道对消技术可有效抑制包括散射波干扰在内的多种干扰类型,于是提出采用方位向余弦调相散射波干扰方法来对抗SAR双通道对消的干扰抑制能力。该方法通过对传统散射波干扰慢时间域进行余弦调相,不仅实现了干扰信号的方位向扩展,更使得干扰信号到达各通道之间的相位关系发生严重改变。这种相位差变化会影响干扰对消过程中的自动相位搜索环节,扰乱对消时所需补偿相位的估计结果,进而严重破坏对消后的真实场景成像。以SAR双通道对消系统为例分析了该干扰方法的影响效果,理论分析与实验结果表明:余弦调相散射波干扰可使得补偿相位的估计结果在慢时间上近似正弦分布;在双通道对消成像中,该干扰使得真实场景在方位向上被重复搬移,造成严重的影像重叠,同时在方位向上伴随着密集的明暗条纹;干扰效果可通过设定余弦调制频率、调制指数等参数进行控制。
The development and application of the multi-channel Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) have greatly enhanced the information acquisition and anti-jamming capabilities of the imaging radar and led to its development direction. Compared with the traditional SAR, the multi-channel SAR can extract more useful information from the phase of echo signals and has a higher degree of freedom. As one of several types of mature multi-channel techniques, SAR multi-channel cancellation technique can suppress various kinds of jamming signals, including scatter-wave jamming signals, by using the phase relation of jamming signals received by different channels, making it an efficient and direct type of anti-jamming method. In the process of multi-channel cancellation, the phase difference of jamming signals reaching different channels can be generally estimated by the automatic phase searching algorithm, and then the phase difference is used for compensation to finish the jamming signal cancellation. At present, regardless of the channels distributed along the track or across the track, multichannel SAR systems can employ this anti-jamming technique. However, jamming technology against multi-channel cancellation has rarely been researched. Therefore, a cosinusoidal phase-modulated scatter-wave jamming method aimed at countering the multi-channel cancellation technique is proposed in this paper. First, multi-channel cancellation theory of traditional scatter-wave jamming is analyzed through the dual-channel cancellation technique, and the process of automatic phase searching algorithm based on the rule of minimum energy is summarized. Second, the cosinusoidal phase-modulated signal model is presented and used to improve the traditional scatter-wave jamming signal. Cosinusoidal phase modulation in slow time directly leads to the Doppler spectrum moving and the extension of jamming in the azimuth, according to which the imaging characteristic of the novel jamming signal for SAR is analyzed in detail. Then, the effect of the proposed jamming method working on the dual-channel cancellation system is derived and analyzed. Cosinusoidal phase modulation severely changes the original phase difference,which exerts an effect on the automatic phase searching link to alter the estimated results of the compensation phase in the cancellation process. The changed compensation phase will seriously destroy the real scene imaging. Finally, the simulation experiment results and analysis are presented in which four groups of jamming parameters are set and compared to verify the controllability of jamming. Theoretical analysis and experiment result show that the proposed jamming method can produce multiple false scattering scenes in traditional SAR imaging. In the dual-channel cancellation process, this method causes the estimated compensation phase to vary with slow time sinusoidally. It also causes the real scene image to move repeatedly, which leads to serious image overlapping and produces many dark and bright speckles distributed along the azimuth. The jamming effect can be controlled by setting different jamming parameters, such as modulation frequency and so on. The proposed jamming method is flexible, controllable, and has good stealthiness. It can deactivate the multi-channel cancellation jamming suppression and enhance the jamming effect by utilizing the characteristics of the cancellation process. Importantly, the jamming signal after phase modulation in the azimuth can influence the extraction result of phase information of the signal received by the multi-channel SAR system. Such effect can provide additional ideas and methods for multi-channel SAR jamming research.
The development and application of the multi-channel Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) have greatly enhanced the information acquisition and anti-jamming capabilities of the imaging radar and led to its development direction. Compared with the traditional SAR, the multi-channel SAR can extract more useful information from the phase of echo signals and has a higher degree of freedom. As one of several types of mature multi-channel techniques, SAR multi-channel cancellation technique can suppress various kinds of jamming signals, including scatter-wave jamming signals, by using the phase relation of jamming signals received by different channels, making it an efficient and direct type of anti-jamming method. In the process of multi-channel cancellation, the phase difference of jamming signals reaching different channels can be generally estimated by the automatic phase searching algorithm, and then the phase difference is used for compensation to finish the jamming signal cancellation. At present, regardless of the channels distributed along the track or across the track, multichannel SAR systems can employ this anti-jamming technique. However, jamming technology against multi-channel cancellation has rarely been researched. Therefore, a cosinusoidal phase-modulated scatter-wave jamming method aimed at countering the multi-channel cancellation technique is proposed in this paper. First, multi-channel cancellation theory of traditional scatter-wave jamming is analyzed through the dual-channel cancellation technique, and the process of automatic phase searching algorithm based on the rule of minimum energy is summarized. Second, the cosinusoidal phase-modulated signal model is presented and used to improve the traditional scatter-wave jamming signal. Cosinusoidal phase modulation in slow time directly leads to the Doppler spectrum moving and the extension of jamming in the azimuth, according to which the imaging characteristic of the novel jamming signal for SAR is analyzed in detail. Then, the effect of the proposed jamming method working on the dual-channel cancellation system is derived and analyzed. Cosinusoidal phase modulation severely changes the original phase difference,which exerts an effect on the automatic phase searching link to alter the estimated results of the compensation phase in the cancellation process. The changed compensation phase will seriously destroy the real scene imaging. Finally, the simulation experiment results and analysis are presented in which four groups of jamming parameters are set and compared to verify the controllability of jamming. Theoretical analysis and experiment result show that the proposed jamming method can produce multiple false scattering scenes in traditional SAR imaging. In the dual-channel cancellation process, this method causes the estimated compensation phase to vary with slow time sinusoidally. It also causes the real scene image to move repeatedly, which leads to serious image overlapping and produces many dark and bright speckles distributed along the azimuth. The jamming effect can be controlled by setting different jamming parameters, such as modulation frequency and so on. The proposed jamming method is flexible, controllable, and has good stealthiness. It can deactivate the multi-channel cancellation jamming suppression and enhance the jamming effect by utilizing the characteristics of the cancellation process. Importantly, the jamming signal after phase modulation in the azimuth can influence the extraction result of phase information of the signal received by the multi-channel SAR system. Such effect can provide additional ideas and methods for multi-channel SAR jamming research.
引文
Bucciarelli M,Cristallini D,Pastina D,Sedehi M and Lombardo P.2008.Integrated wideband antenna nulling and focusing technique for multi-channel synthetic aperture radar//Proceedings of2008 International Radar Symposium.Wroclaw,Poland:IEEE:1-4[DOI:10.1109/IRS.2008.4585749]
Chang Y L,Huang X T,Zhou H and Zhou Z M.2009.A new image domain STAP method for multi-channel SAR with array distortion and non-homogeneity environments.Journal of Remote Sensing,13(2):238-245(常玉林,黄晓涛,周红,周智敏.2009.可适应阵列误差和非均匀杂波环境的多通道SAR图像域STAP方法.遥感学报,13(2):238-245)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20090244]
Dawidowicz B,Kulpa K S,Malanowski M,Misiurewicz J,Samczynski P and Smolarczyk M.2012.DPCA detection of moving targets in airborne passive radar.IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,48(2):1347-1357[DOI:10.1109/TAES.2012.6178066]
Fang M X,Bi D P and Shen A G.2016.Cosinusoidal phase-modulated repeater jamming to SAR-GMTI based on a moving jamming station.Journal of Remote Sensing,20(6):1361-1370(房明星,毕大平,沈爱国.2016.运动干扰站的SAR-GMTI余弦调相转发干扰.遥感学报,20(6):1361-1370)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20166037]
Gan R B,Wang J G and He C.2005a.Rebound jamming suppression by two-channel SAR.Signal Processing,21(1):27-30(甘荣兵,王建国,何川.2005a.双路对消抑制对合成孔径雷达的弹射式干扰.信号处理,21(1):27-30)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-0530.2005.01.006]
Gan R B,Wang J G and He C.2005b.Phase estimation in rebound jamming suppression by two-channel SAR.Acta Electronica Sinica,33(9):1691-1693(甘荣兵,王建国,何川.2005b.双天线对消弹射式干扰中的相位估计.电子学报,33(9):1691-1693)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0372-2112.2005.09.037]
Huang L,Dong C X,Shen Z B and Guo Z Q.2015.The influence of rebound jamming on SAR GMTI.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,12(2):399-403[DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2014.2345091]
Huang L,Dong C X,Shen Z B and Zhao G Q.2015.Investigation on countermeasure against InSAR dual-channel cancellation technique with multi-antenna jammer.Journal of Electronics and Information Technology,37(4):913-918(黄龙,董春曦,沈志博,赵国庆.2015.多天线干扰机对抗InSAR双通道干扰对消的研究.电子与信息学报,37(4):913-918)[DOI:10.11999/JEIT140769]
Krieger G,Hajnsek I,Papathanassiou K,Eineder M,Younis M,De Zan F,Prats P,Huber S,Werner M,Fiedler H,Freeman A,Rosen P,Hensley S,Johnson W,Veilleux L,Grafmueller B,Werninghaus R,Bamler R and Moreira A.2009.The TanDEM-L mission proposal:monitoring earth’s dynamics with high resolution SAR interferometry//Proceedings of 2009 IEEE Radar Conference.Pasadena:IEEE:1-6[DOI:10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977077]
Li C and Zhu D Y.2007.The detection of deception jamming against SAR based on dual-aperture antenna interferometry.Journal of Electronics and Information Technology,29(6):1412-1415(李晨,朱岱寅.2007.利用双天线干涉检测针对SAR的欺骗干扰.电子与信息学报,29(6):1412-1415)[DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1146.2005.01349]
Lin X H,Xue G Y and Liu P.2014.Novel data acquisition method for interference suppression in dual-channel SAR.Progress in Eletromagnetics Research,144:79-92[DOI:10.2528/PIER13111207]
Liu Y M,Liu Z,Dai D H and Wang X S.2011.Analysis of jamming effect on scatter wave jamming to SAR imaging.Chinese Journal of Radio Science,26(2):400-406,414(刘业民,刘忠,代大海,王雪松.2011.散射波干扰对合成孔径雷达成像干扰效果的分析.电波科学学报,26(2):400-406,414)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0388.2011.02.032]
Ma X Y,Qin J M,He Z H,Yang J and Lu Q H.2007.Three-channel cancellation of SAR blanketing jamming suppression.Acta Electronica Sinica,35(6):1015-1020(马晓岩,秦江敏,贺照辉,杨军,鲁千红.2007.抑制SAR压制性干扰的三通道对消方法.电子学报,35(6):1015-1020)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0372-2112.2007.06.002]
Sj?gren T K,Vu T V,Pettersson M I,Wang F,Murdin D J G,Gustavsson A and Ulander L M H.2014.Suppression of clutter in multichannel SAR GMTI.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,52(7):4005-4013[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2013.2278701]
Yang W H,Liu J and Wang T.2012.Intermittent sampling scatterwave jamming against SAR.Journal of Astronautics,33(3):367-373(杨伟宏,刘进,王涛.2012.SAR间歇采样散射波干扰.宇航学报,33(3):367-373)[DOI:10.3873/j.issn.1000-1328.2012.03.013]
Zhang S X,Sun G C,Liu Y Y,Zhou F and Xing M D.2011.Deception interference supression algorithm based on four-channel for SAR.Modern Radar,33(2):22-26,30(张双喜,孙光才,刘艳阳,周峰,邢孟道.2011.基于四通道SAR欺骗式干扰抑制算法.现代雷达,33(2):22-26,30)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-7859.2011.02.006]
Zhang S X,Xing M D,Xia X G,Guo R,Liu Y Y and Bao Z.2015.Robust clutter suppression and moving target imaging approach for multichannel in azimuth high-resolution and wide-swath synthetic aperture radar.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,53(2):687-709[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2327031]
Chang Y L,Huang X T,Zhou H and Zhou Z M.2009.A new image domain STAP method for multi-channel SAR with array distortion and non-homogeneity environments.Journal of Remote Sensing,13(2):238-245(常玉林,黄晓涛,周红,周智敏.2009.可适应阵列误差和非均匀杂波环境的多通道SAR图像域STAP方法.遥感学报,13(2):238-245)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20090244]
Dawidowicz B,Kulpa K S,Malanowski M,Misiurewicz J,Samczynski P and Smolarczyk M.2012.DPCA detection of moving targets in airborne passive radar.IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,48(2):1347-1357[DOI:10.1109/TAES.2012.6178066]
Fang M X,Bi D P and Shen A G.2016.Cosinusoidal phase-modulated repeater jamming to SAR-GMTI based on a moving jamming station.Journal of Remote Sensing,20(6):1361-1370(房明星,毕大平,沈爱国.2016.运动干扰站的SAR-GMTI余弦调相转发干扰.遥感学报,20(6):1361-1370)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20166037]
Gan R B,Wang J G and He C.2005a.Rebound jamming suppression by two-channel SAR.Signal Processing,21(1):27-30(甘荣兵,王建国,何川.2005a.双路对消抑制对合成孔径雷达的弹射式干扰.信号处理,21(1):27-30)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-0530.2005.01.006]
Gan R B,Wang J G and He C.2005b.Phase estimation in rebound jamming suppression by two-channel SAR.Acta Electronica Sinica,33(9):1691-1693(甘荣兵,王建国,何川.2005b.双天线对消弹射式干扰中的相位估计.电子学报,33(9):1691-1693)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0372-2112.2005.09.037]
Huang L,Dong C X,Shen Z B and Guo Z Q.2015.The influence of rebound jamming on SAR GMTI.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,12(2):399-403[DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2014.2345091]
Huang L,Dong C X,Shen Z B and Zhao G Q.2015.Investigation on countermeasure against InSAR dual-channel cancellation technique with multi-antenna jammer.Journal of Electronics and Information Technology,37(4):913-918(黄龙,董春曦,沈志博,赵国庆.2015.多天线干扰机对抗InSAR双通道干扰对消的研究.电子与信息学报,37(4):913-918)[DOI:10.11999/JEIT140769]
Krieger G,Hajnsek I,Papathanassiou K,Eineder M,Younis M,De Zan F,Prats P,Huber S,Werner M,Fiedler H,Freeman A,Rosen P,Hensley S,Johnson W,Veilleux L,Grafmueller B,Werninghaus R,Bamler R and Moreira A.2009.The TanDEM-L mission proposal:monitoring earth’s dynamics with high resolution SAR interferometry//Proceedings of 2009 IEEE Radar Conference.Pasadena:IEEE:1-6[DOI:10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977077]
Li C and Zhu D Y.2007.The detection of deception jamming against SAR based on dual-aperture antenna interferometry.Journal of Electronics and Information Technology,29(6):1412-1415(李晨,朱岱寅.2007.利用双天线干涉检测针对SAR的欺骗干扰.电子与信息学报,29(6):1412-1415)[DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1146.2005.01349]
Lin X H,Xue G Y and Liu P.2014.Novel data acquisition method for interference suppression in dual-channel SAR.Progress in Eletromagnetics Research,144:79-92[DOI:10.2528/PIER13111207]
Liu Y M,Liu Z,Dai D H and Wang X S.2011.Analysis of jamming effect on scatter wave jamming to SAR imaging.Chinese Journal of Radio Science,26(2):400-406,414(刘业民,刘忠,代大海,王雪松.2011.散射波干扰对合成孔径雷达成像干扰效果的分析.电波科学学报,26(2):400-406,414)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0388.2011.02.032]
Ma X Y,Qin J M,He Z H,Yang J and Lu Q H.2007.Three-channel cancellation of SAR blanketing jamming suppression.Acta Electronica Sinica,35(6):1015-1020(马晓岩,秦江敏,贺照辉,杨军,鲁千红.2007.抑制SAR压制性干扰的三通道对消方法.电子学报,35(6):1015-1020)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0372-2112.2007.06.002]
Sj?gren T K,Vu T V,Pettersson M I,Wang F,Murdin D J G,Gustavsson A and Ulander L M H.2014.Suppression of clutter in multichannel SAR GMTI.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,52(7):4005-4013[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2013.2278701]
Yang W H,Liu J and Wang T.2012.Intermittent sampling scatterwave jamming against SAR.Journal of Astronautics,33(3):367-373(杨伟宏,刘进,王涛.2012.SAR间歇采样散射波干扰.宇航学报,33(3):367-373)[DOI:10.3873/j.issn.1000-1328.2012.03.013]
Zhang S X,Sun G C,Liu Y Y,Zhou F and Xing M D.2011.Deception interference supression algorithm based on four-channel for SAR.Modern Radar,33(2):22-26,30(张双喜,孙光才,刘艳阳,周峰,邢孟道.2011.基于四通道SAR欺骗式干扰抑制算法.现代雷达,33(2):22-26,30)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-7859.2011.02.006]
Zhang S X,Xing M D,Xia X G,Guo R,Liu Y Y and Bao Z.2015.Robust clutter suppression and moving target imaging approach for multichannel in azimuth high-resolution and wide-swath synthetic aperture radar.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,53(2):687-709[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2327031]