/n/-/l/音位合并现象的神经机制:来自MMN的证据
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摘要
采用ERP技术,比较音位合并者与非音位合并者辨别合并音位/n/-/l/的脑电和行为反应。结果发现,非音位合并者在注意前阶段展现了显著的MMN;而音位合并者没有展现MMN,但在晚期展现了一个显著的负波。行为实验发现,相比于音位合并者,非音位合并者在分辨/n/-/l/时正确率更高,反应时更短。这些结果表明:两组被试区分/n/-/l/的能力在早期自动加工阶段就已经有了显著的差异。方言经验可能降低了音位合并者在听觉感觉加工阶段检测合并音位差异的敏感度。
Native language experience shapes how people perceive the world at an early age.Phonemic merger is a common phenomenon of language variation in which two phonemes cannot be distinguished in perception and pronunciation.Phonemic merger could indicate a deficit of perceptual sensitivity to non-native phonemic contrasts.For example,merged speakers from southwest China are always not able to distinguish the/n/-/l/contrast that acoustically mixed in their dialects,whereas people from the north can distinguish them without an effort.A previous study(Conrey et al.,2005) showed that the perception of/I/-/E/in English differed between merged speakers and unmerged speakers in the LPC response which was attributed to the conscious phonological decision processes.However,it has been unclear that whether and how the language experiences of phonemic merger impacted merged speakers' phoneme perception in early auditory processing.Here,we adapted a passive oddball paradigm to examine if the merged experience impacted speech recognition and to explore the neural correlates of/n/-/l/Chinese phonemic merger at the early stage of auditory processing,as indexed by the mismatch negativity(MMN).In the ERP experiment,the subjects sat in an acoustically shielded cabin.Acoustic stimuli/niú/and/liú/were delivered binaurally via headphones at an intensity of 60 dB SPL.We instructed the subjects to ignore the auditory and concentrate on a silent movie.Simultaneously,we recorded the subjects' brain waves.After EEG recording,all of the subjects participated in an/n/-/l/discrimination test,in order to measure their capacity of distinguish/n/from/l/.According to the accuracy of the behavioral test and assessment for dialectal experience,22 listeners were divided into two groups,merged speakers(4 males,7 females,age range:18-25 years) and unmerged speakers(4 males,7 females,age range:18-22 years).Then,we compared the ERPs and behavioral performance for the discrimination of/n/-/l/contrast between merged speakers and unmerged speakers.The results showed that the behavioral responses were slower(p =.003) and more error-prone(p <.001) in the merged speakers than in the unmerged speakers.These behavioral results indicated merged speakers' deficit of discriminating/n/-/l/contrast.Our ERP results revealed that the deviant syllable/liú/evoked a typical MMN only in unmerged speakers with a maximum amplitude peaked around 182 ms after the onset of the critical phoneme.The absence of MMN suggested that the/n/-/l/merged speakers lost the ability to distinguish the phonemes/n/and/l/in early auditory processing.Although failed to observe the MMN component in merged speakers on the MMN time window,we obtained a late discriminatory negativity(LDN) in 480 ～ 540 ms.For the precise function of LDN,more further studies were needed.The significant differences of ERP responses between two groups indicated that the merged speakers were deficient in recognizing the contrast between/n/-/l/at least in the acoustic perceptual processing.In conclusion,our results indicate that long-term experience of phonemic merger affects merged speakers' speech perception,and merged speakers loose the automatic discrimination of merged contrast at an early stage of auditory processing.
Native language experience shapes how people perceive the world at an early age.Phonemic merger is a common phenomenon of language variation in which two phonemes cannot be distinguished in perception and pronunciation.Phonemic merger could indicate a deficit of perceptual sensitivity to non-native phonemic contrasts.For example,merged speakers from southwest China are always not able to distinguish the/n/-/l/contrast that acoustically mixed in their dialects,whereas people from the north can distinguish them without an effort.A previous study(Conrey et al.,2005) showed that the perception of/I/-/E/in English differed between merged speakers and unmerged speakers in the LPC response which was attributed to the conscious phonological decision processes.However,it has been unclear that whether and how the language experiences of phonemic merger impacted merged speakers' phoneme perception in early auditory processing.Here,we adapted a passive oddball paradigm to examine if the merged experience impacted speech recognition and to explore the neural correlates of/n/-/l/Chinese phonemic merger at the early stage of auditory processing,as indexed by the mismatch negativity(MMN).In the ERP experiment,the subjects sat in an acoustically shielded cabin.Acoustic stimuli/niú/and/liú/were delivered binaurally via headphones at an intensity of 60 dB SPL.We instructed the subjects to ignore the auditory and concentrate on a silent movie.Simultaneously,we recorded the subjects' brain waves.After EEG recording,all of the subjects participated in an/n/-/l/discrimination test,in order to measure their capacity of distinguish/n/from/l/.According to the accuracy of the behavioral test and assessment for dialectal experience,22 listeners were divided into two groups,merged speakers(4 males,7 females,age range:18-25 years) and unmerged speakers(4 males,7 females,age range:18-22 years).Then,we compared the ERPs and behavioral performance for the discrimination of/n/-/l/contrast between merged speakers and unmerged speakers.The results showed that the behavioral responses were slower(p =.003) and more error-prone(p <.001) in the merged speakers than in the unmerged speakers.These behavioral results indicated merged speakers' deficit of discriminating/n/-/l/contrast.Our ERP results revealed that the deviant syllable/liú/evoked a typical MMN only in unmerged speakers with a maximum amplitude peaked around 182 ms after the onset of the critical phoneme.The absence of MMN suggested that the/n/-/l/merged speakers lost the ability to distinguish the phonemes/n/and/l/in early auditory processing.Although failed to observe the MMN component in merged speakers on the MMN time window,we obtained a late discriminatory negativity(LDN) in 480 ～ 540 ms.For the precise function of LDN,more further studies were needed.The significant differences of ERP responses between two groups indicated that the merged speakers were deficient in recognizing the contrast between/n/-/l/at least in the acoustic perceptual processing.In conclusion,our results indicate that long-term experience of phonemic merger affects merged speakers' speech perception,and merged speakers loose the automatic discrimination of merged contrast at an early stage of auditory processing.
引文
陈恩泉.(2000).双语双方言研究的学科思考.学术研究,9,113-121.
何康.(2011).汉语方言中音位合并现象的失匹配负波研究.中国科技技术大学硕士学位论文.
廖芳华.(2017).鼻音n与边音l教学略谈.长江丛刊,36,160-160.
李宝环,李富德,林鹏.(2012).失匹配负波发生原理及临床应用.听力学及言语疾病杂志,20(5),499-503.
宓林.(2011).不同熟练程度双言者语音加工过程的ERP研究.曲阜师范大学硕士学位论文
任桂琴,韩玉昌,周永垒,任延涛.(2011).汉语语调早期加工的脑机制.心理学报,43(3),241-248.
王悦,陈俊,张积家.(2012).方言与普通话并用:双言心理研究述评.心理科学进展,20(8),1243-1250.
辛昕,任桂琴,李金彩,唐晓雨.(2017).早期视听整合加工--来自MMN的证据.心理科学进展,25(5),757-768.
杨爱华.(2017).浅谈普通话中的边鼻音教学.课外语文,24,176-176.
游洪南,王霞.(2008).四川方言对使用者语音方面的影响.现代企业教育,8,120-120.
翟红华,赵吉玲.(2015).汉语方言对英语语音习得影响研究述评.外语界,1,88-95.
Brunellière,A.,Dufour,S.,&Nguyen,N.(2011).Regional differences in the listener's phonemic inventory affect semantic processing:A mismatch negativity(MMN)study.Brain and Language,117(1),45-51.
Brunellière,A.,Dufour,S.,Nguyen,N.,&Frauenfelder,U.H.(2009).Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for the impact of regional variation on phoneme perception.Cognition,111(3),390-396.
Cheour,M.,Korpilahti,P.,Martynova,O.,&Lang,A.H.(2001).Mismatch negativity and late discriminative negativity in investigating speech perception and learning in children and infants.Audiology and Neurotology,6(1),2-11.
Conrey,B.,Potts,G.F.,&Niedzielski,N.A.(2005).Effects of dialect on merger perception:ERP and behavioral correlates.Brain and Language,95(3),435-449.
Díaz,B.,Baus,C.,Escera,C.,Costa,A.,&Sebastián-Gallés,N.(2008).Brain potentials to native phoneme discrimination reveal the origin of individual differences in learning the sounds of a second language.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,105(42),16083-16088.
Greenhouse,S.W.,&Geisser,S.(1959).On methods in the analysis of profile data.Psychometrika,24(2),95-112.
Haenschel,C.,Vernon,D.J.,Dwivedi,P.,Gruzelier,J.H.,&Baldeweg,T.(2005).Event-related brain potential correlates of human auditory sensory memorytrace formation.Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience,25(45),10494-10501.
Hill,P.R.,Mcarthur,G.M.,&Bishop,D.V.(2004).Phonological categorization of vowels:A mismatch negativity study.Neuroreport,15(14),2195-2199.
Kay,P.,&Kempton,W.(2010).What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?American Anthropologist,86(1),65-79.
Kazanina,N.,Phillips,C.,&Idsardi,W.(2006).The influence of meaning on the perception of speech sounds.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,103(30),11381-11386.
Korpilahti,P.,Lang,H.,&Aaltonen,O.(1995).Is there a late-latency mismatch negativity(MMN)component?Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,95(4),96-96.
Miyawaki,K.,Jenkins,J.J.,Strange,W.,Liberman,A.M.,Verbrugge,R.,&Fujimura,O.(1975).An effect of linguistic experience The discrimination of(r)and(l)by native listeners of Japanese and English.Perception and Psychophysics,18(5),331-340.
N??t?nen,R.,Gaillard,A.W.,&M?ntysalo,S.(1978).Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted.Acta Psychologica,42(4),313-329.
N??t?nen,R.,Lehtokoski,A.,Lennes,M.,Cheour,M.,Huotilainen,M.,&Iivonen,A.(1997).Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses.Nature,385(6615),432-434.
N??t?nen,R.,Paavilainen,P.,Rinne,T.,&Alho,K.(2007).The mismatch negativity(MMN)in basic research of central auditory processing:A review.Clinical Neurophysiology,118(12),2544-2590.
N??t?nen,R.,Schr?ger,E.,Karakas,S.,Tervaniemi,M.,&Paavilainen,P.(1993).Development of a memory trace for a complex sound in the human brain.Neuroreport,4(5),503-506.
Newman,R.L.,&Connolly,J.F.(2009).Electrophysiological markers of prelexical speech processing:Evidence for bottom-up and top-down effects on spoken word processing.Biological Psychology,80(1),114-121.
Partanen,E.,Kujala,T.,N??t?nen,R.,Liitola,A.,Sambeth,A.,&Huotilainen,M.(2013).Learning-induced neural plasticity of speech processing before birth.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,110(37),15145-15150.
Pulvermüller,F.,&Shtyrov,Y.(2006).Language outside the focus of attention:The mismatch negativity as a tool for studying higher cognitive processes.Progress in Neurobiology,79(1),49-71.
Shestakova,A.,Huotilainen,M.,Ceponiene,R.,&Cheour,M.(2003).Eventrelated potentials associated with second language learning in children.Clinical Neurophysiology,114(8),1507-1512.
Sohoglu,E.,Peelle,J.E.,Carlyon,R.P.,&Davis,M.H.(2012).Predictive topdown integration of prior knowledge during speech perception.Journal of Neuroscience,32(25),8443-8453.
Strange,W.,&Dittmann,S.(1984).Effects of discrimination training on the perception of/r-l/by Japanese adults learning English.Perception and Psychophysics,36(2),131-145.
Tan,L.H.,Chan,A.H.,Kay,P.,Khong,P.L.,Yip,L.K.,&Luke,K.K.(2008).Language affects patterns of brain activation associated with perceptual decision.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,105(10),4004-4009.
Valentine,D.,Hedrick,M.S.,&Swanson,L.A.(2006).Effect of an auditory training program on reading,phoneme awareness,and language.Perceptual and Motor Skills,103(1),183-196.
Zachau,S.,Rinker,T.,K?rner,B.,Kohls,G.,Maas,V.,Hennighausen,K.,&Schecker,M.(2005).Extracting rules:Early and late mismatch negativity to tone patterns.Neuroreport,16(18),2015-2019.
何康.(2011).汉语方言中音位合并现象的失匹配负波研究.中国科技技术大学硕士学位论文.
廖芳华.(2017).鼻音n与边音l教学略谈.长江丛刊,36,160-160.
李宝环,李富德,林鹏.(2012).失匹配负波发生原理及临床应用.听力学及言语疾病杂志,20(5),499-503.
宓林.(2011).不同熟练程度双言者语音加工过程的ERP研究.曲阜师范大学硕士学位论文
任桂琴,韩玉昌,周永垒,任延涛.(2011).汉语语调早期加工的脑机制.心理学报,43(3),241-248.
王悦,陈俊,张积家.(2012).方言与普通话并用:双言心理研究述评.心理科学进展,20(8),1243-1250.
辛昕,任桂琴,李金彩,唐晓雨.(2017).早期视听整合加工--来自MMN的证据.心理科学进展,25(5),757-768.
杨爱华.(2017).浅谈普通话中的边鼻音教学.课外语文,24,176-176.
游洪南,王霞.(2008).四川方言对使用者语音方面的影响.现代企业教育,8,120-120.
翟红华,赵吉玲.(2015).汉语方言对英语语音习得影响研究述评.外语界,1,88-95.
Brunellière,A.,Dufour,S.,&Nguyen,N.(2011).Regional differences in the listener's phonemic inventory affect semantic processing:A mismatch negativity(MMN)study.Brain and Language,117(1),45-51.
Brunellière,A.,Dufour,S.,Nguyen,N.,&Frauenfelder,U.H.(2009).Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for the impact of regional variation on phoneme perception.Cognition,111(3),390-396.
Cheour,M.,Korpilahti,P.,Martynova,O.,&Lang,A.H.(2001).Mismatch negativity and late discriminative negativity in investigating speech perception and learning in children and infants.Audiology and Neurotology,6(1),2-11.
Conrey,B.,Potts,G.F.,&Niedzielski,N.A.(2005).Effects of dialect on merger perception:ERP and behavioral correlates.Brain and Language,95(3),435-449.
Díaz,B.,Baus,C.,Escera,C.,Costa,A.,&Sebastián-Gallés,N.(2008).Brain potentials to native phoneme discrimination reveal the origin of individual differences in learning the sounds of a second language.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,105(42),16083-16088.
Greenhouse,S.W.,&Geisser,S.(1959).On methods in the analysis of profile data.Psychometrika,24(2),95-112.
Haenschel,C.,Vernon,D.J.,Dwivedi,P.,Gruzelier,J.H.,&Baldeweg,T.(2005).Event-related brain potential correlates of human auditory sensory memorytrace formation.Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience,25(45),10494-10501.
Hill,P.R.,Mcarthur,G.M.,&Bishop,D.V.(2004).Phonological categorization of vowels:A mismatch negativity study.Neuroreport,15(14),2195-2199.
Kay,P.,&Kempton,W.(2010).What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?American Anthropologist,86(1),65-79.
Kazanina,N.,Phillips,C.,&Idsardi,W.(2006).The influence of meaning on the perception of speech sounds.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,103(30),11381-11386.
Korpilahti,P.,Lang,H.,&Aaltonen,O.(1995).Is there a late-latency mismatch negativity(MMN)component?Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,95(4),96-96.
Miyawaki,K.,Jenkins,J.J.,Strange,W.,Liberman,A.M.,Verbrugge,R.,&Fujimura,O.(1975).An effect of linguistic experience The discrimination of(r)and(l)by native listeners of Japanese and English.Perception and Psychophysics,18(5),331-340.
N??t?nen,R.,Gaillard,A.W.,&M?ntysalo,S.(1978).Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted.Acta Psychologica,42(4),313-329.
N??t?nen,R.,Lehtokoski,A.,Lennes,M.,Cheour,M.,Huotilainen,M.,&Iivonen,A.(1997).Language-specific phoneme representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses.Nature,385(6615),432-434.
N??t?nen,R.,Paavilainen,P.,Rinne,T.,&Alho,K.(2007).The mismatch negativity(MMN)in basic research of central auditory processing:A review.Clinical Neurophysiology,118(12),2544-2590.
N??t?nen,R.,Schr?ger,E.,Karakas,S.,Tervaniemi,M.,&Paavilainen,P.(1993).Development of a memory trace for a complex sound in the human brain.Neuroreport,4(5),503-506.
Newman,R.L.,&Connolly,J.F.(2009).Electrophysiological markers of prelexical speech processing:Evidence for bottom-up and top-down effects on spoken word processing.Biological Psychology,80(1),114-121.
Partanen,E.,Kujala,T.,N??t?nen,R.,Liitola,A.,Sambeth,A.,&Huotilainen,M.(2013).Learning-induced neural plasticity of speech processing before birth.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,110(37),15145-15150.
Pulvermüller,F.,&Shtyrov,Y.(2006).Language outside the focus of attention:The mismatch negativity as a tool for studying higher cognitive processes.Progress in Neurobiology,79(1),49-71.
Shestakova,A.,Huotilainen,M.,Ceponiene,R.,&Cheour,M.(2003).Eventrelated potentials associated with second language learning in children.Clinical Neurophysiology,114(8),1507-1512.
Sohoglu,E.,Peelle,J.E.,Carlyon,R.P.,&Davis,M.H.(2012).Predictive topdown integration of prior knowledge during speech perception.Journal of Neuroscience,32(25),8443-8453.
Strange,W.,&Dittmann,S.(1984).Effects of discrimination training on the perception of/r-l/by Japanese adults learning English.Perception and Psychophysics,36(2),131-145.
Tan,L.H.,Chan,A.H.,Kay,P.,Khong,P.L.,Yip,L.K.,&Luke,K.K.(2008).Language affects patterns of brain activation associated with perceptual decision.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,105(10),4004-4009.
Valentine,D.,Hedrick,M.S.,&Swanson,L.A.(2006).Effect of an auditory training program on reading,phoneme awareness,and language.Perceptual and Motor Skills,103(1),183-196.
Zachau,S.,Rinker,T.,K?rner,B.,Kohls,G.,Maas,V.,Hennighausen,K.,&Schecker,M.(2005).Extracting rules:Early and late mismatch negativity to tone patterns.Neuroreport,16(18),2015-2019.