城市户外景观设施安全性评价研究
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摘要
当前,安全性问题日益得到广泛关注,而针对城市户外景观设施的安全性研究则相对薄弱。为此,从公众对景观设施的使用安全感受出发,基于专家和公众的建议,筛选出影响景观设施安全的因子;以南昌市为例,通过对30处公共空间的837名公众进行问卷调查获取相关数据,并运用主成分分析法,计算出设施安全评价指标权重集,进而建立城市公共空间景观设施安全性量化评价体系,为城市户外公共空间安全性设计和改造提供有益参考。
The security matters has been paid more and more attention at present but the research on the safety of urban outdoor landscape facilities is relatively weak. Based on the experts and public opinions, the article selected factors affecting landscape facilities safety from the public safety of landscape facilities experience. With the questionnaire survey of 30 public space in the city of Nanchang, and based on data of 837 questionnaires investigation, using principal component analysis, facility safety evaluation index set and weight set are acquired by the method of principal component analysis. Then the evaluation system of the safety of urban public space landscape facilities is established.The research results can provide suggestions and reference for the design and reform of urban public space safety.
The security matters has been paid more and more attention at present but the research on the safety of urban outdoor landscape facilities is relatively weak. Based on the experts and public opinions, the article selected factors affecting landscape facilities safety from the public safety of landscape facilities experience. With the questionnaire survey of 30 public space in the city of Nanchang, and based on data of 837 questionnaires investigation, using principal component analysis, facility safety evaluation index set and weight set are acquired by the method of principal component analysis. Then the evaluation system of the safety of urban public space landscape facilities is established.The research results can provide suggestions and reference for the design and reform of urban public space safety.
引文
[1]北京晚报.六岁男童被公园健身器材夹住头颅不治身亡[E B/O L].h t t p://n e w s.1 6 3.com/08/1005/20/4NH42O4A00011229.html.
[2]重庆晚报.老人在免费公园滑倒摔伤,园方该不该承担责任[EB/OL].http://cq.qq.com/a/20111014/000276.html.
[3]京华时报.公园游玩被石头砸伤,女子起诉管理方索赔[EB/OL].http://www.chinanews.com/life/2015/07-07/7388540.shtml.
[4]新民网.实拍游客公园游玩触电,三人不幸遇难[E B/O L].h t t p://n e w s.x i n m i n.c n/shehui/2016/08/05/30303209.html.
[5]Jacobs J.The Death and Life of Great American Cities[M].NewYork:Modern Library,2011.
[6]Newman O.Creating Defensible Space[M].Darby:DIANE Publishing,1996:14-45.
[7]Troyer D D.New standards change the landscape of walkway safety[J].Occupation Health Safe,2012,81(9):48;50.
[8]Hopper L J.Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards[M].John Wiley and Sons,2007.
[9]Rycewicz B M.Materials for Sustainable Sites.A Complete Guide to the Evaluation,Selection and Use of Sustainable Construction Materials[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2009,92(2):177-178.
[10]赖胜男,古新仁.园林安全性问题初探[J].江西林业科技,2014,42(5):61-64.
[11]张芳,申曙光,李凡,等.开放式城市公园景观安全性及其设计对策[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(1):354-356.
[12]徐健,康健,邵龙.工业园区景观环境主观评价研究[J].中国园林,2015,31(9):95-99.
[13]王华清.现代城市公园景观设施人性化设计初探[D].成都:四川农业大学,2015.
[14]郑芳香.高校校园景观设施配置研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2014.
[15]郝珊珊.大众行为与景观设施设计[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2008.
[16]王鹤,郭兴琦.景观游憩设施设计[J].设计,2015(16):123-124.
[17]章俊华.规划设计学中的调查分析法:主成分分析[J].中国园林,1999,15(6):77-80.
[18]赵东汉.使用后评价POE在国外的发展特点及在中国的适用性研究[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2007(6):797-802.
[19]韩静,胡绍学.温故而知新:使用后评价(POE)方法简介[J].建筑学报,2006(1):80-82.
[20]邱慧,蒋涤非,易欣.耦合专家和公众意见的公共景观环境安全评价方法与应用[J].安全与环境学报,2014,14(1):131-136.
[21]陈菲,林建群,朱逊.基于公共空间环境评价法(EAPRS)和邻里绿色空间测量工具(NGST)的寒地城市老年人对景观活力的评价[J].中国园林,2015,31(8):100-104.
[22]李宝勇,温媛清,古新仁.国外城市户外景观休闲设施安全性研究综述[J].中国园林,2018,34(11):91-96.
[23]陈菲.严寒城市公共空间景观活力评价研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2016.
[24]贾艳艳,朴永吉.女性对公园景观空间评价的因子分析[J].中国园林,2013,29(6):77-81.
[25]克莱尔·库珀·马库斯,等.人性场所:城市开放空间设计导则[M].2版.俞孔坚,等,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
(1)前者以专家知识为基础,倾向于客观评判;后者则以公众偏好为基础,倾向于主观评价。
(2)大量调查和研究显示,炎热天气下,户外公共空间中的某些劣质跑道、塑胶草坪、防滑颗粒以及设施材料表层的不合格涂料或油漆常散发异味,而挥发气体中多数含有多环芳烃和苯系物等人体致癌物质。
[2]重庆晚报.老人在免费公园滑倒摔伤,园方该不该承担责任[EB/OL].http://cq.qq.com/a/20111014/000276.html.
[3]京华时报.公园游玩被石头砸伤,女子起诉管理方索赔[EB/OL].http://www.chinanews.com/life/2015/07-07/7388540.shtml.
[4]新民网.实拍游客公园游玩触电,三人不幸遇难[E B/O L].h t t p://n e w s.x i n m i n.c n/shehui/2016/08/05/30303209.html.
[5]Jacobs J.The Death and Life of Great American Cities[M].NewYork:Modern Library,2011.
[6]Newman O.Creating Defensible Space[M].Darby:DIANE Publishing,1996:14-45.
[7]Troyer D D.New standards change the landscape of walkway safety[J].Occupation Health Safe,2012,81(9):48;50.
[8]Hopper L J.Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards[M].John Wiley and Sons,2007.
[9]Rycewicz B M.Materials for Sustainable Sites.A Complete Guide to the Evaluation,Selection and Use of Sustainable Construction Materials[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2009,92(2):177-178.
[10]赖胜男,古新仁.园林安全性问题初探[J].江西林业科技,2014,42(5):61-64.
[11]张芳,申曙光,李凡,等.开放式城市公园景观安全性及其设计对策[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(1):354-356.
[12]徐健,康健,邵龙.工业园区景观环境主观评价研究[J].中国园林,2015,31(9):95-99.
[13]王华清.现代城市公园景观设施人性化设计初探[D].成都:四川农业大学,2015.
[14]郑芳香.高校校园景观设施配置研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2014.
[15]郝珊珊.大众行为与景观设施设计[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2008.
[16]王鹤,郭兴琦.景观游憩设施设计[J].设计,2015(16):123-124.
[17]章俊华.规划设计学中的调查分析法:主成分分析[J].中国园林,1999,15(6):77-80.
[18]赵东汉.使用后评价POE在国外的发展特点及在中国的适用性研究[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2007(6):797-802.
[19]韩静,胡绍学.温故而知新:使用后评价(POE)方法简介[J].建筑学报,2006(1):80-82.
[20]邱慧,蒋涤非,易欣.耦合专家和公众意见的公共景观环境安全评价方法与应用[J].安全与环境学报,2014,14(1):131-136.
[21]陈菲,林建群,朱逊.基于公共空间环境评价法(EAPRS)和邻里绿色空间测量工具(NGST)的寒地城市老年人对景观活力的评价[J].中国园林,2015,31(8):100-104.
[22]李宝勇,温媛清,古新仁.国外城市户外景观休闲设施安全性研究综述[J].中国园林,2018,34(11):91-96.
[23]陈菲.严寒城市公共空间景观活力评价研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2016.
[24]贾艳艳,朴永吉.女性对公园景观空间评价的因子分析[J].中国园林,2013,29(6):77-81.
[25]克莱尔·库珀·马库斯,等.人性场所:城市开放空间设计导则[M].2版.俞孔坚,等,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
(1)前者以专家知识为基础,倾向于客观评判;后者则以公众偏好为基础,倾向于主观评价。
(2)大量调查和研究显示,炎热天气下,户外公共空间中的某些劣质跑道、塑胶草坪、防滑颗粒以及设施材料表层的不合格涂料或油漆常散发异味,而挥发气体中多数含有多环芳烃和苯系物等人体致癌物质。