基于三维模型贴图与结构数据的信息隐藏算法
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摘要
针对三维模型信息隐藏无法有效抵抗联合攻击,秘密信息极易被破坏而无法正确提取的问题,提出一种基于三维模型贴图与结构数据的信息隐藏算法。首先,在标准图片库中选取多幅原始stl三维模型载体的纹理贴图,利用db1函数经过2次二维离散Daubechies变换将备份的隐秘消息以水印嵌入的思想隐藏其中;其次,以stl类型的三维模型为原始结构载体,利用帧化采样的小波域三维模型信息隐藏算法,将要隐藏的隐秘信息嵌入相应变换空间;最后,利用正交投影的纹理映射算法将二维贴图数据与三维stl数据矩阵相乘,生成含密obj模型文件进行传输。算法利用三维模型的贴图与拓扑坐标空间双重嵌入隐秘信息,有效增强了算法的顽健性。实验分析表明,含密三维模型的不可见性、顽健性以及抗分析性均有提升,可以实现不同类型载体冗余空间的备份隐藏嵌入,为复杂环境下的信息安全传输提供一种可靠的技术手段。
The existing 3 D information hiding schemes are not robust enough against the joint attacks, as a result the secret information will be vulnerable and cannot be extracted correctly. In order to solve the above problem, an information hiding algorithm based on mapping and structure data of 3 D models was proposed. First, several texture maps of the original 3 D models in.stl format were picked from the standard model library, so the backup secret data after twice two-dimension discrete Daubechies transform can be embedded using dbl function just as the watermark. Secondly, the original 3 D model in.stl format was operated by frame sampling in wavelet domain to obtain the coefficient in transform domain, thus the secret data was embedded into the corresponding transform coefficient. Finally, the.obj documents with the secret information were generated by multiplying the 2 D texture map data and the 3 D.stl data matrix based on orthogonal projection. Texture maps and coordinate space of 3 D model were both used to embed the secret information repeatedly in order to enhance the robustness. The experiment analysis indicated that the imperceptibility, robustness and resistance against analysis are improved and information transmission safety in complex environment can be achieved based on the redundancy space of multi-type carriers.
The existing 3 D information hiding schemes are not robust enough against the joint attacks, as a result the secret information will be vulnerable and cannot be extracted correctly. In order to solve the above problem, an information hiding algorithm based on mapping and structure data of 3 D models was proposed. First, several texture maps of the original 3 D models in.stl format were picked from the standard model library, so the backup secret data after twice two-dimension discrete Daubechies transform can be embedded using dbl function just as the watermark. Secondly, the original 3 D model in.stl format was operated by frame sampling in wavelet domain to obtain the coefficient in transform domain, thus the secret data was embedded into the corresponding transform coefficient. Finally, the.obj documents with the secret information were generated by multiplying the 2 D texture map data and the 3 D.stl data matrix based on orthogonal projection. Texture maps and coordinate space of 3 D model were both used to embed the secret information repeatedly in order to enhance the robustness. The experiment analysis indicated that the imperceptibility, robustness and resistance against analysis are improved and information transmission safety in complex environment can be achieved based on the redundancy space of multi-type carriers.
引文
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[20]张弢,慕德俊,任帅,等.利用内切球解析的三维模型信息隐藏算法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2014,41(2):185-190.ZHANG T,MU D J,REN S,et al.Information hiding scheme for 3Dmodels based on skeleton and inscribed sphere analysis[J].Journal of Xidian University,2014,41(2):185-190.
[21]任帅,张弢,徐振超,等.特征点标注与聚类的三维模型信息隐藏算法[J].计算机应用,2018,38(4):1017-1022.REN S,ZHANG T,XU Z C,et al.Information hiding algorithm for3D models based on feature point labeling and clustering[J].Journal of Computer Applications,2018,38(4):1017-1022.
[22]PUTEAUX P,PUECH W.Reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on adaptive local entropy analysis[C]//The 17th International Conference on Image Processing Theory.IEEE,2018.
[23]ZHOU W,ZHANG W,YU N.A new rule for cost reassignment in adaptive steganography[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2017:1-1.
[24]CHANDRAMOULI R,MEMON N D.Steganography capacity:a steganalysis perspective[J].Security&Watermarking of Multimedia Contents V,2003,5020.
[25]JOSEPH P,VISHNUKUMAR S.A study on steganographic techniques[C]//Global Conference on Communication Technologies(GCCT).IEEE,2015:206-210.
[26]COGRANNE R,SEDIGHI V,FRIDRICH J.Practical strategies for content-adaptive batch steganography and pooled steganalysis[C]//IEEE International Conference on Acoustics.2017.
[27]GAO Z Z,TANG G M,DAI J M.Research on payload adaptive batch steganography[J].Application Research of Computers,2013,30(9):2780-2783.
[28]杨烨,孙容海,施林甫,等.面向大文件的多载体图像信息隐藏方法[J].信息技术,2018(5):60-62.YANG Y,SUN R H,SHI L F,et al.Multiple cover images based information hiding method for large file[J].Information Technology,2018(5):60-62.
[29]黄福鸿.数字图像多算法协同隐写方案研究与设计[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2018.HUANG H F.Research on scheme of multlple digital image a lgorithms cooperate for steganography[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,2018.
[30]林代茂,胡岚,郭云彪,等.广义信息隐藏技术的机理与模型[J].北京邮电大学学报,2005,28(1):1-5.LIN D M,HU L,GUO Y B,et al.The mechanism and model of generalized information hiding technology[J].Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,2005,28(1):1-5.
[31]KER A D.The square root law requires a linear key[C]//The 11th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security.2009:85-92.
[32]PEVNY T,FRIDRICH J.Merging Markov and DCT features for multi-class jpeg steganalysis[C]//Security,Steganography and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX.International Society for Optics and Photonics,2007:650503.
[33]梁小萍,何军辉,李健乾,等.隐写分析--原理、现状与展望[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2004,43(6):93-96.LIANG X P,HE J H,LI J K,et al.Steganalysis--principle,actuality and prospect[J].ACTA Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2004,43(6):93-96.
[34]胡自权.博弈论在信息隐藏中的生存能力研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2013.6-8.HU Z Q.Research on survivability of hidden information using game theory[D].Chengdu:University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,2013.6-8.
[35]姚辉灿.基于图像的信息掩密技术[D].西安:西北工业大学,2004:16-22.YAO X H.Image-based information masking technology[D].Xi’an:Northwestern Polytechnical University,2004:16-22.
[36]熊秋波.不规则区域纹理提取与3D模型贴图[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2010:20-29.XIONG Q B.The irregular regional texture extraction and 3d model mapping[D].Changsha:Central South University of Forestry and Technology,2010:20-29.
[37]王新宇,詹永照.构造顶点分布特征的三维模型数字水印算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2014,26(2):272-279.WANG X Y,ZHAN Y Z.A watermarking scheme for three-dimensional models by constructing vertex distribution on characteristics[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,2014,26(2):272-279.
[38]CARLSON N A,PORTER J R.On the cardinality of hausdorff spaces and h-closed spaces[J].Topology&Its Applications,2013,160(1):137-142.
[39]张弢,柳雨农,邢亚林,等.基于直方图移位的AMBTC域无损信息隐藏[J].计算机应用研究,2019(6):1-8.ZHANG T,LIU Y N,XING Y L,REN S,et al.Lossless information hiding in ambtc domain based on histogram shift[J].Application Research of Computers,2019(6):1-8.
[40]姜艳梅.抗RS检测的无损信息隐藏算法研究[D].天津:天津大学,2007:38-51.JIANG Y M.Research on lossless information hiding resisting rs detection[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2007:38-51.
[2]YUAN Z Q,GUAN Z J,FENG H.An improved information hiding algorithm based on image[C]//IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering Research.IEEE,2017.
[3]ZHOU X,GONG W,FU W L,et al.An improved method for LSBbased color image steganography combined with cryptography[C]//IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer&Information Science.IEEE/ACIS,2016.
[4]LIU X S,ZHANG J X.Large-capacity LSB information hiding scheme based on two-dimensional code[C]//The 7th International Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication.IEEE,2017.
[5]TSAI Y Y,HUANG Y H,LIN R J,et al.An adjustable interpolation-based data hiding algorithm based on LSB substitution and histogram shifting[J].International Journal of Digital Crime&Forensics,2016,8(2):48-61.
[6]KER A D.Improved detection of LSB steganography in grayscale images[C]//International Conference on Information Hiding.2004:97-115.
[7]DUMITRESCU S,WU X,WANG Z.Detection of LSB steganography via sample pair analysis[C]//Revised Papers From the International Workshop on Information Hiding.2002:355-372.
[8]FARID H.Detecting hidden messages using higher-order statistical models[C]//International Conference on Image Processing.IEEE,2002.
[9]SINGH V P,MALHOTRA S,SRIVASTAVA R.Combining hybrid information descriptors and DCT for improved CBIR performance[C]//International Conference on Control.IEEE,2017.
[10]PATEL P,PATEL Y.Secure and authentic DCT image steganography through DWT-SVD based digital watermarking with RSA encryption[C]//The 15th International Conference on Communication Systems&Network Technologies.IEEE,2015.
[11]邵菲,花俊.基于Walsh序列扩频的图像信息隐藏[J].国外电子测量技术,2009,28(8):32-34.SHAO F,HUA J.Image information hiding based on Walsh sequence spread spectrum[J].Foreign Electronic Measurement Technology,2009,28(8):32-34.
[12]陈胜,王兴众.基于离散余弦变换和置乱融合模型的图像信息隐藏方法研究[J].舰船电子工程,2017(12):64-67.CHEN S,WANG X Z.Research on image information hiding method based on DCT and scrambling fusion model[J].Ship Electronic Engineering,2017(12):64-67.
[13]TIJHUIS A G.Stability analysis of the marching-on-in-time method for one-and two-dimensional transient electromagnetic scattering problems[J].Colloquium topics in applied numerical analysis,1984(2):363-386.
[14]SWELDENS W.The lifting scheme:a custom-design construction of biorthogonal wavelets[J].Applied&Computational Harmonic Analysis,1996,3(2):186-200.
[15]SANGWINE S J.Fourier transforms of colour images using quaternion or hypercomplex,numbers[J].Electronics Letters,1996,32(21):1979-1980.
[16]SANGWINE S J.Colour image edge detector based on quaternion convolution[J].Electronics Letters,2002,34(10):969-971.
[17]MOXEY C E,ELL T A,SANGWINE S J.Hypercomplex operators and vector correlation[C]//Signal Processing Conference,IEEE,2002:1-4.
[18]綦科,张大方,谢冬青.基于帧化采样和小波HMM的三维模型信息隐藏[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2010,22(8):1406-1411.QI K,ZHANG D F,XIE D Q.Steganography for three-dimensional model based on frame transform and hmm model in wavelet domain[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,2010,22(8):1406-1411.
[19]任帅,张弢,杨涛,等.基于三维模型球型分割的信息隐藏算法[J].计算机应用,2017,37(9):2576-2580.REN S,ZHANG T,YANG T,et al.Information hiding algorithm based on spherical segmentation of three-dimensional model[J].Journal of computer application,2017,37(9):2576-2580.
[20]张弢,慕德俊,任帅,等.利用内切球解析的三维模型信息隐藏算法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2014,41(2):185-190.ZHANG T,MU D J,REN S,et al.Information hiding scheme for 3Dmodels based on skeleton and inscribed sphere analysis[J].Journal of Xidian University,2014,41(2):185-190.
[21]任帅,张弢,徐振超,等.特征点标注与聚类的三维模型信息隐藏算法[J].计算机应用,2018,38(4):1017-1022.REN S,ZHANG T,XU Z C,et al.Information hiding algorithm for3D models based on feature point labeling and clustering[J].Journal of Computer Applications,2018,38(4):1017-1022.
[22]PUTEAUX P,PUECH W.Reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on adaptive local entropy analysis[C]//The 17th International Conference on Image Processing Theory.IEEE,2018.
[23]ZHOU W,ZHANG W,YU N.A new rule for cost reassignment in adaptive steganography[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2017:1-1.
[24]CHANDRAMOULI R,MEMON N D.Steganography capacity:a steganalysis perspective[J].Security&Watermarking of Multimedia Contents V,2003,5020.
[25]JOSEPH P,VISHNUKUMAR S.A study on steganographic techniques[C]//Global Conference on Communication Technologies(GCCT).IEEE,2015:206-210.
[26]COGRANNE R,SEDIGHI V,FRIDRICH J.Practical strategies for content-adaptive batch steganography and pooled steganalysis[C]//IEEE International Conference on Acoustics.2017.
[27]GAO Z Z,TANG G M,DAI J M.Research on payload adaptive batch steganography[J].Application Research of Computers,2013,30(9):2780-2783.
[28]杨烨,孙容海,施林甫,等.面向大文件的多载体图像信息隐藏方法[J].信息技术,2018(5):60-62.YANG Y,SUN R H,SHI L F,et al.Multiple cover images based information hiding method for large file[J].Information Technology,2018(5):60-62.
[29]黄福鸿.数字图像多算法协同隐写方案研究与设计[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2018.HUANG H F.Research on scheme of multlple digital image a lgorithms cooperate for steganography[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,2018.
[30]林代茂,胡岚,郭云彪,等.广义信息隐藏技术的机理与模型[J].北京邮电大学学报,2005,28(1):1-5.LIN D M,HU L,GUO Y B,et al.The mechanism and model of generalized information hiding technology[J].Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,2005,28(1):1-5.
[31]KER A D.The square root law requires a linear key[C]//The 11th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security.2009:85-92.
[32]PEVNY T,FRIDRICH J.Merging Markov and DCT features for multi-class jpeg steganalysis[C]//Security,Steganography and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX.International Society for Optics and Photonics,2007:650503.
[33]梁小萍,何军辉,李健乾,等.隐写分析--原理、现状与展望[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2004,43(6):93-96.LIANG X P,HE J H,LI J K,et al.Steganalysis--principle,actuality and prospect[J].ACTA Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2004,43(6):93-96.
[34]胡自权.博弈论在信息隐藏中的生存能力研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2013.6-8.HU Z Q.Research on survivability of hidden information using game theory[D].Chengdu:University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,2013.6-8.
[35]姚辉灿.基于图像的信息掩密技术[D].西安:西北工业大学,2004:16-22.YAO X H.Image-based information masking technology[D].Xi’an:Northwestern Polytechnical University,2004:16-22.
[36]熊秋波.不规则区域纹理提取与3D模型贴图[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2010:20-29.XIONG Q B.The irregular regional texture extraction and 3d model mapping[D].Changsha:Central South University of Forestry and Technology,2010:20-29.
[37]王新宇,詹永照.构造顶点分布特征的三维模型数字水印算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2014,26(2):272-279.WANG X Y,ZHAN Y Z.A watermarking scheme for three-dimensional models by constructing vertex distribution on characteristics[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design&Computer Graphics,2014,26(2):272-279.
[38]CARLSON N A,PORTER J R.On the cardinality of hausdorff spaces and h-closed spaces[J].Topology&Its Applications,2013,160(1):137-142.
[39]张弢,柳雨农,邢亚林,等.基于直方图移位的AMBTC域无损信息隐藏[J].计算机应用研究,2019(6):1-8.ZHANG T,LIU Y N,XING Y L,REN S,et al.Lossless information hiding in ambtc domain based on histogram shift[J].Application Research of Computers,2019(6):1-8.
[40]姜艳梅.抗RS检测的无损信息隐藏算法研究[D].天津:天津大学,2007:38-51.JIANG Y M.Research on lossless information hiding resisting rs detection[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2007:38-51.
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