水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价
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摘要
采用GC-MS气相色谱与质谱联用仪,分析了密云水库南水北调来水前高程130～150 m之间的淹没带表层土壤样品中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量、残留特征,讨论了有机氯农药的可能来源,并对OCPs的潜在风险进行了评价.结果表明:①密云水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药残留以六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)为主,含量均值分别为1. 74 ng·g-1和1. 01ng·g-1,与国内其他湖库区相比,ΣHCHs含量相近,ΣDDTs含量较低.②水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药残留具有一定的空间分布特征.水陆域交错处土壤OCPs含量普遍高于水域、陆域土壤中含量,且存在显著性差异性.水库东部及潮河入库区、独立小流域淹没区,OCPs残留以DDTs为主;库北山前平原淹没带及库西中部淹没区OCPs则以γ-HCH残留为主;白河入库处河滩淹没区HCHs及DDTs残留均有较高占比,这与其污染来源有关.③源解析结果表明,淹没带土壤HCHs来源主要与林丹类农药的输入有关,而DDTs主要来自于早期农药使用的残留.④生态风险评价表明,水库淹没带土壤中大部分样点OCPs生态风险低,白河入库区及库西中部淹没带滴滴涕有潜在风险性.
Soil samples collected from a submerged area around Miyun Reservoir were analyzed for organochlorine pesticide( OCP)residues using GC-MS. The distribution characteristics and possible sources of OCPs were studied,as well as the potential ecological risk. The results showed the following: ① the residuals of OCPs in the surface soil were mainly hexachlorocyclohexanes( HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes( DDTs),and the average contents of HCHs and DDTs were 1. 74 ng·g-1 and 1. 01 ng·g-1,respectively. In comparison with other lakes and reservoirs in China,the mean value of DDT content of the soil samples from Miyun Reservoir was slightly less,whereas the mean value of HCH content was similar to other waterbodies. ② There was a distinct spatial distribution of OCPs in soils of the submerged area. Specifically,the OCP content in the water-land interlaced soil was generally higher,with distinct differences to the water or in land. In the eastern region of the reservoir and in the Chaohe River inflow area,the residues of OCPs were mainly DDTs,as was the case for the submerged soils of small isolated watersheds. The OCPs in the submerged area of the northern reservoir and the western central reservoir were mainly γ-HCH residues,while HCH and DDT residues were found in high proportions in the flooded area where the Baihe River inflows. These patterns were related to sources of pollutants; ③ the source analysis showed that sources of HCHs could be related to lindane input,while DDTs mainly derived from the early residues in the environment; ④ there was low ecological risk from OCPs in most of the samples,and a potential risk from DDT in the Baihe inflow area and in the central submerged zone of the western reservoir.
Soil samples collected from a submerged area around Miyun Reservoir were analyzed for organochlorine pesticide( OCP)residues using GC-MS. The distribution characteristics and possible sources of OCPs were studied,as well as the potential ecological risk. The results showed the following: ① the residuals of OCPs in the surface soil were mainly hexachlorocyclohexanes( HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes( DDTs),and the average contents of HCHs and DDTs were 1. 74 ng·g-1 and 1. 01 ng·g-1,respectively. In comparison with other lakes and reservoirs in China,the mean value of DDT content of the soil samples from Miyun Reservoir was slightly less,whereas the mean value of HCH content was similar to other waterbodies. ② There was a distinct spatial distribution of OCPs in soils of the submerged area. Specifically,the OCP content in the water-land interlaced soil was generally higher,with distinct differences to the water or in land. In the eastern region of the reservoir and in the Chaohe River inflow area,the residues of OCPs were mainly DDTs,as was the case for the submerged soils of small isolated watersheds. The OCPs in the submerged area of the northern reservoir and the western central reservoir were mainly γ-HCH residues,while HCH and DDT residues were found in high proportions in the flooded area where the Baihe River inflows. These patterns were related to sources of pollutants; ③ the source analysis showed that sources of HCHs could be related to lindane input,while DDTs mainly derived from the early residues in the environment; ④ there was low ecological risk from OCPs in most of the samples,and a potential risk from DDT in the Baihe inflow area and in the central submerged zone of the western reservoir.
引文
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[2] HernándezáR,Boada L D,Mendoza Z,et al. Consumption of organic meat does not diminish the carcinogenic potential associated with the intake of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(5):4261-4273.
[3] Vo Pham T,Bertrand K A,Hart J E,et al. Pesticide exposure and liver cancer:a review[J]. Cancer Causes&Control,2017,28(3):177-190.
[4] Wu C F,Luo Y M,Gui T,et al. Concentrations and potential health hazards of organochlorine pesticides inshallowgroundwater of Taihu Lake region, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,470-471:1047-1055.
[5] Zhao Z H,Xia L L,Wang F,et al. Optimization of extractants,purifying packings, and eluents for analytical extraction of organochlorine pesticides in Hydragric Acrisols[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(8):5159-5171.
[6] Li Y F,Cai D J,Shan Z J,et al. Gridded usage inventories of technical hexachlorocyclohexane and lindane for China with 1/6°latitude by 1/4°longitude resolution[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2001,41(3):261-266.
[7] Liu M X,Yang Y Y, Yun X Y, et al. Occurrence and assessment of organochlorine pesticides in the agricultural topsoil of Three Gorges Dam region,China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(6):5001-5008.
[8] He C Q,Liu J M,Li J,et al. Spatial distribution,source analysis,and ecological risk assessment of DDTs in typical wetland surface soils of Poyang Lake[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,68(4):1135-1141.
[9] Huang T,Guo Q,Tian H,et al. Assessing spatial distribution,sources, and human health risk of organochlorine pesticide residues in the soils of arid and semiarid areas of northwest China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(9):6124-6135.
[10] Tao S, Liu W X, Li Y, et al. Organochlorine pesticides contaminated surface soil as reemission source in the Haihe Plain,China[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(22):8395-8400.
[11] Zhang F J,He J,Yao Y P,et al. Spatial and seasonal variations of pesticide contamination in agricultural soils and crops sample from an intensive horticulture area of Hohhot,North-West China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(8):6893-6908.
[12]赵中华,张路,于鑫,等.太湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药残留及遗传毒性初步研究[J].湖泊科学,2008,20(5):579-584.Zhao Z H,Zhang L,Yu X,et al. Distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues and potential genotoxicity in surface sediments from Lake Taihu[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2008,20(5):579-584.
[13]李倦生,陈一清,吴小平,等.洞庭湖流域土壤中有机氯杀虫剂的残留规律研究[J].中国环境监测,2008,24(3):74-78.Li J S,Chen Y Q,Wu X P,et al. Stadies on residues of organochloride pesticides in the soils of Dongting Lake basin[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2008,24(3):74-78.
[14]穆三妞.珠江河口滴滴涕、六六六的残留水平及污染特征[D].上海:上海海洋大学,2012.Mu S N. DDTs and HCHs residues and pollution evaluation in the Pearl River estuary[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Ocean University,2012.
[15]陈峰,唐访良,徐建芬,等.千岛湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及生态风险评价[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(4):593-599.Chen F,Tang F L,Xu J F,et al. Residue characteristics and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide(OCPs)in the surface sediments of Lake Qiandao[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2014,26(4):593-599.
[16]刘敏霞.三峡库区持久性有毒污染物分布特征、来源分析与风险评估[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2015.
[17]金广远,王铁宇,颜丽,等.北京官厅水库周边土壤DDTs和HCHs暴露特征与风险评价[J].环境科学,2010,31(5):1359-1364.Jin G Y,Wang T Y,Yan L,et al. DDTs and HCHs residues in soils around Guanting reservoir and related environmental risk assessment[J]. Environmental Science,2010,31(5):1359-1364.
[18] Hu W Y,Lu Y L,Wang T Y,et al. Factors affecting HCH and DDT in soils around watersheds of Beijing reservoirs,China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2010,32(2):85-94.
[19]暴志蕾,赵兴茹,耿梦娇,等.长三角地区饮用水源地沉积物中有机氯农药污染特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(6):1237-1245.Bao Z L, Zhao X R, Geng M J, et al. Characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in the sediments from the drinking water source of the Yangtze River delta region[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(6):1237-1245.
[20] Xue N D,Xu X B,Jin Z L. Screening 31 endocrine-disrupting pesticides in water and surface sediment samples from Beijing Guanting reservoir[J]. Chemosphere,2005,61(11):1594-1606.
[21] Tengberg A,Almroth E,Hall P. Resuspension and its effects on organic carbon recycling and nutrient exchange in coastal sediments:in situ measurements using new experimental technology[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2003,285-286:119-142.
[22]孙可,刘希涛,高博,等.北京通州灌区土壤和河流底泥中有机氯农药残留的研究[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(5):1086-1093.Sun K,Liu X T,Gao B, et al. Studies on organochloride pesticides(OCPs)residues of soils and sediments in the Tongzhou irrigation area of Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(5):1086-1093.
[23]谢婷,张淑娟,杨瑞强.青藏高原湖泊流域土壤与牧草中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的污染特征与来源解析[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2680-2690.Xie T,Zhang S J,Yang R Q. Contamination levels and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in soils and grasses from lake catchments in the Tibetan plateau[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(7):2680-2690.
[24]邰超,周天健,赵同谦,等.丹江口水库淅川淹没区农田土壤中有机氯农药的分布特征及生态风险研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(4):680-685.Tai C,Zhou T J,Zhao T Q,et al. Distribution characteristics and the potential risk of organoclorine pesticides in the soil from Xichuan submerged area around Danjiangkou reservoir[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(4):680-685.
[25]何巧林,靳孟贵,祁士华,等.三门峡水库黄河河漫滩沉积柱有机氯农药垂直分布特征[J].地质科技情报,2008,27(2):108-112.He Q L, Jin M J, Qi S H, et al. Vertical distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in sediment core from the river floodplain of Yellow River in Sanmenxia reservoir[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2008,27(2):108-112.
[26]林田,秦延文,张雷,等.辽宁大伙房水库沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布、来源及风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(11):3294-3299.Lin T,Qin Y W,Zhang L,et al. Distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in surface sediment from Dahuofang Reservoir, Liaoning[J]. Environmental Science,2011,32(11):3294-3299.
[27] Guo W,Zhang H Y,Huo S L. Organochlorine pesticides in aquatic hydrophyte tissues and surrounding sediments in Baiyangdian wetland,China[J]. Ecological Engineering,2014,67:150-155.
[28] Walker K,Vallero D A,Lewis R G. Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexanes in the environment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,1999,33(24):4373-4378.
[29] Willett K L,Ulrich E M,Hites R A. Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1998,32(15):2197-2207.
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