页岩气开采钻井固体废物的污染特性
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摘要
选取重庆某地区3个页岩气田作为研究对象,研究了5个钻井平台页岩气开采过程中废水基和油基钻井岩屑中重金属、多环芳烃(PAHs)和石油烃的污染特性.结果表明,两类钻井岩屑中Ba元素平均含量明显高于其他重金属,废水基钻井岩屑的重金属以Zn、Ba、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb为主,废油基钻井岩屑中的重金属以Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ba、As、Cr为主且Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量超过《危险废物鉴别标准毒性物质含量鉴别》(GB5085.6-2007)标准限值.废水基和油基钻井岩屑中PAHs的范围分别为1.74～14.8mg/kg和302～595mg/kg,均未超过GB5085.6-2007标准限值.废油基钻井岩屑石油烃含量为112～213g/kg,远超GB5085.6-2007标准限值.同时,废水基和油基钻井岩屑中BaP超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018)标准限值;废油基钻井岩屑中部分PAHs(BaP、BbF、BkF、DahA)浓度超过《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB36600-2018)中筛选值,岩屑中石油烃含量远超管制值.
Three shale gas fields in Chongqing were selected. The pollution characteristics of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and petroleum hydrocarbons in wastewater-based and waste oil-based drilling cuttings from the shale gas mining of five drilling platforms were studied. The concentration of Ba in wastewater-based and waste oil-based drilling cuttings was significantly higher than that of other heavy metals. Zn, Ba, Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb were the main heavy metals in the wastewater-based drilling cuttings. While Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ba, As, Cr were the main heavy metals in the waste oil-based drilling cuttings and among which the concentration of Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb exceeded the corresponding limit. The concentration of PAHs in wastewater-based and waste oil-based drilling cuttings were 1.74～14.8mg/kg and 302～595mg/kg, respectively, which did not exceed the limit of the identification standards for hazardous wastes-identification for toxic substance content. The concentration of the petroleum hydrocarbon in waste oil-based drilling cuttings was 112～213g/kg, which was much higher than the limit of the identification standards for hazardous wastes-identification for toxic substance content. At the same time, the concentration of BaP in the wastewater-based and waste oil-based drilling cuttings was higher than the limit of the soil environmental quality-risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land; the concentration of BaP, BbF, BkF and DahA in the waste oil-based drilling cuttings were higher than the screening values of the soil environmental quality-risk control standard for soil contamination of development land and the concentration of the petroleum hydrocarbons in the drilling cuttings were much higher than the intervention values.
Three shale gas fields in Chongqing were selected. The pollution characteristics of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and petroleum hydrocarbons in wastewater-based and waste oil-based drilling cuttings from the shale gas mining of five drilling platforms were studied. The concentration of Ba in wastewater-based and waste oil-based drilling cuttings was significantly higher than that of other heavy metals. Zn, Ba, Cr, Ni, Cu and Pb were the main heavy metals in the wastewater-based drilling cuttings. While Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ba, As, Cr were the main heavy metals in the waste oil-based drilling cuttings and among which the concentration of Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb exceeded the corresponding limit. The concentration of PAHs in wastewater-based and waste oil-based drilling cuttings were 1.74～14.8mg/kg and 302～595mg/kg, respectively, which did not exceed the limit of the identification standards for hazardous wastes-identification for toxic substance content. The concentration of the petroleum hydrocarbon in waste oil-based drilling cuttings was 112～213g/kg, which was much higher than the limit of the identification standards for hazardous wastes-identification for toxic substance content. At the same time, the concentration of BaP in the wastewater-based and waste oil-based drilling cuttings was higher than the limit of the soil environmental quality-risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land; the concentration of BaP, BbF, BkF and DahA in the waste oil-based drilling cuttings were higher than the screening values of the soil environmental quality-risk control standard for soil contamination of development land and the concentration of the petroleum hydrocarbons in the drilling cuttings were much higher than the intervention values.
引文
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[5]沈晓莉,杨金忠,徐天有,等.典型地区油气田水基钻井岩屑污染特征研究[J].环境污染与防治,2017,39(5):480-483.Shen Xiao-li,Yang Jin-zhong,Xu Tian-you,et al.Research on pollution characteristic of water-based drilling cuttings of typical oil-gas fields[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2017,39(5):480-483.
[6]李龙,沙依绕,陈鹏.新疆油田稠油开发固体废物对环境的影响及处置措施[J].油气田环境保护,2007,17(1):34-36.Li Long,Sha Yi-rao,Chen Peng.Environmental impacts of solid waste development in Xinjiang oilfield and its disposal measures[J].Environmental Protection of Oil and Gas Fields,2007,17(1):34-36.
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[8]Centner T J,Petetin L.Permitting program with best management practices for shale gas wells to safeguard public health[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,163:174-183.
[9]Soeder D J,Sharma S,Pekney N,et al.An approach for assessing engineering risk from shale gas wells in the United States[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2014,126:4-19.
[10]HJ/T20-1998工业固体废物采样制样技术规范[S].HJ/T20-1998 Technical specifications on sampling and sample preparation from industry solid waste[S].
[11]GB5085.3-2007危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别[S].GB5085.3-2007 Identification standards for hazardous wastesIdentification for extraction toxicity[S].
[12]黄海,屈展,周立辉,等.废弃钻井液重金属检测及其污染性评价[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(5):52-55.Huang Hai,Qu Zhan,Zhou Li-hui,et al.Detection and evaluation of heavy metal in abandoned drilling fluid[J].Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2012,40(5):52-55.
[13]HJ784-2016土壤和沉积物多环芳烃的测定高效液相色谱法[S].HJ784-2016Soil and sediment-Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-High performance liquid chromatography[S].
[14]GB5085.6-2007危险废物鉴别标准毒性物质含量鉴别[S].GB5085.6-2007 Identification standards for hazardous wastesIdentification for toxic substance content[S].
[15]GB15618-2018土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].GB15618-2018 Soil environmental quality risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land(Trial)[S].
[16]GB36600-2018土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].GB36600-2018 Soil environmental quality Risk control standard for soil contamination of development land(Trial)[S].
[17]Trefry J H,Trocine R P,McElvaine M L,et al.Total mercury and methylmercury in sediments near offshore drilling site-s in the Gulf of Mexico[J].Environmental Geology,2007,53(2):375-385.
[18]吴明霞.废弃水基钻井液环境影响及固化处理技术研究[D].大庆:东北石油大学,2012.Wu Ming-xia.Environmental Impact and Solidification of Waterbased Drilling Fluid[D].Daqing:Northeast Petroleum University,2012.
[19]杜春蕾.油田钻井废弃泥浆中重金属分布特征与污染评价-以中石油塔里木分公司塔北井区为例[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2015.Du Chun-lei.Research on distribution characteristics and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in abandoned drilling mud in oil field-case in Tabei Field of Tarim branch of Petro China[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang University,2015.
[20]Zhang A,Li M,Lv P,et al.Disposal and reuse of drilling solid waste from a massive gas field[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2016,31:577-581.
[21]Trefry J H,Dunton K H,Trocine R P,et al.Chemical and bi-ological assessment of two offshore drilling sites in the Al-askan Arctic[J].Marine Environmental Research,2013,86(3):35-45.
[22]卢邦俊.页岩气钻屑中的重金属成分研究[J].能源环境保护,2015,29(6):20-60.Lu Bang-jun.Studies on the content of heavy metals in drilling chips from exploitation of shale gas[J].Energy Conservation,2015,29(6):20-60.
[23]孙根行,王丽芳,符丹,等.废弃油基钻井岩屑焚烧处理基础[J].钻井液与完井液,2017,34(3):59-65.Sun Gen-xing,Wang Li-fang,Fu Dan,et al.Burning of drill cuttings from wells drilled with waste oil base drilling fluid[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2017,34(3):59-65.
[24]潘峰,耿秋娟,楚红杰,等.石油污染土壤中多环芳烃分析及生态风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(5):42-47.Pan Feng,Geng Qiu-juan,Chu Hong-jie,et al.Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum contaminated soils and its ecological risk assessment[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(5):42-47.
[25]Bojes H K,Pope P G.Characterization of EPA's 16priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in tank bottom solids and associated contaminated soils at oil exploration and production sites in Texas[J].Regul Toxicol Pharmacol,2007,47(3):288-295.
[26]匡少平,孙东亚,孙玉焕,等.中原油田油泥及周边土壤中PAHs的污染特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(3):855-861.Kuang Shao-ping,Sun Dong-ya,Sun Yu-huan,et al.Pollution characteristics of PAHs in oily sludge and around soils of Zhongyuan Oil Field[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(3):855-861.
[27]何燕.重庆市主城区水中多环芳烃的污染状况分析及环境行为初步研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2008.He Yan.Primary Study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water of Chongqing District[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2008.
[28]Mai B,Fu J,Sheng G,et al.Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments fro-m Pearl River Delta,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,117:457-474.
[29]Kucuksezgin F,Pazi I,Gonul L.Marine organic pollutants of the Eastern Aegean:aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Candarli Gulf surficial sediments[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64:2569-2575.
[30]Kucuksezgin F,Pazi I,Gonul L.Marine organic pollutants of the Eastern Aegean:Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Candarli Gulf surficial sediments[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64(11):2569-2575.
[31]国家危险废物名录(2016)[S].National Hazardous Waste Directory(2016)[S].
[32]王万福,何银花,刘颖.含油污泥的热解处理与利用[J].油气田环境保护,2006,16(2):15-18.Wang Wan-fu,He Yin-hua,Liu Ying.Pyrolysis treatment and utilization of oily sludge[J].Environmental Protection of Oil and Gas Fields,2006,16(2):15-18.
[33]黄晓英,白鹤鸣,潘文启.含油污泥石油类测定方法研究[J].油气田环境保护,2015,25(3):54-56.Huang Xiao-ying,Bai He-ming,Pan Wen-qi.Study on the determination method of petroleum sludge in oily sludge[J].Environmental Protection of Oil&Gas Fields,2015,25(3):54-56.
[34]王小雨,冯江,王静.莫莫格湿地油田开采区土壤石油烃污染及对土壤性质的影响[J].环境科学,2009,30(8):2394-2401.Wang Xiao-yu,Feng Jiang,Wang Jing.Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and impact on soil characteristics from oilfield momoge wetland[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2009,30(8):2394-2401.
[35]Railroad Commmission of Texas(RRC).Clean up of soil contaminated by a crude oil spill[R].Austin:TX.
[2]许坤,李丰,姚超,等.我国页岩气开发示范区进展与启示[J].石油科技论坛,2016,(1):44-49.Xu Kun,Li Feng,Yao Chao,et al.Progress and enlightenment of China's shale gas demonstration zone[J].Petroleum Science and Technology Forum.2016,(1):44-49.
[3]朱维.油气田勘探开发污染及防治[J].环境保护与治理,2015,15(12):31-33.Zhu Wei.Investigation and development pollution and prevention of oil and gas fields[J].Environmental Protection and Remediation,2015,15(12):31-33.
[4]张鲜,刘丹,叶宣宏.浅析气田开发钻井固体废物对环境的影响及处置措施[J].四川环境,2011,30(4):88-91.Zhang Xian,Liu Dan,Ye Xuan-hong.Effect of solid waste and disposal of drilling in gasfield development on environment[J].Sichuan Environment,2011,30(4):88-91.
[5]沈晓莉,杨金忠,徐天有,等.典型地区油气田水基钻井岩屑污染特征研究[J].环境污染与防治,2017,39(5):480-483.Shen Xiao-li,Yang Jin-zhong,Xu Tian-you,et al.Research on pollution characteristic of water-based drilling cuttings of typical oil-gas fields[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2017,39(5):480-483.
[6]李龙,沙依绕,陈鹏.新疆油田稠油开发固体废物对环境的影响及处置措施[J].油气田环境保护,2007,17(1):34-36.Li Long,Sha Yi-rao,Chen Peng.Environmental impacts of solid waste development in Xinjiang oilfield and its disposal measures[J].Environmental Protection of Oil and Gas Fields,2007,17(1):34-36.
[7]陈则良.页岩气油基钻屑的污染特性和蒸汽浸洗研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2017.Chen Ze-liang.Study on pollution characteristics and pressurized hot water extraction of shale gas oil-based drill cuttings[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017.
[8]Centner T J,Petetin L.Permitting program with best management practices for shale gas wells to safeguard public health[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,163:174-183.
[9]Soeder D J,Sharma S,Pekney N,et al.An approach for assessing engineering risk from shale gas wells in the United States[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2014,126:4-19.
[10]HJ/T20-1998工业固体废物采样制样技术规范[S].HJ/T20-1998 Technical specifications on sampling and sample preparation from industry solid waste[S].
[11]GB5085.3-2007危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别[S].GB5085.3-2007 Identification standards for hazardous wastesIdentification for extraction toxicity[S].
[12]黄海,屈展,周立辉,等.废弃钻井液重金属检测及其污染性评价[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(5):52-55.Huang Hai,Qu Zhan,Zhou Li-hui,et al.Detection and evaluation of heavy metal in abandoned drilling fluid[J].Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2012,40(5):52-55.
[13]HJ784-2016土壤和沉积物多环芳烃的测定高效液相色谱法[S].HJ784-2016Soil and sediment-Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-High performance liquid chromatography[S].
[14]GB5085.6-2007危险废物鉴别标准毒性物质含量鉴别[S].GB5085.6-2007 Identification standards for hazardous wastesIdentification for toxic substance content[S].
[15]GB15618-2018土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].GB15618-2018 Soil environmental quality risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land(Trial)[S].
[16]GB36600-2018土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].GB36600-2018 Soil environmental quality Risk control standard for soil contamination of development land(Trial)[S].
[17]Trefry J H,Trocine R P,McElvaine M L,et al.Total mercury and methylmercury in sediments near offshore drilling site-s in the Gulf of Mexico[J].Environmental Geology,2007,53(2):375-385.
[18]吴明霞.废弃水基钻井液环境影响及固化处理技术研究[D].大庆:东北石油大学,2012.Wu Ming-xia.Environmental Impact and Solidification of Waterbased Drilling Fluid[D].Daqing:Northeast Petroleum University,2012.
[19]杜春蕾.油田钻井废弃泥浆中重金属分布特征与污染评价-以中石油塔里木分公司塔北井区为例[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2015.Du Chun-lei.Research on distribution characteristics and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in abandoned drilling mud in oil field-case in Tabei Field of Tarim branch of Petro China[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang University,2015.
[20]Zhang A,Li M,Lv P,et al.Disposal and reuse of drilling solid waste from a massive gas field[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2016,31:577-581.
[21]Trefry J H,Dunton K H,Trocine R P,et al.Chemical and bi-ological assessment of two offshore drilling sites in the Al-askan Arctic[J].Marine Environmental Research,2013,86(3):35-45.
[22]卢邦俊.页岩气钻屑中的重金属成分研究[J].能源环境保护,2015,29(6):20-60.Lu Bang-jun.Studies on the content of heavy metals in drilling chips from exploitation of shale gas[J].Energy Conservation,2015,29(6):20-60.
[23]孙根行,王丽芳,符丹,等.废弃油基钻井岩屑焚烧处理基础[J].钻井液与完井液,2017,34(3):59-65.Sun Gen-xing,Wang Li-fang,Fu Dan,et al.Burning of drill cuttings from wells drilled with waste oil base drilling fluid[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2017,34(3):59-65.
[24]潘峰,耿秋娟,楚红杰,等.石油污染土壤中多环芳烃分析及生态风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(5):42-47.Pan Feng,Geng Qiu-juan,Chu Hong-jie,et al.Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum contaminated soils and its ecological risk assessment[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(5):42-47.
[25]Bojes H K,Pope P G.Characterization of EPA's 16priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in tank bottom solids and associated contaminated soils at oil exploration and production sites in Texas[J].Regul Toxicol Pharmacol,2007,47(3):288-295.
[26]匡少平,孙东亚,孙玉焕,等.中原油田油泥及周边土壤中PAHs的污染特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(3):855-861.Kuang Shao-ping,Sun Dong-ya,Sun Yu-huan,et al.Pollution characteristics of PAHs in oily sludge and around soils of Zhongyuan Oil Field[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(3):855-861.
[27]何燕.重庆市主城区水中多环芳烃的污染状况分析及环境行为初步研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2008.He Yan.Primary Study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water of Chongqing District[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2008.
[28]Mai B,Fu J,Sheng G,et al.Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments fro-m Pearl River Delta,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,117:457-474.
[29]Kucuksezgin F,Pazi I,Gonul L.Marine organic pollutants of the Eastern Aegean:aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Candarli Gulf surficial sediments[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64:2569-2575.
[30]Kucuksezgin F,Pazi I,Gonul L.Marine organic pollutants of the Eastern Aegean:Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Candarli Gulf surficial sediments[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64(11):2569-2575.
[31]国家危险废物名录(2016)[S].National Hazardous Waste Directory(2016)[S].
[32]王万福,何银花,刘颖.含油污泥的热解处理与利用[J].油气田环境保护,2006,16(2):15-18.Wang Wan-fu,He Yin-hua,Liu Ying.Pyrolysis treatment and utilization of oily sludge[J].Environmental Protection of Oil and Gas Fields,2006,16(2):15-18.
[33]黄晓英,白鹤鸣,潘文启.含油污泥石油类测定方法研究[J].油气田环境保护,2015,25(3):54-56.Huang Xiao-ying,Bai He-ming,Pan Wen-qi.Study on the determination method of petroleum sludge in oily sludge[J].Environmental Protection of Oil&Gas Fields,2015,25(3):54-56.
[34]王小雨,冯江,王静.莫莫格湿地油田开采区土壤石油烃污染及对土壤性质的影响[J].环境科学,2009,30(8):2394-2401.Wang Xiao-yu,Feng Jiang,Wang Jing.Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and impact on soil characteristics from oilfield momoge wetland[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2009,30(8):2394-2401.
[35]Railroad Commmission of Texas(RRC).Clean up of soil contaminated by a crude oil spill[R].Austin:TX.