气候变化对中国观鸟旅游的影响——基于鸟类物候变化的分析
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摘要
全球观鸟活动的规模达到了每年几千万人次,观鸟旅游已经成为世界野生动物观赏业的重要组成部分。气候变化改变了鸟类物候期及其空间格局,这不仅会影响观鸟者的旅游活动,还会进一步对观鸟旅游利益相关者的生计产生影响。监测并尽早地识别出这些影响,提醒利益相关者采取有效的适应策略意义重大。本文引入物候期这一气候变化的"指示器"来反映开展观鸟旅游的重要资源基础——鸟类活动时间以及栖息地格局的变化。通过对1980-2010年中国26个地区的98个物候序列的鸟类研究进行荟萃分析发现:中国鸟类离开、抵达、停留时间以及鸟类栖息地的格局都已经发生了改变。春季、夏季鸟类会提前离开或抵达,但在秋季它们的活动会延迟。鸟类停留的时间主要呈现延长的趋势。温度升高会使鸟类停留时间变长,对观鸟旅游的开展有利。中国低纬度地区和西部地区鸟类停留时间更长。鸟类栖息地的格局呈现出向北和向西迁移的特征。游客和景区工作人员均已感知到鸟类活动时间以及栖息地格局的变化对观鸟旅游产生的影响。
Tens of millions of people each year now engage in birdwatching activities and birdwatching tourism has become an important part of the world wildlife watching industry.Climate change has changed the phenology and distribution of birds, which will affect not only birdwatchers' tourism activities but also the livelihoods of the stakeholders in birdwatching tourism. Monitoring and identifying these effects as early as possible and encouraging stakeholders to implement effective adaptive strategies is of great significance. Climate change has adverse effects on many sectors; however, the extent of its effects on birdwatching tourism is relatively unknown. Therefore, in the present study, the relationship of phenophases-climate change indicators-with variations in the activity timing and habitat pattern of birds was assessed. These are two important aspects that can be exploited for the development of birdwatching tourism. In this milieu, a meta-analysis was conducted using ornithological research data for 98 phenological series(1980-2010) from 26 regions in China. Changes in the departure and arrival times, stay duration, and habitat pattern of birds in China were recorded.The departure and arrival of birds were determined to have advanced in spring and summer but to be delayed during autumn. In general, the stay duration of birds has increased. Furthermore,increase in temperature has resulted in longer stays, thus favouring the development of birdwatching tourism; stay duration is particularly long in the low-latitude areas and western region of China. Their habitats have shifted northward and westward. When birds migrate to places not previously used as habitats, these places become more attractive for tourism because of the presence of these new birds. Conversely, if the birds no longer migrate to places where they were previously observed, these places might lose their attractiveness in this regard. The effect of changes in the activity timing and habitat pattern of birds on the birdwatching tourism has already been perceived by tourists and working staff in scenic areas.
Tens of millions of people each year now engage in birdwatching activities and birdwatching tourism has become an important part of the world wildlife watching industry.Climate change has changed the phenology and distribution of birds, which will affect not only birdwatchers' tourism activities but also the livelihoods of the stakeholders in birdwatching tourism. Monitoring and identifying these effects as early as possible and encouraging stakeholders to implement effective adaptive strategies is of great significance. Climate change has adverse effects on many sectors; however, the extent of its effects on birdwatching tourism is relatively unknown. Therefore, in the present study, the relationship of phenophases-climate change indicators-with variations in the activity timing and habitat pattern of birds was assessed. These are two important aspects that can be exploited for the development of birdwatching tourism. In this milieu, a meta-analysis was conducted using ornithological research data for 98 phenological series(1980-2010) from 26 regions in China. Changes in the departure and arrival times, stay duration, and habitat pattern of birds in China were recorded.The departure and arrival of birds were determined to have advanced in spring and summer but to be delayed during autumn. In general, the stay duration of birds has increased. Furthermore,increase in temperature has resulted in longer stays, thus favouring the development of birdwatching tourism; stay duration is particularly long in the low-latitude areas and western region of China. Their habitats have shifted northward and westward. When birds migrate to places not previously used as habitats, these places become more attractive for tourism because of the presence of these new birds. Conversely, if the birds no longer migrate to places where they were previously observed, these places might lose their attractiveness in this regard. The effect of changes in the activity timing and habitat pattern of birds on the birdwatching tourism has already been perceived by tourists and working staff in scenic areas.
引文
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[8] Liu H L, Dai J H, Liu J. Spatiotemporal variation in full-flowering dates of tree peonies in the middle and lower reaches of China’s Yellow River:A simulation through the panel data model. Sustainability, 2017, 9(8):1343.
[9] Bell S, Tyrv?inen L, Siev?nen T, et al. Outdoor recreation and nature tourism:A European perspective. Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 2007, 1(2):493-505.
[10] Su Lide, Yang Jie, Wan Zhiqiang, et al. Climate change and its impacts on distribution pattern of grassland types in Inner Mongolia. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2015, 36(2):139-148.[苏力德,杨劼,万志强,等.内蒙古地区草地类型分布格局变化及气候原因分析.中国农业气象, 2015, 36(2):139-148.]
[11] Gross M. Volatile climate stirs bird life cycle. Current Biology, 2017, 27(13):623-625.
[12] Austin G E, Rehfisch M M. Shifting nonbreeding distributions of migratory fauna in relation to climatic change. Global Change Biology, 2005, 11(1):31-38.
[13] Lemoine N, Schaefer H C, B?hning-Gaese K. Species richness of migratory birds is influenced by global climate change. Global Ecology&Biogeography, 2007, 16(1):55-64.
[14] Leech D I, Crick H Q P. Influence of climate change on the abundance, distribution and phenology of woodland bird species in temperate regions. Ibis, 2007, 149(Suppl.2):128-145.
[15] Parmesan C, Ryrholm N, Stefanescu C, et al. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature, 1999, 399(6736):579-583.
[16] Watson G P L. Multiple acts of birding:The education, ethics and ontology of bird watching in Ontario[D]. Toronto:York University, 2010.
[17] Cheung S C H. Wetland tourism in Hong Kong:From birdwatcher to mass ecotourist. Asian Tourism, 2008:259-267.
[18] Lee C K, Lee J H, Kim T K, et al. Preferences and willingness to pay for bird-watching tour and interpretive services using a choice experiment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2010, 18(5):695-708.
[19] Cagan. Impacts of birdwatching on human and avian communities. Environmental Conservation, 2002, 29(3):282-289.
[20] Campbell J L, Marion G M, Norby R J, et al. A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming. Oecologia, 2001, 126(4):543-562.
[21] Menzel A, Sparks T H, Estrella N, et al. European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Global Change Biology, 2006, 12(10):1969-1976.
[22] Hofmann M E, Hinkel J, Wrobel M. Classifying knowledge on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability in Europe for informing adaptation research and decision-making:A conceptual meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 2011, 21(3):1106-1116.
[23] Zheng Zuoxin. Chinese Birds Distribution List. Beijing:Science Press, 1976.[郑作新.中国鸟类分布名录.北京:科学出版社, 1976.]
[24] Ge Q S, Wang H J, Rutishauser T, et al. Phenological response to climate change in China:A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 2015, 21(1):265-274.
[25] Mu?oz J L. Predicting the timing of budburst in temperate trees. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1992, 29(3):597-604.
[26] Cannell M G R, Smith R I. Thermal time, chill days and prediction of budburst in Picea sitchensis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1983, 20(3):951-963.
[27] Chuine I. A unified model for budburst of trees. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2000, 207(3):337-347.
[28] Chung U, Mack L, Yun J I, et al. Predicting the timing of cherry blossoms in Washington, DC and Mid-Atlantic States in response to climate change. Plos One, 2011, 6(11):e27439.
[2] Liu Jun, Li Yunyun, Liu Haolong, et al. Climate change and peach blossom viewing:Impact and adaptation.Geographical Research, 2016, 35(3):504-512.[刘俊,李云云,刘浩龙,等.气候变化对成都桃花观赏旅游的影响与人类适应行为.地理研究, 2016, 35(3):504-512.]
[3] Kong Dongdong, Zhang Qiang, Huang Wenlin, et al. Vegetation phenology change in Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to2013 and its related meteorological factors. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1):39-52.[孔冬冬,张强,黄文琳,等.1982-2013年青藏高原植被物候变化及气象因素影响.地理学报, 2017, 72(1):39-52.]
[4] Tao Zexing, Zhong Shuying, Ge Quansheng et al. Spatiotemporal variations in flowering duration of woody plants in China from 1963 to 2012. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1):53-63.[陶泽兴,仲舒颖,葛全胜,等. 1963-2012年中国主要木本植物花期长度时空变化.地理学报, 2017, 72(1):53-63.]
[5] Deng Chenhui, Bai Hongying, Gao Shan, et al. Comprehensive effect of climatic factors on plant phenology in Qinling Mountains region during 1964-2015. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(5):917-931.[邓晨晖,白红英,高山,等. 1964-2015年气候因子对秦岭地区植物物候的综合影响效应.地理学报, 2018, 73(5):917-931.]
[6] Liu J, Chen F, Ge Q S, et al. Climate change and fruit-picking tourism:Impact and adaptation. Advances in Meteorology, 2016:1-11.
[7] Sakurai R, Jacobson S K, Kobori H, et al. Culture and climate change:Japanese cherry blossom festivals and stakeholders'knowledge and attitudes about global climate change. Biological Conservation, 2011, 144(1):654-658.
[8] Liu H L, Dai J H, Liu J. Spatiotemporal variation in full-flowering dates of tree peonies in the middle and lower reaches of China’s Yellow River:A simulation through the panel data model. Sustainability, 2017, 9(8):1343.
[9] Bell S, Tyrv?inen L, Siev?nen T, et al. Outdoor recreation and nature tourism:A European perspective. Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 2007, 1(2):493-505.
[10] Su Lide, Yang Jie, Wan Zhiqiang, et al. Climate change and its impacts on distribution pattern of grassland types in Inner Mongolia. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2015, 36(2):139-148.[苏力德,杨劼,万志强,等.内蒙古地区草地类型分布格局变化及气候原因分析.中国农业气象, 2015, 36(2):139-148.]
[11] Gross M. Volatile climate stirs bird life cycle. Current Biology, 2017, 27(13):623-625.
[12] Austin G E, Rehfisch M M. Shifting nonbreeding distributions of migratory fauna in relation to climatic change. Global Change Biology, 2005, 11(1):31-38.
[13] Lemoine N, Schaefer H C, B?hning-Gaese K. Species richness of migratory birds is influenced by global climate change. Global Ecology&Biogeography, 2007, 16(1):55-64.
[14] Leech D I, Crick H Q P. Influence of climate change on the abundance, distribution and phenology of woodland bird species in temperate regions. Ibis, 2007, 149(Suppl.2):128-145.
[15] Parmesan C, Ryrholm N, Stefanescu C, et al. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature, 1999, 399(6736):579-583.
[16] Watson G P L. Multiple acts of birding:The education, ethics and ontology of bird watching in Ontario[D]. Toronto:York University, 2010.
[17] Cheung S C H. Wetland tourism in Hong Kong:From birdwatcher to mass ecotourist. Asian Tourism, 2008:259-267.
[18] Lee C K, Lee J H, Kim T K, et al. Preferences and willingness to pay for bird-watching tour and interpretive services using a choice experiment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2010, 18(5):695-708.
[19] Cagan. Impacts of birdwatching on human and avian communities. Environmental Conservation, 2002, 29(3):282-289.
[20] Campbell J L, Marion G M, Norby R J, et al. A meta-analysis of the response of soil respiration, net nitrogen mineralization, and aboveground plant growth to experimental ecosystem warming. Oecologia, 2001, 126(4):543-562.
[21] Menzel A, Sparks T H, Estrella N, et al. European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Global Change Biology, 2006, 12(10):1969-1976.
[22] Hofmann M E, Hinkel J, Wrobel M. Classifying knowledge on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability in Europe for informing adaptation research and decision-making:A conceptual meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 2011, 21(3):1106-1116.
[23] Zheng Zuoxin. Chinese Birds Distribution List. Beijing:Science Press, 1976.[郑作新.中国鸟类分布名录.北京:科学出版社, 1976.]
[24] Ge Q S, Wang H J, Rutishauser T, et al. Phenological response to climate change in China:A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 2015, 21(1):265-274.
[25] Mu?oz J L. Predicting the timing of budburst in temperate trees. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1992, 29(3):597-604.
[26] Cannell M G R, Smith R I. Thermal time, chill days and prediction of budburst in Picea sitchensis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1983, 20(3):951-963.
[27] Chuine I. A unified model for budburst of trees. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2000, 207(3):337-347.
[28] Chung U, Mack L, Yun J I, et al. Predicting the timing of cherry blossoms in Washington, DC and Mid-Atlantic States in response to climate change. Plos One, 2011, 6(11):e27439.