日粮添加二甲基甘氨酸钠对宫内发育迟缓断奶仔猪肝脏抗氧化能力及免疫指标的影响
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摘要
[目的]本文旨在研究日粮添加二甲基甘氨酸钠(DMG-Na)对宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)断奶仔猪器官指数、肝脏抗氧化能力和血清免疫指标的调节作用。[方法]分别选择正常初生体质量(NBW)仔猪和IUGR仔猪各16头,21日龄断奶,饲喂基础日粮或补充1 g·kg~(-1)DMG-Na的试验日粮至49日龄。共分成4个处理组,即NC(NBW+基础日粮)组、ND(NBW+DMGNa日粮)组、IC(IUGR+基础日粮)组、ID(IUGR+DMG-Na日粮)组,每组8头猪。[结果]与NBW仔猪相比,IUGR仔猪肾脏指数显著降低(P<0.05),肝脏谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量减少(P<0.05),抑制羟自由基能力显著降低(P<0.05),血清补体3(C3)水平下降(P<0.05),血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)的含量显著升高(P<0.05)。此外,IUGR仔猪肝脏GST和TNF-αm RNA表达量也显著升高(P<0.05)。日粮添加1 g·kg~(-1)DMG-Na后,49日龄仔猪脾脏指数显著增加(P<0.05),肝中GST活力显著增强(P<0.05),血清C3水平和白细胞介素10(IL-10)含量显著提高(P<0.05),并且仔猪肝脏CAT、GST、GCLC、GCLM和IL-10 m RNA表达量均显著增加(P<0.05)。[结论]IUGR断奶仔猪肝脏的抗氧化能力下降,免疫功能受损。日粮补充1 g·kg~(-1)DMG-Na有增强IUGR断奶仔猪肝脏的抗氧化功能和修复仔猪免疫损伤的潜力。
[Objectives]This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt( DMG-Na)supplementation on organ indexes,hepatic antioxidant capacity and serum immune parameters of intrauterine growth retardation( IUGR) weanling piglets. [Methods]Sixteen normal birth weight( NBW) piglets and sixteen IUGR piglets were selected according to their birth weight. After 21-day-weaning,all piglets were randomly divided into four groups with 8 replicates in each group,and fed control diet alone or supplemented with 1 g·kg~(-1) DMG-Na to 49 days of age. There were four treatments: NC( NBW+control diet)group,ND( NBW+DMG-Na diet) group,IC( IUGR+control diet) group and ID( IUGR+DMG-Na diet) group. [Results]Compared with NBW piglets,the kidney index of IUGR piglets was lower( P<0.05),and the hepatic GSH content and the ability to inhibit hydroxyl radicals both decreased( P<0.05),serum C3 level was significantly reduced( P < 0. 05),and the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum increased( P<0.05). In addition,hepatic m RNA expression levels of GST and TNF-α in IUGR piglets were significantly higher( P<0.05) than those in NBW piglets. After supplemented with 1 g·kg~(-1) DMG-Na,the spleen index of IUGR piglets increased( P<0.05),hepatic GST activity improved( P<0.05),serum C3 level and IL-10 content increased significantly( P<0.05),and m RNA expressions of CAT,GST,GCLC,GCLM and IL-10 in IUGR weaned piglets were significantly higher( P < 0. 05). [Conclusions]In conclusion,the hepatic antioxidant capacity of IUGR weanling piglets reduced and the immune function was impaired. The control diet supplemented with 1 g·kg~(-1) DMG-Na had the potential to improve the hepatic antioxidant function and repairs the immune damage triggered by IUGR.
[Objectives]This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt( DMG-Na)supplementation on organ indexes,hepatic antioxidant capacity and serum immune parameters of intrauterine growth retardation( IUGR) weanling piglets. [Methods]Sixteen normal birth weight( NBW) piglets and sixteen IUGR piglets were selected according to their birth weight. After 21-day-weaning,all piglets were randomly divided into four groups with 8 replicates in each group,and fed control diet alone or supplemented with 1 g·kg~(-1) DMG-Na to 49 days of age. There were four treatments: NC( NBW+control diet)group,ND( NBW+DMG-Na diet) group,IC( IUGR+control diet) group and ID( IUGR+DMG-Na diet) group. [Results]Compared with NBW piglets,the kidney index of IUGR piglets was lower( P<0.05),and the hepatic GSH content and the ability to inhibit hydroxyl radicals both decreased( P<0.05),serum C3 level was significantly reduced( P < 0. 05),and the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum increased( P<0.05). In addition,hepatic m RNA expression levels of GST and TNF-α in IUGR piglets were significantly higher( P<0.05) than those in NBW piglets. After supplemented with 1 g·kg~(-1) DMG-Na,the spleen index of IUGR piglets increased( P<0.05),hepatic GST activity improved( P<0.05),serum C3 level and IL-10 content increased significantly( P<0.05),and m RNA expressions of CAT,GST,GCLC,GCLM and IL-10 in IUGR weaned piglets were significantly higher( P < 0. 05). [Conclusions]In conclusion,the hepatic antioxidant capacity of IUGR weanling piglets reduced and the immune function was impaired. The control diet supplemented with 1 g·kg~(-1) DMG-Na had the potential to improve the hepatic antioxidant function and repairs the immune damage triggered by IUGR.
引文
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[8] Raqib R,Alam D,Sarker P,et al. Low birth weight is associated with altered immune function in rural Bangladeshi children:a birth cohort study[J].American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2007,85(3):845-852.
[9] Hahnzoric M,Hagberg H,Kjellmer I,et al. Aberrations in placental cytokine m RNA related to intrauterine growth retardation[J]. Pediatric Research,2002,51(2):201.
[10] Amu S,Hahnzoric M,Malik A,et al. Cytokines in the placenta of Pakistani newborns with and without intrauterine growth retardation[J]. Pediatric Research,2006,59(2):254.
[11]杜伟,王恬.乳源性生物活性肽对新生IUGR仔猪肝脏抗氧化功能的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2007,39(11):12-14.Du W,Wang T. Effects of milk-borne bioactive peptidea on antioxidation functions in the liver of neonatal IUGR pigs[J]. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2007,39(11):12-14(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12] Prola L,Nery J,Lauwaerts A,et al. Effects of N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt on apparent digestibility,vitamin E absorption,and serum proteins in broiler chickens fed a high-or low-fat diet[J]. Poultry Science,2013,92(5):1221-1226.
[13] Kendall R V,Lawson J W. Dimethylglycine enhancement of antibody production:US,5118618[P]. 1992-06-02.
[14] Hariganesh K,Prathiba J. Effect of dimethylglycine on gastric ulcers in rats[J]. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,2000,52(12):1519-1522.
[15] Cools A,Maes D,Buyse J,et al. Effect of N,N-dimethylglycine supplementation in parturition feed for sows on metabolism,nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance[J]. Animal,2010,4(12):2004-2011.
[16]寇涛,胡志萍,陈洪亮,等.二甲基甘氨酸钠对肉鸡生长发育及抗氧化能力的影响[J].食品科学,2015,36(3):193-197.Kou T,Hu Z P,Chen H L,et al. Effect of N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt on organ indexes,blood physiobiochemical indices and antioxidative performance of broilers[J]. Food Science,2015,36(3):193-197(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]寇涛,胡志萍,张莉莉,等.二甲基甘氨酸钠对肉鸡生产性能、养分表观利用率及内源消化酶活性的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2015,38(1):140-145. DOI:10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.01.022.Kou T,Hu Z P,Zhang L L,et al. Effects of N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt on growth performance,nutrient apparent availability and digestive enzyme activities of broilers[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2015,38(1):140-145(in Chinese with English abstract).
[18] Bai K,Xu W,Zhang J,et al. Assessment of free radical scavenging activity of dimethylglycine sodium salt and its role in providing protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in mice[J]. PLoS One,2016,11(5):e0155393.
[19] Wang Y,Zhang L,Zhou G,et al. Dietary L-arginine supplementation improves the intestinal development through increasing mucosal Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin signals in intra-uterine growth retarded piglets[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,2012,108(8):1371-1381.
[20] Garitr T J,Clark R,Thorp J A. Intrauterine growth restriction increases morbidity and mortality among premature neonates[J]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,2004,191(2):481-487.
[21]许贵善,刁其玉,纪守坤,等.不同饲喂水平对肉用绵羊生长性能、屠宰性能及器官指数的影响[J].动物营养学报,2012,24(5):953-960.Xu G S,Diao Q Y,Ji S K,et al. Effects of different feeding levels on growth performance,slaughter performance and organ indexes of mutton sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2012,24(5):953-960(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22] Bauer R,Walter B,Hoppe A,et al. Body weight distribution and organ size in newborn swine(Susscrofa domestica):a study describing an animal model for asymmetrical intrauterine growth retardation[J]. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology,1998,50(1):59-65.
[23]何进田,董丽,张莉莉,等.三丁酸甘油酯对宫内发育迟缓哺乳仔猪肝脏发育和免疫功能的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2015,38(5):838-843. DOI:10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.05.020.He J T,Dong L,Zhang L L,et al. Effects of tributyrin on the development and immune function of the liver in the intrauterine growth restricted suckling piglets[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2015,38(5):838-843(in Chinese with English abstract).
[24] Xu W,Bai K,He J,et al. Leucine improves growth performance of intrauterine growth retardation piglets by modifying gene and protein expression related to protein synthesis[J]. Nutrition,2016,32(1):114-121.
[25] Lum H,Roebuck K A. Oxidant stress and endothelial cell dysfunction[J]. American Journal of Physiology:Cell Physiology,2001,280(4):719-741.
[26] Glorieux C,Calderon P B. Catalase,a remarkable enzyme:targeting the oldest antioxidant enzyme to find a new cancer treatment approach[J].Biological Chemistry,2017,398(10):1095-1108.
[27] Fletcher M E,Boshier P R,Wakabayashi K,et al. Influence of glutathione-S-transferase(GST)inhibition on lung epithelial cell injury:role of oxidative stress and metabolism[J]. American Journal of Physiology:Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology,2015,308(12):1274-1285.
[28] Zhang H,Su W,Ying Z,et al. N-acetylcysteine attenuates intrauterine growth retardation-induced hepatic damage in suckling piglets by improving glutathione synthesis and cellular homeostasis[J]. European Journal of Nutrition,2016,57(1):1-12.
[29]李博,李伟,张昊,等.宫内发育迟缓对哺乳仔猪生长性能和肝脏氧化及抗氧化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(9):2822-2827.Li B,Li W,Zhang H,et al. Effects of intrauterine growth retardation on growth performance and hepatic oxidative and antioxidative parameters of suckling piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014,26(9):2822-2827(in Chinese with English abstract).
[30] Geddie G,Moores R,Meschia G,et al. Comparison of leucine,serine and glycine transport across the ovine placenta[J]. Placenta,1996,17(8):619.
[31] Paolini C L,Marconi A M,Ronzoni S,et al. Placental transport of leucine,phenylalanine,glycine,and proline in intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,2001,86(11):5427-5432.
[32] Grinde B,Lie Q,Poppe T,et al. Species and individual variation in lysozyme activity in fish of interest in aquaculture[J]. Aquaculture,1988,68(4):299-304.
[33]黄强,徐稳,何进田,等.日粮补充L-亮氨酸对超早期断奶宫内发育迟缓仔猪肠道免疫功能的影响[J].食品科学,2017,38(17):184-189.Huang Q,Xu W,He J T,et al. Effect of dietary L-leucine supplementation on intestinal immune function in ultra-early weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation[J]. Food Science,2017,38(17):184-189(in Chinese with English abstract).
[34] Wang D,Zhou H,Zhou D,et al. Effects of piper sarmentosum extract on the growth performance,antioxidant capability and immune response in weaned piglets[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2016,101(1):105-112.
[35] Han F,Hu L,Xuan Y,et al. Effects of high nutrient intake on the growth performance,intestinal morphology and immune function of neonatal intra-uterine growth-retarded pigs[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,2013,110(10):1819-1827.
[36] Jay F H,Dickinson D A. Oxidative signaling and glutathione synthesis[J]. Biofactors,2003,17(1):1-12.
[2] Gluckman P D,Hanson M A,Cooper C,et al. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease[J]. New England Journal of Medicine,2008,359(1):61-73.
[3] Barker D J. Birth weight and hypertension[J]. Hypertension,2006,48(3):357-358.
[4] Hunter D S,Hazel S J,Kind K L,et al. Programming the brain:common outcomes and gaps in knowledge from animal studies of IUGR[J].Physiology and Behavior,2016,164:233-248.
[5] Liu C,Lin G,Wang X,et al. Intrauterine growth restriction alters the hepatic proteome in fetal pigs[J]. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2013,24(6):954-959.
[6] Biri A,Bozkurt N A,Kavutcu M,et al. Role of oxidative stress in intrauterine growth restriction[J]. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation,2007,64(4):187-192.
[7] Deng Q,Xu J,Yu B,et al. Effect of dietary tea polyphenols on growth performance and cell-mediated immune response of post-weaning piglets under oxidative stress[J]. Archives of Animal Nutrition,2010,64(1):12-21.
[8] Raqib R,Alam D,Sarker P,et al. Low birth weight is associated with altered immune function in rural Bangladeshi children:a birth cohort study[J].American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2007,85(3):845-852.
[9] Hahnzoric M,Hagberg H,Kjellmer I,et al. Aberrations in placental cytokine m RNA related to intrauterine growth retardation[J]. Pediatric Research,2002,51(2):201.
[10] Amu S,Hahnzoric M,Malik A,et al. Cytokines in the placenta of Pakistani newborns with and without intrauterine growth retardation[J]. Pediatric Research,2006,59(2):254.
[11]杜伟,王恬.乳源性生物活性肽对新生IUGR仔猪肝脏抗氧化功能的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2007,39(11):12-14.Du W,Wang T. Effects of milk-borne bioactive peptidea on antioxidation functions in the liver of neonatal IUGR pigs[J]. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2007,39(11):12-14(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12] Prola L,Nery J,Lauwaerts A,et al. Effects of N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt on apparent digestibility,vitamin E absorption,and serum proteins in broiler chickens fed a high-or low-fat diet[J]. Poultry Science,2013,92(5):1221-1226.
[13] Kendall R V,Lawson J W. Dimethylglycine enhancement of antibody production:US,5118618[P]. 1992-06-02.
[14] Hariganesh K,Prathiba J. Effect of dimethylglycine on gastric ulcers in rats[J]. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,2000,52(12):1519-1522.
[15] Cools A,Maes D,Buyse J,et al. Effect of N,N-dimethylglycine supplementation in parturition feed for sows on metabolism,nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance[J]. Animal,2010,4(12):2004-2011.
[16]寇涛,胡志萍,陈洪亮,等.二甲基甘氨酸钠对肉鸡生长发育及抗氧化能力的影响[J].食品科学,2015,36(3):193-197.Kou T,Hu Z P,Chen H L,et al. Effect of N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt on organ indexes,blood physiobiochemical indices and antioxidative performance of broilers[J]. Food Science,2015,36(3):193-197(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]寇涛,胡志萍,张莉莉,等.二甲基甘氨酸钠对肉鸡生产性能、养分表观利用率及内源消化酶活性的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2015,38(1):140-145. DOI:10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.01.022.Kou T,Hu Z P,Zhang L L,et al. Effects of N,N-dimethylglycine sodium salt on growth performance,nutrient apparent availability and digestive enzyme activities of broilers[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2015,38(1):140-145(in Chinese with English abstract).
[18] Bai K,Xu W,Zhang J,et al. Assessment of free radical scavenging activity of dimethylglycine sodium salt and its role in providing protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in mice[J]. PLoS One,2016,11(5):e0155393.
[19] Wang Y,Zhang L,Zhou G,et al. Dietary L-arginine supplementation improves the intestinal development through increasing mucosal Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin signals in intra-uterine growth retarded piglets[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,2012,108(8):1371-1381.
[20] Garitr T J,Clark R,Thorp J A. Intrauterine growth restriction increases morbidity and mortality among premature neonates[J]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,2004,191(2):481-487.
[21]许贵善,刁其玉,纪守坤,等.不同饲喂水平对肉用绵羊生长性能、屠宰性能及器官指数的影响[J].动物营养学报,2012,24(5):953-960.Xu G S,Diao Q Y,Ji S K,et al. Effects of different feeding levels on growth performance,slaughter performance and organ indexes of mutton sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2012,24(5):953-960(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22] Bauer R,Walter B,Hoppe A,et al. Body weight distribution and organ size in newborn swine(Susscrofa domestica):a study describing an animal model for asymmetrical intrauterine growth retardation[J]. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology,1998,50(1):59-65.
[23]何进田,董丽,张莉莉,等.三丁酸甘油酯对宫内发育迟缓哺乳仔猪肝脏发育和免疫功能的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2015,38(5):838-843. DOI:10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.05.020.He J T,Dong L,Zhang L L,et al. Effects of tributyrin on the development and immune function of the liver in the intrauterine growth restricted suckling piglets[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2015,38(5):838-843(in Chinese with English abstract).
[24] Xu W,Bai K,He J,et al. Leucine improves growth performance of intrauterine growth retardation piglets by modifying gene and protein expression related to protein synthesis[J]. Nutrition,2016,32(1):114-121.
[25] Lum H,Roebuck K A. Oxidant stress and endothelial cell dysfunction[J]. American Journal of Physiology:Cell Physiology,2001,280(4):719-741.
[26] Glorieux C,Calderon P B. Catalase,a remarkable enzyme:targeting the oldest antioxidant enzyme to find a new cancer treatment approach[J].Biological Chemistry,2017,398(10):1095-1108.
[27] Fletcher M E,Boshier P R,Wakabayashi K,et al. Influence of glutathione-S-transferase(GST)inhibition on lung epithelial cell injury:role of oxidative stress and metabolism[J]. American Journal of Physiology:Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology,2015,308(12):1274-1285.
[28] Zhang H,Su W,Ying Z,et al. N-acetylcysteine attenuates intrauterine growth retardation-induced hepatic damage in suckling piglets by improving glutathione synthesis and cellular homeostasis[J]. European Journal of Nutrition,2016,57(1):1-12.
[29]李博,李伟,张昊,等.宫内发育迟缓对哺乳仔猪生长性能和肝脏氧化及抗氧化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(9):2822-2827.Li B,Li W,Zhang H,et al. Effects of intrauterine growth retardation on growth performance and hepatic oxidative and antioxidative parameters of suckling piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014,26(9):2822-2827(in Chinese with English abstract).
[30] Geddie G,Moores R,Meschia G,et al. Comparison of leucine,serine and glycine transport across the ovine placenta[J]. Placenta,1996,17(8):619.
[31] Paolini C L,Marconi A M,Ronzoni S,et al. Placental transport of leucine,phenylalanine,glycine,and proline in intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,2001,86(11):5427-5432.
[32] Grinde B,Lie Q,Poppe T,et al. Species and individual variation in lysozyme activity in fish of interest in aquaculture[J]. Aquaculture,1988,68(4):299-304.
[33]黄强,徐稳,何进田,等.日粮补充L-亮氨酸对超早期断奶宫内发育迟缓仔猪肠道免疫功能的影响[J].食品科学,2017,38(17):184-189.Huang Q,Xu W,He J T,et al. Effect of dietary L-leucine supplementation on intestinal immune function in ultra-early weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation[J]. Food Science,2017,38(17):184-189(in Chinese with English abstract).
[34] Wang D,Zhou H,Zhou D,et al. Effects of piper sarmentosum extract on the growth performance,antioxidant capability and immune response in weaned piglets[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,2016,101(1):105-112.
[35] Han F,Hu L,Xuan Y,et al. Effects of high nutrient intake on the growth performance,intestinal morphology and immune function of neonatal intra-uterine growth-retarded pigs[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,2013,110(10):1819-1827.
[36] Jay F H,Dickinson D A. Oxidative signaling and glutathione synthesis[J]. Biofactors,2003,17(1):1-12.