德国创新政策及其对区域发展的影响研究
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摘要
创新逐步取代资本,成为新时代区域发展新动力。德国在科技创新方面一直领跑世界,区域系统发展优势明显。在了解德国创新发展的历史和现状的基础上,本文对德国的创新政策的特征加以归纳,一是在指导思想上,告别了"以邻为壑、以大为强、引外劳、降成本"的旧时代,开启了"以邻为伴、一致对外、创新为王、引人才"的新时代;二是在具体举措上,实施多种方式并举,提供科创资金支持;"自上而下"和"自下而上"相结合,推动创新集群发展;以科技中介服务机构为核心,激活技术扩散与创新活动。尽管中德两国所处的经济发展阶段不同,但是德国在创新的顶层设计、"门槛"研究和创新联盟的开放式区域创新系统建设等方面的经验值得我国借鉴。
Innovation gradually replaces capital and becomes a new driving force for regional development in the new era. Germany has been leading the world in scientific and technological innovation, with obvious advantages in regional development system. On the basis of understanding the history and current situation of German innovation development, this paper combs the characteristics of German innovation policy. Firstly, in terms of guiding ideology, it bid farewell to the old era of beggaring neighbors, opened a new era of taking neighbors as companions and being consistent with the outside world, bid farewell to the old era of greater scale and opened a new era of innovation; The old era of cost reduction opens a new era of attracting talents; secondly, in specific measures, various ways should be taken simultaneously to provide scientific and technological capital support; 'top-down' and'bottom-up' should be combined to promote the development of innovation clusters; and technological intermediary service institutions should be the core to activate technological diffusion and innovation activities. Although China and Germany are at different stages of economic development, Germany's experience in high level design of innovation, 'threshold' research, open regional innovation system and construction of innovation alliance deserves our reference.
Innovation gradually replaces capital and becomes a new driving force for regional development in the new era. Germany has been leading the world in scientific and technological innovation, with obvious advantages in regional development system. On the basis of understanding the history and current situation of German innovation development, this paper combs the characteristics of German innovation policy. Firstly, in terms of guiding ideology, it bid farewell to the old era of beggaring neighbors, opened a new era of taking neighbors as companions and being consistent with the outside world, bid farewell to the old era of greater scale and opened a new era of innovation; The old era of cost reduction opens a new era of attracting talents; secondly, in specific measures, various ways should be taken simultaneously to provide scientific and technological capital support; 'top-down' and'bottom-up' should be combined to promote the development of innovation clusters; and technological intermediary service institutions should be the core to activate technological diffusion and innovation activities. Although China and Germany are at different stages of economic development, Germany's experience in high level design of innovation, 'threshold' research, open regional innovation system and construction of innovation alliance deserves our reference.
引文
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[2]Romer,P.Increasing return and long-run growth.Journal of Political Economy,1986,94(5):1002-1037.
[3]Romer,P.Endogenous technological change.Journal of Political Economy,1990,98(5):71-102.
[4]Dicken P.Geographers and‘globalization’:(yet)another missed boat?.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2004,29(1):5-26.
[5]曾刚,王秋玉,曹贤忠.创新经济地理研究述评与展望.经济地理,2018(4):19-25.
[6]贺灿飞,郭琪,马妍,等.西方经济地理学研究进展.地理学报,2014,69(8):1207-1223.
[7]程如烟.全球创新报告.光明日报,2012-3-31:5.
[8]中国科学技术部.经合组织和德国发布有关创新调研报告,2017.[2018-06-15].http://www.most.gov.cn/gnwkjdt/201703/t20170310_131835.htm.
[9]于慎澄.德国创新驱动战略的发展路径.政策瞭望,2016(10):49-50.
[10]施怡,伍琳,陈永法.德国尖端集群计划促进创新药物发展的经验及启示.广东药科大学学报,2018,34(1):73-77.
[11]陈强,霍丹.德国创新驱动发展的路径及特征分析.德国研究,2013,28(4):86-100.
[12]Kambo,J S,Decker K S.Accompanying evaluation of the funding instrument“SpitzenclusterWettbewerb”(LeadingEdge Cluster Competition)of the federal ministry of education and research.Final Report--Summary.Rwi Materialien,2015,9(2/3):177-184.
[13]王海燕,汪善荣.第二次世界大战后德国经济转型的经验与借鉴意义.经济研究参考,2016(49):35-41.
[14]密素敏.21世纪以来德国的技术移民政策与中国移民.华侨华人历史研究,2015(1):45-55.
[15]纪慰华.德国政府推动科技创新的举措及其对上海建设全球科创中心的启示.上海城市管理,2018(4):36-43.
[16]邓元慧.德国创新集群发展政策的特征与借鉴.未来与发展,2018(06):25-30.
[17]赵大伟.国家高新区科技中介服务体系构建对策研究.沈阳:沈阳理工大学,2009.