《星球之战》中的环境危机战争隐喻——兼论康芒纳的生态伦理观
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摘要
隐喻作为一种认知手段,具有帮助人们认识新事物、理解新概念的作用,并可通过改变认识为未来行动提供指导,因此,有时也被用于科普教育中。在《星球之战》一文中,生物学家康芒纳就借助"环境危机是战争"这一隐喻和对该隐喻的扩展说明环境危机的存在及其严重性和产生的根源。通过辨证地看待现代技术与环境之间的关系,康芒纳揭示了人与自然的主体间关系和他的生态整体观。继康芒纳之后,其他环保主义者对"环境危机是战争"这一隐喻的沿用和扩展进一步说明了这一隐喻的吸引力、表现力,也表明这类隐喻在科普教育中可起到帮助公众认识新事物或新概念的作用。
Metaphors can be used to help people to know new things and understand new concepts. By changing the way people perceive things,they can also provide guidance for future action. They are,therefore,sometimes used as means to popularize new knowledge or concepts in science education. In At War with the Planet,the first chapter of Making Peace with the Planet,biologist Barry Commoner uses the metaphor "environmental crisis as war" and its extensions to raise the public awareness of the environmental crisis,its gravity and the underlying causes. By examining dialectically the interplay between technology and the environment,Commoner reveals the intersubjectivity between man and nature and his view of ecological holism. The use of war as a metaphor for environmental crisis and its extensions by later environmentalists further proves the attraction and expressiveness of such metaphors and confirms the important role metaphors can play in popularizing new knowledge or concepts in science.
Metaphors can be used to help people to know new things and understand new concepts. By changing the way people perceive things,they can also provide guidance for future action. They are,therefore,sometimes used as means to popularize new knowledge or concepts in science education. In At War with the Planet,the first chapter of Making Peace with the Planet,biologist Barry Commoner uses the metaphor "environmental crisis as war" and its extensions to raise the public awareness of the environmental crisis,its gravity and the underlying causes. By examining dialectically the interplay between technology and the environment,Commoner reveals the intersubjectivity between man and nature and his view of ecological holism. The use of war as a metaphor for environmental crisis and its extensions by later environmentalists further proves the attraction and expressiveness of such metaphors and confirms the important role metaphors can play in popularizing new knowledge or concepts in science.
引文
[1]LAKOFF G,JOHNSON M.Metaphors we live by[M].Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press,1980:156-160.
[2]LAKOFF G.The contemporary theory of metaphor[M]//ORTO-NY A.Metaphor and Thought.2nd ed.Cambridge,MA:Cambridge University Press,1993:202-251.
[3]陈洁.从莎士比亚四大悲剧看概念隐喻的系统性[J].山东外语教学,2017(6):3-12.
[4]范家材.英语修辞赏析[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,1992:91.
[5]COMMONER B.Making peace with the planet[M].New York:Pantheon Books,1990:196.
[6]COMMONER B.The closing circle:nature,man and technology[M].New York:Knopf,1971:6-198.
[7]董素蓉,苗兴伟.隐喻的语篇衔接模式[J].外语学刊,2017(3):33-37.
[8]刘雨婷,包庆德.生态思想领域的理论建树与实践张力---纪念巴里·康芒纳诞辰100周年[J].南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版),2017(4):33-54.
[9]KVECSES Z.Metaphor,creativity,and discourse[J].DELTA:Documenta92o de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada,2010(26):719-738.
[10]贾玉娟.战争隐喻广泛性之理据分析[J].学术界,2015(12):148-153.
[11]WENNER M.The war against war metaphors[EB/OL].The scientist magazine.(2007-02-16)[2018-02-23].https://www.thescientist.com/?articles.view/article No/24756/title/The-waragainst-war-me-taphors/.
[12]何源.论限额-可交易许可证制度的美国经验和中国实践问题[J].科教导刊(中旬刊),2012(9):221-237.
[13]MUSOLFF A.The study of metaphor as part of critical discourse analysis[J].Critical Discourse Studies,2012,9(3):301-310.
(1)保罗·列维尔(Paul Revere),美国独立战争时期的一名爱国者,以在美国独立战争中在莱克星顿和康科德战役前夜警告殖民地民兵英军即将来袭而在美国历史上留名。他的事迹后来被美国诗人亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗写进了诗歌《保罗·列维尔骑马来》而广为流传。
(2)《圣经》中的原话是:Blessed are the meek:for they shall inherit the earth.中文译为:温柔的人有福了,因为他们必承受地土。出自马太福音5∶5。
(3)参见:http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=793。
(4)参见:http://www.un.org/en/sections/nobel-peace-prize/intergovernmental-panel-climate-change-ipcc-and-albert-arnold-al-gore-jr/index.html。
[2]LAKOFF G.The contemporary theory of metaphor[M]//ORTO-NY A.Metaphor and Thought.2nd ed.Cambridge,MA:Cambridge University Press,1993:202-251.
[3]陈洁.从莎士比亚四大悲剧看概念隐喻的系统性[J].山东外语教学,2017(6):3-12.
[4]范家材.英语修辞赏析[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,1992:91.
[5]COMMONER B.Making peace with the planet[M].New York:Pantheon Books,1990:196.
[6]COMMONER B.The closing circle:nature,man and technology[M].New York:Knopf,1971:6-198.
[7]董素蓉,苗兴伟.隐喻的语篇衔接模式[J].外语学刊,2017(3):33-37.
[8]刘雨婷,包庆德.生态思想领域的理论建树与实践张力---纪念巴里·康芒纳诞辰100周年[J].南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版),2017(4):33-54.
[9]KVECSES Z.Metaphor,creativity,and discourse[J].DELTA:Documenta92o de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada,2010(26):719-738.
[10]贾玉娟.战争隐喻广泛性之理据分析[J].学术界,2015(12):148-153.
[11]WENNER M.The war against war metaphors[EB/OL].The scientist magazine.(2007-02-16)[2018-02-23].https://www.thescientist.com/?articles.view/article No/24756/title/The-waragainst-war-me-taphors/.
[12]何源.论限额-可交易许可证制度的美国经验和中国实践问题[J].科教导刊(中旬刊),2012(9):221-237.
[13]MUSOLFF A.The study of metaphor as part of critical discourse analysis[J].Critical Discourse Studies,2012,9(3):301-310.
(1)保罗·列维尔(Paul Revere),美国独立战争时期的一名爱国者,以在美国独立战争中在莱克星顿和康科德战役前夜警告殖民地民兵英军即将来袭而在美国历史上留名。他的事迹后来被美国诗人亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗写进了诗歌《保罗·列维尔骑马来》而广为流传。
(2)《圣经》中的原话是:Blessed are the meek:for they shall inherit the earth.中文译为:温柔的人有福了,因为他们必承受地土。出自马太福音5∶5。
(3)参见:http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=793。
(4)参见:http://www.un.org/en/sections/nobel-peace-prize/intergovernmental-panel-climate-change-ipcc-and-albert-arnold-al-gore-jr/index.html。