软硬煤复合的煤层气水平井分段压裂技术及应用
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摘要
针对软硬煤复合煤层的煤层气抽采效率低、煤层纵向剖面上抽采不均衡等问题,为了实现大面积快速、整体高效抽采煤层气,以沁水盆地赵庄井田3号煤层为例,对软硬煤分层特征进行精细评价,优化了软硬煤复合煤层中的局部硬煤段,研究了硬煤层中不固井水平井分段压裂开发煤层气技术方法,在对水平井压裂裂缝扩展规律研究的基础上,研究了分段压裂水平井开发煤层气技术对策。研究结果表明:3号煤层软硬煤结构分层明显,软硬煤存在明显的自然伽马和电阻率测井响应特征;硬煤层中水平井压裂能形成一条复杂不规则的垂直裂缝,裂缝易于沿脆性较强的顶板岩层扩展延伸,裂缝能够扩展延伸进入软煤层,提高软硬煤的压裂增产效果;硬煤层中水平井位置和压裂施工排量是影响裂缝扩展效果的两个因素,压裂施工排量影响程度较大、水平井位置影响程度较小。针对这一特点,进一步研究了硬煤层中不固井水平井分段压裂开发煤层气4个关键技术:①水平井射孔、压裂段优选工艺技术;②油管拖动大排量水力喷射防窜流工艺技术;③"大排量、大规模、中砂比"的段塞式清水携砂压裂工艺技术;④气/水分井同步生产精细化排水采气技术。工程试验证明,该技术能大幅度提高煤层气水平井单井产量,突破了软硬煤复合煤层低产技术瓶颈,为软硬煤复合煤层的煤矿区煤层气抽采和瓦斯灾害治理提供了技术途径。
Aiming at the problems of low efficiency of coalbed methane extraction in soft and hard coal composite seam and uneven extraction in coal seam longitudinal section, etc, In order to achieve rapid and overall efficient extraction of CBM over a large area. Taking the No. 3 coal seam in Zhaozhuang field of Qinshui basin as an example,this paper analyzes the layered characteristics of soft-hard coal, optimize the local hard coal segment in the composite coal seam. and puts forward the new idea of exploiting CBM through noncementing staged fracturing horizontal wells in layered softhard coal seam. On the basis of fracture propagation pattern of fracturing on horizontal wells in layered soft-hard coal seam, the technical measures for the development of CBM by noncementing staged fracturing horizontal wells are investigated. The results show that there are obvious layers of soft and hard coal in No. 3 coal seam. and obvious characteristics of natural gamma and resistivity logging response in soft-hard coal. Horizontal well in hard coal fracturing can form a complex and irregular vertical fracture, which is easy to expand and extend along the roof strata with strong brittleness. Hydraulic fracturing can break both hard and soft coal seam, and can improve the fracturing effect of soft and hard coal seam. The location of horizontal wells in hard coal and fracturing construction discharge have an influence on the effect of fracture expansion, the influence degree of fracturing discharge is large and the horizontal well position is small. In view of this characteristic, four key technologies for the successful development of CBM by horizontal wells of staged fracturing are formed : ① Optimization technology of perforation and fracturing section in horizontal well; ②Pipeline transmission large displacement hydraulic jet anti-channeling technology; ③ Technology of slug type water carrying sand fracturing with "large displacement,large scale and medium sand ratio";④ Fine drainage and mining technology for simultaneous production of gas and water well separately. The practice proves that this technology can greatly increase the output of horizontal well of coalbed methane, break through the technical bottleneck of low yield of soft and hard coal composite coal seam, and provide a technical way for coalbed methane extraction and gas disaster control of soft and hard coal composite coal seam.
Aiming at the problems of low efficiency of coalbed methane extraction in soft and hard coal composite seam and uneven extraction in coal seam longitudinal section, etc, In order to achieve rapid and overall efficient extraction of CBM over a large area. Taking the No. 3 coal seam in Zhaozhuang field of Qinshui basin as an example,this paper analyzes the layered characteristics of soft-hard coal, optimize the local hard coal segment in the composite coal seam. and puts forward the new idea of exploiting CBM through noncementing staged fracturing horizontal wells in layered softhard coal seam. On the basis of fracture propagation pattern of fracturing on horizontal wells in layered soft-hard coal seam, the technical measures for the development of CBM by noncementing staged fracturing horizontal wells are investigated. The results show that there are obvious layers of soft and hard coal in No. 3 coal seam. and obvious characteristics of natural gamma and resistivity logging response in soft-hard coal. Horizontal well in hard coal fracturing can form a complex and irregular vertical fracture, which is easy to expand and extend along the roof strata with strong brittleness. Hydraulic fracturing can break both hard and soft coal seam, and can improve the fracturing effect of soft and hard coal seam. The location of horizontal wells in hard coal and fracturing construction discharge have an influence on the effect of fracture expansion, the influence degree of fracturing discharge is large and the horizontal well position is small. In view of this characteristic, four key technologies for the successful development of CBM by horizontal wells of staged fracturing are formed : ① Optimization technology of perforation and fracturing section in horizontal well; ②Pipeline transmission large displacement hydraulic jet anti-channeling technology; ③ Technology of slug type water carrying sand fracturing with "large displacement,large scale and medium sand ratio";④ Fine drainage and mining technology for simultaneous production of gas and water well separately. The practice proves that this technology can greatly increase the output of horizontal well of coalbed methane, break through the technical bottleneck of low yield of soft and hard coal composite coal seam, and provide a technical way for coalbed methane extraction and gas disaster control of soft and hard coal composite coal seam.
引文
[1]申宝宏,刘见中,雷毅.我国煤矿区煤层气开发利用技术现状及展望[J].煤炭科学技术,2015,43(2):1-4.SHEN Baohong,LIU Jianzhong,LEI Yi. Present status and prospects of coalbed methane development and utilization technology of coal mine area in China[J]. Coal Science and Technology,2015,43(2):1-4.
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[4]赵贤正,杨延辉,孙粉锦,等.沁水盆地南部高阶煤层气成藏规律与勘探开发技术[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(2):303-309.ZHAO Xianzheng, YANG Yanhui, SUN Fenjin, et al. Enrichment mechanism and exploration and development technologies of high rank coalbed methane in south Qinshui Basin, Shanxi Province[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(2):303-309.
[5]孙晗森,王成文.固井水泥浆对裂缝割理发育型煤层气储层的伤害机理[J].天然气工业,2018,38(9):82-87.SUN Hansen,WANG Chengwen. Damage mechanism of cement slurry to CBM reservoirs with developed fractures and cleats:A case study from eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou in China[J]. Natural Gas Industry,2018,38(9):82-87.
[6]唐书恒,朱宝存,严志丰.地应力对煤层气井水力压裂裂缝发育的影响[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(1):65-69.TANG Shuheng,ZHU Baocun,YAN Zhifeng. Effect of crustal stress on hydraulic fracture in coalbed methane wells[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(1):65-69.
[7]冯晴,吴财芳,雷波.沁水盆地煤岩力学特征及其压裂裂缝的控制[J].煤炭科学技术,2011,39(3):100-103.FENG Qing,WU Caifang,LEI Bo. Coal/rock mechanics features of Qinshui Basin and fracturing crack control[J]. Coal Science and Technology,2011,39(3):100-103.
[8]孟召平,田永东,李国富.沁水盆地南部地应力场特征及其研究意义[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(6):975-981.MENG Zhaoping,TIAN Yongdong,LI Guofu. Characteristics of in-situ stress field in Southern Qinshui Basin and its research significance[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(6):975-981.
[9]单学军,张士诚,李安启,等.煤层气井压裂裂缝扩展规律分析[J].天然气工业,2005,25(1):130-132.SHAN Xuejun,ZHANG Shicheng,LI Anqi,et al. Analyzing the fracture extend law of hydraulic fracturing in coalbed gas wells[J]. Natural Gas Industry,2005,25(1):130-132.
[10]杨焦生,王一兵,李安启,等.煤岩水力裂缝扩展规律试验研究[J].煤炭学报,2012,37(1):73-77.YANG Jiaosheng,WANG Yibing,LI Anqi,et al. Experimental study on propagation mechanism of complex hydraulic fracture in coalbed[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2012,37(1):73-77.
[11]邓广哲,王世斌,黄炳香.煤岩水压裂缝扩展行为特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(20):3489-3493.DENG Guangzhe, WANG Shibin, HUANG Bingxiang. Research on behavior character of fracture development induced by hydraulic fracturing in coal-rock mass[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(20):3489-3493.
[12]史明义,金衍,陈勉,等.水平井水力裂缝延伸物理模拟实验研究[J].石油天然气学报,2008,30(3):130-133.SHI Mingyi,JIN Yan,CHEN Mian,et al. A physical simulation experiment study on hydraulic fracture extension in the horizontal well[J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(J. JPI), 2008,30(3):130-133.
[13]曲海,李根生,黄中伟,等.水力喷射分段压裂密封机理[J].石油学报,2011,32(3):514-517.QU Hai,LI Gensheng,HUANG Zhongwei,et al. Sealing mechanism of the hydrajet stepwise fracturing[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(3):514-517.
[14]曲海,李根生,黄中伟,等.水力喷射压裂孔道内部增压机制[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2010,34(5):73-76.QU Hai, LI Gensheng, HUANG Zhongwei, et al. Boosting mechanism in hydrajet-fracturing cabity[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2010,34(5):73-76.
[15]赵金洲,陈曦宇,李勇明,等.水平井分段多簇压裂模拟分析及射孔优化[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(1):117-124.ZHAO Jinzhou,CHEN Xiyu,LI Yongming,et al. Numerical simulation of multi-stage fracturing and optimization of perforation in a horizontal well[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(1):117-124.
[16]张遂安,曹立虎,杜彩霞.煤层气井产气机理及排采控压控粉研究[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(9):1927-1931.ZHANG Suian, CAO Lihu, DU Caixia. Study on CBM production mechanism and control theory of bottom-hole pressure and coal fines during CBM well production[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(9):1927-1931.
[17]刘岩,苏雪峰,张遂安.煤粉对支撑裂缝导流能力的影响特征及其防控[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(3):687-693.LIU Yan,SU Xuefeng, ZHANG Suian. Influencing characteristics and control of coal powder to proppant fracture con ductiveity[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(3):687-693.
[18]秦义,李仰民,白建梅,等.沁水盆地南部高煤阶煤层气井排采工艺研究与实践[J].天然气工业,2011,31(11):22-25.QIN Yi,LI Yangmin,BAI Jianmei,et al. Technologies in the CBM production of wells in the southern Qinshui basin with highrank coal beds[J]. Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(11):22-25.
[2]秦勇,吴建光,申建,等.煤系气合采地质技术前缘性探索[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(6):1504-1516.QIN Yong,WU Jianguang,SHEN Jian,et al. Frontier research of geological technology for coal measure gas joint-mining[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(6):1504-1516.
[3]刘贻军,娄建青.中国煤层气储层特征及开发技术探讨[J].天然气工业,2004,24(1):68-71.LIU Yijun, LOU Jianqing. Study on reservoir characteristics and development technology of coal-bed gas in China[J]. Natural Gas Industry,2004,24(1);68-71.
[4]赵贤正,杨延辉,孙粉锦,等.沁水盆地南部高阶煤层气成藏规律与勘探开发技术[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(2):303-309.ZHAO Xianzheng, YANG Yanhui, SUN Fenjin, et al. Enrichment mechanism and exploration and development technologies of high rank coalbed methane in south Qinshui Basin, Shanxi Province[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(2):303-309.
[5]孙晗森,王成文.固井水泥浆对裂缝割理发育型煤层气储层的伤害机理[J].天然气工业,2018,38(9):82-87.SUN Hansen,WANG Chengwen. Damage mechanism of cement slurry to CBM reservoirs with developed fractures and cleats:A case study from eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou in China[J]. Natural Gas Industry,2018,38(9):82-87.
[6]唐书恒,朱宝存,严志丰.地应力对煤层气井水力压裂裂缝发育的影响[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(1):65-69.TANG Shuheng,ZHU Baocun,YAN Zhifeng. Effect of crustal stress on hydraulic fracture in coalbed methane wells[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(1):65-69.
[7]冯晴,吴财芳,雷波.沁水盆地煤岩力学特征及其压裂裂缝的控制[J].煤炭科学技术,2011,39(3):100-103.FENG Qing,WU Caifang,LEI Bo. Coal/rock mechanics features of Qinshui Basin and fracturing crack control[J]. Coal Science and Technology,2011,39(3):100-103.
[8]孟召平,田永东,李国富.沁水盆地南部地应力场特征及其研究意义[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(6):975-981.MENG Zhaoping,TIAN Yongdong,LI Guofu. Characteristics of in-situ stress field in Southern Qinshui Basin and its research significance[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(6):975-981.
[9]单学军,张士诚,李安启,等.煤层气井压裂裂缝扩展规律分析[J].天然气工业,2005,25(1):130-132.SHAN Xuejun,ZHANG Shicheng,LI Anqi,et al. Analyzing the fracture extend law of hydraulic fracturing in coalbed gas wells[J]. Natural Gas Industry,2005,25(1):130-132.
[10]杨焦生,王一兵,李安启,等.煤岩水力裂缝扩展规律试验研究[J].煤炭学报,2012,37(1):73-77.YANG Jiaosheng,WANG Yibing,LI Anqi,et al. Experimental study on propagation mechanism of complex hydraulic fracture in coalbed[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2012,37(1):73-77.
[11]邓广哲,王世斌,黄炳香.煤岩水压裂缝扩展行为特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(20):3489-3493.DENG Guangzhe, WANG Shibin, HUANG Bingxiang. Research on behavior character of fracture development induced by hydraulic fracturing in coal-rock mass[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(20):3489-3493.
[12]史明义,金衍,陈勉,等.水平井水力裂缝延伸物理模拟实验研究[J].石油天然气学报,2008,30(3):130-133.SHI Mingyi,JIN Yan,CHEN Mian,et al. A physical simulation experiment study on hydraulic fracture extension in the horizontal well[J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(J. JPI), 2008,30(3):130-133.
[13]曲海,李根生,黄中伟,等.水力喷射分段压裂密封机理[J].石油学报,2011,32(3):514-517.QU Hai,LI Gensheng,HUANG Zhongwei,et al. Sealing mechanism of the hydrajet stepwise fracturing[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(3):514-517.
[14]曲海,李根生,黄中伟,等.水力喷射压裂孔道内部增压机制[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2010,34(5):73-76.QU Hai, LI Gensheng, HUANG Zhongwei, et al. Boosting mechanism in hydrajet-fracturing cabity[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2010,34(5):73-76.
[15]赵金洲,陈曦宇,李勇明,等.水平井分段多簇压裂模拟分析及射孔优化[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(1):117-124.ZHAO Jinzhou,CHEN Xiyu,LI Yongming,et al. Numerical simulation of multi-stage fracturing and optimization of perforation in a horizontal well[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(1):117-124.
[16]张遂安,曹立虎,杜彩霞.煤层气井产气机理及排采控压控粉研究[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(9):1927-1931.ZHANG Suian, CAO Lihu, DU Caixia. Study on CBM production mechanism and control theory of bottom-hole pressure and coal fines during CBM well production[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(9):1927-1931.
[17]刘岩,苏雪峰,张遂安.煤粉对支撑裂缝导流能力的影响特征及其防控[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(3):687-693.LIU Yan,SU Xuefeng, ZHANG Suian. Influencing characteristics and control of coal powder to proppant fracture con ductiveity[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(3):687-693.
[18]秦义,李仰民,白建梅,等.沁水盆地南部高煤阶煤层气井排采工艺研究与实践[J].天然气工业,2011,31(11):22-25.QIN Yi,LI Yangmin,BAI Jianmei,et al. Technologies in the CBM production of wells in the southern Qinshui basin with highrank coal beds[J]. Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(11):22-25.
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