秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英间作油菜的土壤团聚体及有机碳特征
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摘要
我国西南旱地紫色土区水土流失严重、土层浅薄、土壤有机质下降、保水保土能力差,已成为农业可持续发展的主要限制因素.通过引入冬季绿肥紫云英,研究秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英间作油菜的土壤团聚体及有机碳特征,为该地区改善农田土壤团聚体结构和提高有机碳含量提供可借鉴的途径.结果表明:间作紫云英增加了油菜根际土壤微团聚体含量,促使其团聚体平均质量直径降低.油菜根际土壤大团聚体含量的变化主要是由10～5 mm和5～2 mm团聚体含量的变化引起,而微团聚体含量的变化主要是由0.25～0.053 mm团聚体含量的变化引起.间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖显著提高了后茬作物玉米季土壤有机碳含量,主要是因为影响了10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层总有机碳的含量.间作紫云英和秸秆覆盖虽然对油菜季总有机碳含量的增加不明显,但对0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层总有机碳含量的影响却随着油菜生育期的进行逐渐增加,在蕾薹期、开花期和收获期表现出较大差异.可见,间作紫云英改变了油菜根际土壤团聚体特征,秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英间作油菜可提高农田土壤有机碳含量.
There are severe soil erosion, shallow soil, reduction of soil organic matter, and poor soil and water conservation in purple soil areas in Southwest China, which become the main limiting factors for the sustainable development of agriculture. A series of buckets and field experiments in the field were employed to explore the soil aggregate and soil organic carbon in response to Chinese milk vetch intercropped with rape under straw mulching, aiming to improve soil aggregate structure and increase organic carbon content. Results showed that intercropped Chinese milk vetch increased soil micro-aggregate content in rape rhizosphere, and reduced soil aggregate mean mass diameter. The change of soil macro-aggregate in rape rhizosphere was mainly caused by the change of content of soil aggregate on 10-5 mm and 5-2 mm, while the soil micro-aggregate was mainly caused by soil aggregate on 0.25-0.053 mm. Intercropped Chinese milk vetch and straw mulching significantly increased soil organic carbon content after corn growing season, with increasing the content of soil organic carbon on 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm. Though intercropped Chinese milk vetch and straw mulching had less effect on soil total organic carbon in rape season, more and more significant effect on 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm with rape growing, especially in stem elongation stage, flowering stage, and harvest stage. Our results showed that the characteristic of soil aggregate in rape rhizosphere could be changed by intercropped Chinese milk vetch, and that the content of soil organic carbon could be increased by Chinese milk vetch intercropped with rape under straw mul-ching.
There are severe soil erosion, shallow soil, reduction of soil organic matter, and poor soil and water conservation in purple soil areas in Southwest China, which become the main limiting factors for the sustainable development of agriculture. A series of buckets and field experiments in the field were employed to explore the soil aggregate and soil organic carbon in response to Chinese milk vetch intercropped with rape under straw mulching, aiming to improve soil aggregate structure and increase organic carbon content. Results showed that intercropped Chinese milk vetch increased soil micro-aggregate content in rape rhizosphere, and reduced soil aggregate mean mass diameter. The change of soil macro-aggregate in rape rhizosphere was mainly caused by the change of content of soil aggregate on 10-5 mm and 5-2 mm, while the soil micro-aggregate was mainly caused by soil aggregate on 0.25-0.053 mm. Intercropped Chinese milk vetch and straw mulching significantly increased soil organic carbon content after corn growing season, with increasing the content of soil organic carbon on 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm. Though intercropped Chinese milk vetch and straw mulching had less effect on soil total organic carbon in rape season, more and more significant effect on 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm with rape growing, especially in stem elongation stage, flowering stage, and harvest stage. Our results showed that the characteristic of soil aggregate in rape rhizosphere could be changed by intercropped Chinese milk vetch, and that the content of soil organic carbon could be increased by Chinese milk vetch intercropped with rape under straw mul-ching.
引文
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[2] Zhou H (周虎), Lü Y-Z (吕贻忠), Li B-G (李保国). Advancement in the study on quantification of soil structure. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2009, 46(3): 501-506 (in Chinese)
[3] Madari B, Machado PLOA, Torres E, et al. No tillage and crop rotation effects on soil aggregation and organic carbon in a Rhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 2005, 80: 185-200
[4] Mondini C, Sequi P. Implication of soil C sequestration on sustainable agriculture and environment. Waste Management, 2008, 28: 678-684
[5] Tang X-H (唐晓红), Shao J-A (邵景安), Gao M (高明), et al. Effects of conservational tillage on aggregate composition and organic carbon storage in purple paddy soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2007, 18(5): 1027-1032 (in Chinese)
[6] Zhang Y-L (张云兰), Wang L-C (王龙昌), Zou C-M (邹聪明), et al. Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield of wheat-maize-sweet potato triple cropping system in dryland of hot and summer drought areas. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2011, 42(1): 16-21 (in Chinese)
[7] Wang L-C (王龙昌), Zou C-M (邹聪明), Zhang Y-L (张云兰), et al. Influences of conservation tillage practices on farmland soil ecological factors and productive benefits in dryland region with triple cropping system in southwest China. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2013, 39(10): 1880-1890 (in Chinese)
[8] Zhang S (张赛), Wang L-C (王龙昌), Huang Z-C (黄召存), et al. Effects of conservation tillage on active soil organic carbon composition. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2015, 29(2): 226-231 (in Chinese)
[9] Yao Z-Y (姚致远), Wang Z (王峥), Li J (李婧), et al. Effects of rotations and different green manure utilizations on crop yield and soil fertility. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(8): 2329-2336 (in Chinese)
[10] Yang B-J (杨滨娟), Huang G-Q (黄国勤), Lan Y (兰延), et al. Effects of nitrogen application and winter green manure on soil active organic carbon and the soil carbon pool management index. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(10): 2907-2913 (in Chinese)
[11] Limon-Ortega A, Govaerts B, Deckers J, et al. Soil aggregate and microbial biomass in a permanent bed wheat-maize planting system after 12 years. Field Crops Research, 2006, 97: 302-309
[12] Daraghmeh OA, Jensen JR, Petersen CT. Soil structure stability under conventional and reduced tillage in a sandy loam. Geoderma, 2009, 150: 64-71
[13] Munkholm LJ. Soil friability: A review of the concept, assessment and effects of soil properties and management. Geoderma, 2011, 167: 236-246
[14] Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K. Soil structure and soil organic matter. II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2000, 64: 1042-1049
[15] Liu W (刘威), Zhang G-Y (张国英), Zhang J (张静), et al. Effects of two conservation tillage measures on soil aggregate stability. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2015, 29(3): 117-122 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang Y-J (王英俊), Li T-C (李同川), Zhang D-Y (张道勇), et al. Effects of intercropping white clover on soil aggregates and soil organic carbon of aggregates in apple-white clover intercropping system. Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报), 2013, 21(3): 485-493 (in Chinese)
[17] Wang Z-G (王志刚). Crop Productivity and Soil Fertility as Affected by Continuous Intercropping in an Orthic Anthrosol. Master Thesis. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2014 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhou Q (周泉), Wang L-C (王龙昌), Xiong Y (熊瑛), et al. Effects of green manure intercropping and straw mulching on winter rape rhizosphere soil organic carbon and soil respiration. Environmental Science (环境科学), 2016, 37(3): 1114-1120 (in Chinese)
[19] Christopher P, Axel D. Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2015, 200: 33-41
[20] Bu Y-S (卜玉山), Miao G-Y (苗果园), Zhou N-J (周乃健), et al. Analysis and comparison of the effects of plastic film mulching and straw mulching on soil fertility. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2006, 39(5): 1069-1075 (in Chinese)
[21] Fu X (付鑫), Wang J (王俊), Liu Q-Q (刘全全), et al. Soil aggregate and organic carbon contents with different surface mulching under dryland farming system. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(6): 1423-1430 (in Chinese)
[22] Wang H-X (王海霞), Sun H-X (孙红霞), Han Q-F (韩清芳), et al. Effects of straw mulching on the soil aggregates in dryland wheat field under no-tillage. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(4): 1025-1030 (in Chinese)
[23] Li X-G (李小刚), Cui Z-J (崔志军), Wang L-Y (王玲英). Effect of straw on soil organic carbon constitution and structural stability. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2002, 39(3): 421-428 (in Chinese)
[24] Sun Y-H (孙元宏), Gao X-Y (高雪莹), Zhao X-M (赵兴敏), et al. Effects of corn stalk incorporation on organic carbon of heavy fraction and composition of soil aggregates in albic soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2017, 54(4): 1009-1017 (in Chinese)
[2] Zhou H (周虎), Lü Y-Z (吕贻忠), Li B-G (李保国). Advancement in the study on quantification of soil structure. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2009, 46(3): 501-506 (in Chinese)
[3] Madari B, Machado PLOA, Torres E, et al. No tillage and crop rotation effects on soil aggregation and organic carbon in a Rhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 2005, 80: 185-200
[4] Mondini C, Sequi P. Implication of soil C sequestration on sustainable agriculture and environment. Waste Management, 2008, 28: 678-684
[5] Tang X-H (唐晓红), Shao J-A (邵景安), Gao M (高明), et al. Effects of conservational tillage on aggregate composition and organic carbon storage in purple paddy soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2007, 18(5): 1027-1032 (in Chinese)
[6] Zhang Y-L (张云兰), Wang L-C (王龙昌), Zou C-M (邹聪明), et al. Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield of wheat-maize-sweet potato triple cropping system in dryland of hot and summer drought areas. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2011, 42(1): 16-21 (in Chinese)
[7] Wang L-C (王龙昌), Zou C-M (邹聪明), Zhang Y-L (张云兰), et al. Influences of conservation tillage practices on farmland soil ecological factors and productive benefits in dryland region with triple cropping system in southwest China. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2013, 39(10): 1880-1890 (in Chinese)
[8] Zhang S (张赛), Wang L-C (王龙昌), Huang Z-C (黄召存), et al. Effects of conservation tillage on active soil organic carbon composition. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2015, 29(2): 226-231 (in Chinese)
[9] Yao Z-Y (姚致远), Wang Z (王峥), Li J (李婧), et al. Effects of rotations and different green manure utilizations on crop yield and soil fertility. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(8): 2329-2336 (in Chinese)
[10] Yang B-J (杨滨娟), Huang G-Q (黄国勤), Lan Y (兰延), et al. Effects of nitrogen application and winter green manure on soil active organic carbon and the soil carbon pool management index. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(10): 2907-2913 (in Chinese)
[11] Limon-Ortega A, Govaerts B, Deckers J, et al. Soil aggregate and microbial biomass in a permanent bed wheat-maize planting system after 12 years. Field Crops Research, 2006, 97: 302-309
[12] Daraghmeh OA, Jensen JR, Petersen CT. Soil structure stability under conventional and reduced tillage in a sandy loam. Geoderma, 2009, 150: 64-71
[13] Munkholm LJ. Soil friability: A review of the concept, assessment and effects of soil properties and management. Geoderma, 2011, 167: 236-246
[14] Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K. Soil structure and soil organic matter. II. A normalized stability index and the effect of mineralogy. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2000, 64: 1042-1049
[15] Liu W (刘威), Zhang G-Y (张国英), Zhang J (张静), et al. Effects of two conservation tillage measures on soil aggregate stability. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2015, 29(3): 117-122 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang Y-J (王英俊), Li T-C (李同川), Zhang D-Y (张道勇), et al. Effects of intercropping white clover on soil aggregates and soil organic carbon of aggregates in apple-white clover intercropping system. Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报), 2013, 21(3): 485-493 (in Chinese)
[17] Wang Z-G (王志刚). Crop Productivity and Soil Fertility as Affected by Continuous Intercropping in an Orthic Anthrosol. Master Thesis. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2014 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhou Q (周泉), Wang L-C (王龙昌), Xiong Y (熊瑛), et al. Effects of green manure intercropping and straw mulching on winter rape rhizosphere soil organic carbon and soil respiration. Environmental Science (环境科学), 2016, 37(3): 1114-1120 (in Chinese)
[19] Christopher P, Axel D. Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2015, 200: 33-41
[20] Bu Y-S (卜玉山), Miao G-Y (苗果园), Zhou N-J (周乃健), et al. Analysis and comparison of the effects of plastic film mulching and straw mulching on soil fertility. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2006, 39(5): 1069-1075 (in Chinese)
[21] Fu X (付鑫), Wang J (王俊), Liu Q-Q (刘全全), et al. Soil aggregate and organic carbon contents with different surface mulching under dryland farming system. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(6): 1423-1430 (in Chinese)
[22] Wang H-X (王海霞), Sun H-X (孙红霞), Han Q-F (韩清芳), et al. Effects of straw mulching on the soil aggregates in dryland wheat field under no-tillage. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(4): 1025-1030 (in Chinese)
[23] Li X-G (李小刚), Cui Z-J (崔志军), Wang L-Y (王玲英). Effect of straw on soil organic carbon constitution and structural stability. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2002, 39(3): 421-428 (in Chinese)
[24] Sun Y-H (孙元宏), Gao X-Y (高雪莹), Zhao X-M (赵兴敏), et al. Effects of corn stalk incorporation on organic carbon of heavy fraction and composition of soil aggregates in albic soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2017, 54(4): 1009-1017 (in Chinese)
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