邻里关系推动族际整合:新加坡互嵌型社区建设研究
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摘要
公共住房通常被用作社会治理的政策工具来解决社会问题,以住房推动族际间融合已经成为多民族国家进行族际整合的重要政策,通过族群配额的公共住房计划来达成族际整合和社会关系重构。新加坡在20世纪60年代之后便围绕着住房政策、语言政策、社会结构各方面进行顶层设计,将政府干预渗透到社会生活的各个领域以调适族际间关系和建构国家认同,建成了具有高度凝聚力、认同感的现代民族国家。在此过程中,建构互嵌型的社区在多族群的族际整合中发挥了重要作用,互嵌型的社区多民族社区在"地理空间""社会空间"上解构了各族群之间相互隔离的关系,各族群被重新整合进互嵌型社区之中,进而发展成新型"邻里关系",加速了各个族群在互嵌型社会空间内不断交流交往融合。除此之外,新加坡面临着人口老龄化、社会贫富差距大、社会结构分层等社会问题,互嵌型"社区空间"在调适族际关系、改善各族际间的关系的同时,推动社会结构发生潜移默化的变化。
Public housing is usually used as a policy tool of social governance to solve social problems. Ethnic housing quotas system in public housing plan has been one of the main policies in multi-nation states to promote inter-group integration and the reconstruction of social relations. Since its foundation in the 1960 s,Singapore has made top-level planning centering on housing policy,language policy and social structure,penetrating the government intervention into various fields of social life to adjust the inter-group relations and construct national identity,and has built up a modern nation with great cohesion and identity. In this course,the construction of interembedded community has played an important role in the inter-group integration of multiple ethnic groups,and the inter-embedded community deconstructs the segregation among ethnic groups in geographical space and social space. Ethnic groups have been integrated into the inter-embedded community, and then a new type of neighbourhood has been developed accelerating the constant communication and integration among the ethnic groups in the inter-embedded social space. The inter-embedded social space adjusts and improves the inter-group relations,pushing ahead with the change of social structure without realizing it.
Public housing is usually used as a policy tool of social governance to solve social problems. Ethnic housing quotas system in public housing plan has been one of the main policies in multi-nation states to promote inter-group integration and the reconstruction of social relations. Since its foundation in the 1960 s,Singapore has made top-level planning centering on housing policy,language policy and social structure,penetrating the government intervention into various fields of social life to adjust the inter-group relations and construct national identity,and has built up a modern nation with great cohesion and identity. In this course,the construction of interembedded community has played an important role in the inter-group integration of multiple ethnic groups,and the inter-embedded community deconstructs the segregation among ethnic groups in geographical space and social space. Ethnic groups have been integrated into the inter-embedded community, and then a new type of neighbourhood has been developed accelerating the constant communication and integration among the ethnic groups in the inter-embedded social space. The inter-embedded social space adjusts and improves the inter-group relations,pushing ahead with the change of social structure without realizing it.
引文
(1)李光耀:《经济腾飞路:李光耀回忆录(1965-2000)》,北京:外文出版社,2001年,第2页。
(2)亨利·列斐伏尔:《空间与政治》,上海:上海人民出版社,2015年,第4页。
(1)来仪:《城市民族互嵌式社区建设研究》,《学术界》2015年第10期。
(2)Ceri Peach,“Good Segregation,Bad Segregation,”Planning Perspectives,vol.11,no.4,1996,pp.379-398.
(3)Roger Andersson,“Socio-spatial Dynamics:Ethnic Divisions of Mobility and Housing in Post-Palme Sweden,”Urban Studies,vol.35,no.3,1998,pp.397-428.
(4)马丁·N·麦格:《族群社会学:美国及全球视角下的种族和族群关系》,北京:华夏出版社,2007年。
(5)Katerina Manevska and Peter Achterberg,“Immigration and Perceived Ethnic Threat:Cultural Capital and Economic Explanations,”European Sociological Review,vol.29,no.3,2011,pp.437-449.
(6)郝亚明:《城市与移民:西方族际居住隔离研究述论》,《民族研究》2012年第6期。
(7)弗里德里克·巴斯:《族群与边界:文化差异下的社会组织》,北京:商务印书馆,2014年。
(8)Allportwrited G,The Nature of Prejudice,New York City:Doubleday Anchor Books,1958,p.537.
(9)李森森、龙长权、陈庆飞等:《群际接触理论---一种改善群际关系的理论》,《心理科学进展》2010年第5期。
(1)陈晶、佐斌:《群际接触理论介评》,《心理学探新》2004年第1期。
(2)郝亚明:《西方群际接触理论研究及启示》,《民族研究》2015年第3期。
(3)杨"飞:《民族互嵌型社区:涵义、分类与研究展望》,《广西民族研究》2014年第5期。
(4)Wolfgang Bosswick and Friedrich Heckmann,Integration of Migrants:Contribution of Local and Regional Authorities,European Forum for Migration Studies(EFMS)at the University of Bamberg,Germany,2006,https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef0622en.pdf.
(5)周平:《多民族国家的族际政治整合》,北京:中央编译出版社,2012年,第4页。
(6)Maisy Wong,“Estimating Ethnic Preferences Using Ethnic Housing Quotas in Singapore,”Review of Economic Studies,vol.80,no.3,2013,pp.1178-1214.
(7)Maurice Blanc,“Housing Segregation and the Poor:New Trends in French Social Rented Housing,”Housing Studies,vol.8,no.3,1993,pp.207-214.
(8)Ronald Van Kempen and Hugo Priemus,“Undivided Cities in the Netherlands:Present Situation and Political Rhetoric,”Housing Studies,vol.14,no.5,1999,pp.641-657.
(9)Roger Andersson,“Socio-spatial Dynamics:Ethnic Divisions of Mobility and Housing in Post-Palme Sweden,”Urban Studies,vol.35,no.3,1998,pp.397-428.
(10)Goering J.M.,“Opening Housing Opportunities:Changing Federal Housing Policy in the United States,”Ethnicity and Housing:Accommodating Difference,Brookfield:Ashgate,2000,pp.84-97.
(11)安东尼·瑞德:《东南亚的贸易时代1450-1680年第2卷扩张与危机》,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第454页。
(1)苏瑞福:《新加坡人口研究》,厦门:厦门大学出版社,2009年,第9页。
(2)曾铁忱:《新加坡史话》,台北:黎明文化事业股份有限公司,1975年,第13页。
(3)David Brown,The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia,London:Routledge,2003,p.78.
(4)David Brown,The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia,London:Routledge,2003,p.92.
(5)“Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1 Demographic Characteristics,Education,Language and Religion,”Department of Statistics,Ministry of Trade&Industry,Republic of Singapore,August 08,2016,http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/defaultsource/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf.
(6)云惟利:《新加坡社会和语言》,新加坡:南洋理工大学中华语言文化中心,1996年,第5页。
(7)毕世鸿:《多元、平等与和谐:新加坡族群政策评析》,《东南亚南亚研究》,2009年第1期,第85-89页。
(8)Brenda SA Yeoh,“Migration and Social Diversity in Singapore,”Singapore Perspectives 2007:A New Singapore,2007,pp.47-56.
(9)康斯坦丝·玛丽·藤布尔:《新加坡史》,北京:东方出版中心,2016年,第20页。
(10)Beng-Huat Chua,“Race Relations and Public Housing Policy in Singapore,”Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,vol.8,no.4,1991,pp.343-354.
(1)李京桦:《新加坡族群关系演变(1819-1965年)》,《贵州民族研究》2016年第12期。
(2)Loo Lee Sim,Shi Ming Yu and Sun Sheng Han,“Public Housing and Ethnic Integration in Singapore,”Habitat International,vol.27,no.2,2003,pp.293-307.
(3)古小松:《东南亚民族马来西亚新加坡印度尼西亚文莱菲律宾卷》,南宁:广西民族出版社,1900年,第102页。
(4)李俊夫、李玮、李志刚等:《新加坡保障性住房政策研究及借鉴》,《国际城市规划》2012年第4期。
(5)杨漾:《新加坡规划之父刘太格谈城市规化》,《东方早报》2015年12月1日。
(6)李琳琳、李江:《新加坡组屋区规划结构的演变及对我国的启示》,《国际城市规划》2008年第2期。
(1)李琳琳、李江:《新加坡组屋区规划结构的演变及对我国的启示》,《国际城市规划》2008年第2期。
(2)陆圆圆、李朝阳、廖金元:《新加坡组屋规划设计演变及启示》,《现代城市研究》2012年第3期。
(3)Sim L.L.,Shi M.Y.,Sun S.H.,“Public Housing and Ethnic Integration in Singapore,”Habitat International,vol.27,no.2,2003,pp.293-307.
(4)Chih Hoong Sin,“The Quest for a Balanced Ethnic Mix:Singapore's Ethnic Quota Policy Examined,”Urban Studies,vol.39,no.8,2002,pp.1347-1374.
(5)Department of Statistics Singapore,“Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2017,”2017,http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/defaultsource/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/yearbook_2017/yos2017.pdf.
(6)Chih Hoong Sin,“The Quest for a Balanced Ethnic Mix:Singapore's Ethnic Quota Policy Examined,”Urban Studies,vol.39,no.8,2002,pp.1347-1374.
(7)Lily Phua and Brenda SA Yeoh,“Everyday Negotiations:Women's Spaces and the Public Housing Landscape in Singapore,”The Australian Geographer,vol.29,no.3,1998,pp.309-326.
(1)埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆:《民族与民族主义》,李金梅译,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年,第104-108页。
(2)Joseph M.Whitmeyer,“Elites and Popular Nationalism,”The British Journal of Sociology,vol.53,no.3,2002,pp.321-341.
(3)Chih Hoong Sin,“The Politics of Ethnic Integration in Singapore:Malay‘Regrouping’as an Ideological Construct,”International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,vol.27,no.3,2003,pp.527-544.
(4)Multiracialism Betts R.H.,Meritocracy and the Malays of Singapore,Massachusetts:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,Mass,1980,p.184.
(5)Clammer J.R.,“Singapore:Ideology,Society,Culture,”Journal of Asian Studies,vol.45,no.3,1986,p.646.
(6)David Brown,The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia,London:Routledge,2003,p.92.
(7)郝亚明:《民族互嵌式社会结构:现实背景、理论内涵及实践路径分析》,《西南民族大学学报》(人文社科版)2015年第3期。
(8)谢国斌:《新加坡的族群政治》,《台湾国际研究季刊》2013年第9期。
(9)David Brown,The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia,London:Routledge,2003,p.66.
(1)Alexander Polikoff,“Sustainable Integration or Inevitable Resegregation:The Troubling Questions,”Housing Desegregation and Federal Policy,vol.43,1986,pp.47-50.
(2)Chih Hoong Sin,“The Quest for a Balanced Ethnic Mix:Singapore's Ethnic Quota Policy Examined,”Urban Studies,vol.39,no.8,2002,pp.1347-1374.
(2)亨利·列斐伏尔:《空间与政治》,上海:上海人民出版社,2015年,第4页。
(1)来仪:《城市民族互嵌式社区建设研究》,《学术界》2015年第10期。
(2)Ceri Peach,“Good Segregation,Bad Segregation,”Planning Perspectives,vol.11,no.4,1996,pp.379-398.
(3)Roger Andersson,“Socio-spatial Dynamics:Ethnic Divisions of Mobility and Housing in Post-Palme Sweden,”Urban Studies,vol.35,no.3,1998,pp.397-428.
(4)马丁·N·麦格:《族群社会学:美国及全球视角下的种族和族群关系》,北京:华夏出版社,2007年。
(5)Katerina Manevska and Peter Achterberg,“Immigration and Perceived Ethnic Threat:Cultural Capital and Economic Explanations,”European Sociological Review,vol.29,no.3,2011,pp.437-449.
(6)郝亚明:《城市与移民:西方族际居住隔离研究述论》,《民族研究》2012年第6期。
(7)弗里德里克·巴斯:《族群与边界:文化差异下的社会组织》,北京:商务印书馆,2014年。
(8)Allportwrited G,The Nature of Prejudice,New York City:Doubleday Anchor Books,1958,p.537.
(9)李森森、龙长权、陈庆飞等:《群际接触理论---一种改善群际关系的理论》,《心理科学进展》2010年第5期。
(1)陈晶、佐斌:《群际接触理论介评》,《心理学探新》2004年第1期。
(2)郝亚明:《西方群际接触理论研究及启示》,《民族研究》2015年第3期。
(3)杨"飞:《民族互嵌型社区:涵义、分类与研究展望》,《广西民族研究》2014年第5期。
(4)Wolfgang Bosswick and Friedrich Heckmann,Integration of Migrants:Contribution of Local and Regional Authorities,European Forum for Migration Studies(EFMS)at the University of Bamberg,Germany,2006,https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef0622en.pdf.
(5)周平:《多民族国家的族际政治整合》,北京:中央编译出版社,2012年,第4页。
(6)Maisy Wong,“Estimating Ethnic Preferences Using Ethnic Housing Quotas in Singapore,”Review of Economic Studies,vol.80,no.3,2013,pp.1178-1214.
(7)Maurice Blanc,“Housing Segregation and the Poor:New Trends in French Social Rented Housing,”Housing Studies,vol.8,no.3,1993,pp.207-214.
(8)Ronald Van Kempen and Hugo Priemus,“Undivided Cities in the Netherlands:Present Situation and Political Rhetoric,”Housing Studies,vol.14,no.5,1999,pp.641-657.
(9)Roger Andersson,“Socio-spatial Dynamics:Ethnic Divisions of Mobility and Housing in Post-Palme Sweden,”Urban Studies,vol.35,no.3,1998,pp.397-428.
(10)Goering J.M.,“Opening Housing Opportunities:Changing Federal Housing Policy in the United States,”Ethnicity and Housing:Accommodating Difference,Brookfield:Ashgate,2000,pp.84-97.
(11)安东尼·瑞德:《东南亚的贸易时代1450-1680年第2卷扩张与危机》,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第454页。
(1)苏瑞福:《新加坡人口研究》,厦门:厦门大学出版社,2009年,第9页。
(2)曾铁忱:《新加坡史话》,台北:黎明文化事业股份有限公司,1975年,第13页。
(3)David Brown,The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia,London:Routledge,2003,p.78.
(4)David Brown,The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia,London:Routledge,2003,p.92.
(5)“Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1 Demographic Characteristics,Education,Language and Religion,”Department of Statistics,Ministry of Trade&Industry,Republic of Singapore,August 08,2016,http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/defaultsource/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf.
(6)云惟利:《新加坡社会和语言》,新加坡:南洋理工大学中华语言文化中心,1996年,第5页。
(7)毕世鸿:《多元、平等与和谐:新加坡族群政策评析》,《东南亚南亚研究》,2009年第1期,第85-89页。
(8)Brenda SA Yeoh,“Migration and Social Diversity in Singapore,”Singapore Perspectives 2007:A New Singapore,2007,pp.47-56.
(9)康斯坦丝·玛丽·藤布尔:《新加坡史》,北京:东方出版中心,2016年,第20页。
(10)Beng-Huat Chua,“Race Relations and Public Housing Policy in Singapore,”Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,vol.8,no.4,1991,pp.343-354.
(1)李京桦:《新加坡族群关系演变(1819-1965年)》,《贵州民族研究》2016年第12期。
(2)Loo Lee Sim,Shi Ming Yu and Sun Sheng Han,“Public Housing and Ethnic Integration in Singapore,”Habitat International,vol.27,no.2,2003,pp.293-307.
(3)古小松:《东南亚民族马来西亚新加坡印度尼西亚文莱菲律宾卷》,南宁:广西民族出版社,1900年,第102页。
(4)李俊夫、李玮、李志刚等:《新加坡保障性住房政策研究及借鉴》,《国际城市规划》2012年第4期。
(5)杨漾:《新加坡规划之父刘太格谈城市规化》,《东方早报》2015年12月1日。
(6)李琳琳、李江:《新加坡组屋区规划结构的演变及对我国的启示》,《国际城市规划》2008年第2期。
(1)李琳琳、李江:《新加坡组屋区规划结构的演变及对我国的启示》,《国际城市规划》2008年第2期。
(2)陆圆圆、李朝阳、廖金元:《新加坡组屋规划设计演变及启示》,《现代城市研究》2012年第3期。
(3)Sim L.L.,Shi M.Y.,Sun S.H.,“Public Housing and Ethnic Integration in Singapore,”Habitat International,vol.27,no.2,2003,pp.293-307.
(4)Chih Hoong Sin,“The Quest for a Balanced Ethnic Mix:Singapore's Ethnic Quota Policy Examined,”Urban Studies,vol.39,no.8,2002,pp.1347-1374.
(5)Department of Statistics Singapore,“Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2017,”2017,http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/defaultsource/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/yearbook_2017/yos2017.pdf.
(6)Chih Hoong Sin,“The Quest for a Balanced Ethnic Mix:Singapore's Ethnic Quota Policy Examined,”Urban Studies,vol.39,no.8,2002,pp.1347-1374.
(7)Lily Phua and Brenda SA Yeoh,“Everyday Negotiations:Women's Spaces and the Public Housing Landscape in Singapore,”The Australian Geographer,vol.29,no.3,1998,pp.309-326.
(1)埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆:《民族与民族主义》,李金梅译,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年,第104-108页。
(2)Joseph M.Whitmeyer,“Elites and Popular Nationalism,”The British Journal of Sociology,vol.53,no.3,2002,pp.321-341.
(3)Chih Hoong Sin,“The Politics of Ethnic Integration in Singapore:Malay‘Regrouping’as an Ideological Construct,”International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,vol.27,no.3,2003,pp.527-544.
(4)Multiracialism Betts R.H.,Meritocracy and the Malays of Singapore,Massachusetts:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge,Mass,1980,p.184.
(5)Clammer J.R.,“Singapore:Ideology,Society,Culture,”Journal of Asian Studies,vol.45,no.3,1986,p.646.
(6)David Brown,The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia,London:Routledge,2003,p.92.
(7)郝亚明:《民族互嵌式社会结构:现实背景、理论内涵及实践路径分析》,《西南民族大学学报》(人文社科版)2015年第3期。
(8)谢国斌:《新加坡的族群政治》,《台湾国际研究季刊》2013年第9期。
(9)David Brown,The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia,London:Routledge,2003,p.66.
(1)Alexander Polikoff,“Sustainable Integration or Inevitable Resegregation:The Troubling Questions,”Housing Desegregation and Federal Policy,vol.43,1986,pp.47-50.
(2)Chih Hoong Sin,“The Quest for a Balanced Ethnic Mix:Singapore's Ethnic Quota Policy Examined,”Urban Studies,vol.39,no.8,2002,pp.1347-1374.