郑州-新乡冬季PM_(2.5)中元素浓度特征及其源分析
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摘要
为了探究郑州-新乡地区PM_(2. 5)中各化学组成的污染特征和可能来源,用中流量大气采样器于2016年冬季分别在郑州、新乡市区进行连续1个月大气PM_(2. 5)膜采集,利用重量法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和离子色谱法分别进行了PM_(2. 5)浓度、17种金属元素的含量和7种水溶性离子含量的测定,并采用富集因子法和主成分分析法分析元素污染特征及其来源.结果表明,新乡地区2016年冬季PM_(2. 5)的质量浓度日均值为223. 87μg·m~(-3),郑州2016年冬季PM_(2. 5)质量浓度日均值为226. 67μg·m~(-3),两地污染水平相对较高.两地PM_(2. 5)中主要常量元素均为Al、Ca和Fe,约占17种元素总量的50%,而主要重金属含量差异明显,新乡PM_(2. 5)中重金属的含量均高于郑州地区,其中Cd、Ag和Pb富集因子超过1 000,新乡Cd元素富集突出.两地水溶性盐离子均以SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+这3种离子为主,占水溶性离子总量超过94%,(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3是两地PM_(2. 5)中主要存在形式.源解析结果显示,新乡2016年冬季的主要来源是生物质燃烧及二次气溶胶混合源,贡献率为34. 94%.郑州2016年冬季PM_(2. 5)的主要来源是燃煤及交通混合源,贡献率为33. 99%.
To study the pollution characteristics,sources,and transportation process of PM_(2. 5) and its chemical compositions in the Zhengzhou-Xinxiang region,PM_(2. 5) samples were collected using a middle volume sampler,in Zhengzhou and Xinxiang urban areas for30 consecutive days during the winter of 2016. The mass concentration of PM_(2. 5) was measured gravimetrically. 17 trace metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry( ICP-MS), and 7 water-soluble ions were determined by ion chromatography. The enrichment factor( EF) method and principal component analysis were employed to determine the source apportionment. The results showed that the daily mean PM_(2. 5) mass concentration during the winter sampling period of 2016 in Xinxiang and Zhengzhou was 223. 87 μg·m~(-3) and 226. 67 μg·m~(-3),respectively,which indicated that pollution levels were relatively high in both cities. The concentration of three macro elements( Al,Ca,and Fe) accounted for 50% of the total metal elements in both cities,while the heavy metals concentration was higher in Xinxiang than in Zhengzhou. The EFs of Cd,Ag,and Pb in Xinxiang were far higher than 1000,while only Cd was higher than 1000 in Zhengzhou. NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),and NH_4~+ were the main ions in the two cities.They exceeded 94% of total water-soluble ions and existed in the forms of( NH_4)2 SO_4 and NH_4 NO_3. The principle component analysis showed that the main contributors to PM_(2. 5) were a mixture of biomass combustion and secondary aerosol in Xinxiang,and a mixture of coal combustion and traffic emissions in Zhengzhou,accounting for 34. 94% and 33. 99% of total PM_(2. 5) emissions,respectively.
To study the pollution characteristics,sources,and transportation process of PM_(2. 5) and its chemical compositions in the Zhengzhou-Xinxiang region,PM_(2. 5) samples were collected using a middle volume sampler,in Zhengzhou and Xinxiang urban areas for30 consecutive days during the winter of 2016. The mass concentration of PM_(2. 5) was measured gravimetrically. 17 trace metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry( ICP-MS), and 7 water-soluble ions were determined by ion chromatography. The enrichment factor( EF) method and principal component analysis were employed to determine the source apportionment. The results showed that the daily mean PM_(2. 5) mass concentration during the winter sampling period of 2016 in Xinxiang and Zhengzhou was 223. 87 μg·m~(-3) and 226. 67 μg·m~(-3),respectively,which indicated that pollution levels were relatively high in both cities. The concentration of three macro elements( Al,Ca,and Fe) accounted for 50% of the total metal elements in both cities,while the heavy metals concentration was higher in Xinxiang than in Zhengzhou. The EFs of Cd,Ag,and Pb in Xinxiang were far higher than 1000,while only Cd was higher than 1000 in Zhengzhou. NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),and NH_4~+ were the main ions in the two cities.They exceeded 94% of total water-soluble ions and existed in the forms of( NH_4)2 SO_4 and NH_4 NO_3. The principle component analysis showed that the main contributors to PM_(2. 5) were a mixture of biomass combustion and secondary aerosol in Xinxiang,and a mixture of coal combustion and traffic emissions in Zhengzhou,accounting for 34. 94% and 33. 99% of total PM_(2. 5) emissions,respectively.
引文
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[4]吴兑.近十年中国灰霾天气研究综述[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(2):257-269.Wu D.Hazy weather research in China in last decade:a review[J].Acta S'cientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(2):257-269.
[5]郑玫,张延君,闫才青,等.中国PM2.5来源解析方法综述[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2014,50(6):1141-1154.Zheng M,Zhang Y J,Yan C Q,et al.Review of PM2.5source apportionment methods in China[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,50(6):1141-1154.
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[9]乔宝文,刘子锐,胡波,等.北京冬季PM2.5中金属元素浓度特征和来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):876-883.Qiao B W,Liu Z R,Hu B,et al.Concentration characteristics and sources of trace metals in PM2.5during wintertime in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):876-883.
[10]赵小宁,席冬冬,席奔野,等.新乡市冬、春季节PM2.5中水溶性离子及重金属的污染特征与源解析[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(8):3210-3219.Zhao X N,Xi D D,Xi B Y,et al.The pollutant character and source apportionment of water-soluble ions and heavy metals in PM2.5in winter-spring time of Xinxiang[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(8):3210-3219.
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