基于颗粒接触状态理论的砂-粉混合料剪切波速试验
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摘要
为探究细粒含量FC、相对密实度D_r、初始有效围压■对饱和砂-粉混合料剪切波速V_s的影响,对不同FC、D_r和■组合情况的混合料开展了一系列弯曲元试验。试验表明:随着FC的增加,松散-中密混合料的V_s先减小再增大,而密实混合料的V_s呈减小趋势;FC相同时混合料的V_s与固结后孔隙比e_c呈负线性关系,但不同FC的混合料的V_s与e_c没有单一的负线性关系;不同FC、D_r、■组合的砂-粉混合料的V_s与等效骨架孔隙比e_(sk)*具有很好的负线性关系。文献中三类砂-粉混合料的V_s试验数据也佐证了这一结论。这说明e_(sk)*是与砂-粉混合料V_s唯一具有负线性相关的物理状态指标。
In order to investigate the impacts of fine content FC, relative density D_r and initial effective confining pressure ■ on the shear wave velocity V_s of sand-silt mixtures, a series of bender element tests was performed on saturated sand-silt mixtures with different FC, D_r and■. The test results show that V_s of loose and medium-dense mixtures firstly decreases and then increases as FC increases, while V_s of dense mixtures presents a trend of decreasing. At a fixed FC, the V_s of the mixtures decreases monotonically with the increase of the consoildated void ratio e_c, but there is no a single negative linear relationship between V_s and ec of different FC mixtures. It is found that the V_s of mixtures with different FC, D_r and ■ decreases monotonically with the increase of the equivalent skeleton void ratio e_(sk)*. The test data of three types of sand-silt mixtures in the literature also support this conclusion. The test results show that e_(sk)* is the only physical state index with negative linear correlation with V_s of sand-silt mixtures.
In order to investigate the impacts of fine content FC, relative density D_r and initial effective confining pressure ■ on the shear wave velocity V_s of sand-silt mixtures, a series of bender element tests was performed on saturated sand-silt mixtures with different FC, D_r and■. The test results show that V_s of loose and medium-dense mixtures firstly decreases and then increases as FC increases, while V_s of dense mixtures presents a trend of decreasing. At a fixed FC, the V_s of the mixtures decreases monotonically with the increase of the consoildated void ratio e_c, but there is no a single negative linear relationship between V_s and ec of different FC mixtures. It is found that the V_s of mixtures with different FC, D_r and ■ decreases monotonically with the increase of the equivalent skeleton void ratio e_(sk)*. The test data of three types of sand-silt mixtures in the literature also support this conclusion. The test results show that e_(sk)* is the only physical state index with negative linear correlation with V_s of sand-silt mixtures.
引文
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[22]LEE J S,SANTAMARINA J C.Bender elements:performance and signal interpretation[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2005,131(9):1063-1070.
[23]陈云敏,周燕国,黄博.利用弯曲元测试砂土剪切模量的国际平行试验[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(7):874-880.CHEN Yun-min,ZHOU Yan-guo,HUANG Bo.International parallel test on the measurement of shear modulus of sand using bender elements[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(7):874-880.
[24]周燕国,陈云敏,黄博,等.利用弯曲元测量土体表层剪切波速的初步试验[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(12):1883-1887.ZHOU Yan-guo,CHEN Yun-min,HUANG Bo,et al.Preliminary tests of measuring shear wave velocity on soil surface using bender elements[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(12):1883-1887.
[25]ISHIHARA K.Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes[J].Geotechnique,1993,43(3):351-451.
[26]SKEMPTON A W.The pore-pressure coefficients A and B[J].Geotechnique,1954,4:143-147.
[27]ANDRUS R D,STOKOE II K H.Liquefaction resistance of soils from shear-wave velocity[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2000,126(11):1015-1025.
[28]HATANAKA M,UCHIDA A,SUZUKI Y.Correlation between undrained cyclic shear strength and shear wave velocity for gravelly soils[J].Soils and Foundations,1997,37(4):85-92.
[29]YANG J,LIU X.Shear wave velocity and stiffness of sand:the role of non-plastic fines[J].Géotechnique,2016,66(6):500-514.
[2]李青,徐中华,王卫东,等.上海典型黏土小应变剪切模量现场和室内试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(11):3263-3269.LI Qing,XU Zhong-hua,WANG Wei-dong,et al.Field and laboratory measurements on shear modulus of typical Shanghai clay at small strain[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(11):3263-3269.
[3]HARDIN B O,RICHART F E.Elastic wave velocities in granular soils[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanics&Foundations Division,1963,89(SM1):33-66.
[4]ISHIHARA K.Soil behaviour in earthquake geotechnics[M].[S.l.]:Clarendon Press,1996.
[5]刘瑜,夏唐代.砂土颗粒粗糙度对剪切波速影响的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(2):285-290.LIU Yu,XIA Tang-dai.Experimental study on influence of particle roughness on shear wave velocity of sand[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(2):285-290.
[6]ROBERTSON P K,SASITHARAN S,CUNNING J C,et al.Shear-wave velocity to evaluate in-situ state of Ottawa sand[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1995,121(3):262-273.
[7]CHOO H,BURNS S E.Shear wave velocity of granular mixtures of silica particles as a function of finer fraction,size ratios and void ratios[J].Granular Matter,2015,17(5):567-578.
[8]IWASAKI T,TATSUOKA F.Effects of grain size and grading on dynamic shear moduli of sands[J].Soils and Foundations,1977,17(3):19-35.
[9]HUANG Y T,HUANG A B,KUO Y C,et al.A laboratory study on the undrained strength of a silty sand from Central Western Taiwan[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2004,24(9):733-743.
[10]SALGADO R,BANDINI P,KARIM A.Shear strength and stiffness of silty sand[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2000,126(5):451-462.
[11]汪云龙,袁晓铭,轩浩,等.级配砂石剪切波速与相对密度关系实验研究[J].自然灾害学报,2016,25(2):173-178.WANG Yun-long,YUAN Xiao-ming,XUAN Hao,et al.Experimental study on quantitative relationship between shear wave velocity and density ratio of graded sand[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2016,25(2):173-178.
[12]CHANG W J.Evaluation of liquefaction resistance for gravelly sands using gravel content-corrected shear-wave velocity[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2016,142(5):04016002.
[13]THEVANAYAGAM S.Effect of fines and confining stress on undrained shear strength of silty sands[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,1998,124(6):479-491.
[14]THEVANAYAGAM S,SHENTHAN T,MOHAN S,et al.Undrained fragility of clean sands,silty sands,and sandy silts[J].Journal of the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(10):849-859.
[15]CHANG W J,CHANG C W,ZENG J K.Liquefaction characteristics of gap-graded gravelly soils in K0condition[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2014,56:74-85.
[16]SIMPSON D C,EVANS T M.Behavioral thresholds in mixtures of sand and kaolinite clay[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2015,142(2):04015073.
[17]LADE P V,LIGGIO C D,YAMAMURO J A.Effects of non-plastic fines on minimum and maximum void ratios of sand[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,1998,21(4):336-347.
[18]吴琪,陈国兴,周正龙,等.基于颗粒接触状态理论的粗细粒混合料液化强度试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2018,40(3):475-485.WU Qi,CHEN Guo-xing,ZHOU Zheng-long,et al.Experimental investigation on liquefaction resistance of fine-coarse-grained soil mixtures based on the theory of intergrain contact state[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2018,40(3):475-485.
[19]ROSCOE K H.The influence of strains in soil mechanics[J].Geotechnique,1970,20(2):129-170.
[20]MOONEY M A,VIGGIANI G,FINNO R J.Undrained shear band deformation in granular media[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics,1997,123(6):577-585.
[21]姬美秀,陈云敏,黄博.弯曲元试验高精度测试土样剪切波速方法[J].岩土工程学报,2003,25(6):732-736.JI Mei-xiu,CHEN Yun-min,HUANG Bo.Method for precisely determining shear wave velocity of soil from bender element tests[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2003,25(6):732-736.
[22]LEE J S,SANTAMARINA J C.Bender elements:performance and signal interpretation[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2005,131(9):1063-1070.
[23]陈云敏,周燕国,黄博.利用弯曲元测试砂土剪切模量的国际平行试验[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(7):874-880.CHEN Yun-min,ZHOU Yan-guo,HUANG Bo.International parallel test on the measurement of shear modulus of sand using bender elements[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(7):874-880.
[24]周燕国,陈云敏,黄博,等.利用弯曲元测量土体表层剪切波速的初步试验[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(12):1883-1887.ZHOU Yan-guo,CHEN Yun-min,HUANG Bo,et al.Preliminary tests of measuring shear wave velocity on soil surface using bender elements[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(12):1883-1887.
[25]ISHIHARA K.Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes[J].Geotechnique,1993,43(3):351-451.
[26]SKEMPTON A W.The pore-pressure coefficients A and B[J].Geotechnique,1954,4:143-147.
[27]ANDRUS R D,STOKOE II K H.Liquefaction resistance of soils from shear-wave velocity[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2000,126(11):1015-1025.
[28]HATANAKA M,UCHIDA A,SUZUKI Y.Correlation between undrained cyclic shear strength and shear wave velocity for gravelly soils[J].Soils and Foundations,1997,37(4):85-92.
[29]YANG J,LIU X.Shear wave velocity and stiffness of sand:the role of non-plastic fines[J].Géotechnique,2016,66(6):500-514.