东北粳稻不同开花时段冷积温对结实的影响及冷害指标
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摘要
在长白山北坡不同海拔高程开展水稻低温处理试验,以揭示水稻开花不同时段的冷积温对结实率的影响及其冷害气象指标。试验设7个海拔、3个低温持续时间、3个开花时段处理。结果表明,水稻空秕率对开花期冷积温反应很敏感,其关系呈二次函数,冷积温越多,水稻空秕率越大。不同开花时段低温影响程度差异明显,盛花期冷积温的影响系数是中花期的1.5倍,是初花期的2.2倍左右。水稻空秕率与昼间冷积温、日最高冷积温的关系更密切,与夜间冷积温和日最低冷积温的关系次之,昼间冷积温对空秕率的影响系数明显大于夜间冷积温的。水稻不同开花时段发生冷害的冷积温指标差异明显,盛花时段昼间冷积温28℃·d以上引发中度冷害,而在中花和初花时段分别是31℃·d和38℃·d;盛花时段日最高冷积温36℃·d以上引发严重冷害,而在中花和初花时段分别是41℃·d和52℃·d。开花期平均而言,昼间冷积温在31℃·d和38℃·d以上,或日最高冷积温在33℃·d和41℃·d以上,分别引发中度和重度冷害,空秕率分别达到10%和15%以上。
In order to reveal the effect of cold accumulated temperature in different phases of flowering on Japonica rice seed setting rate and define the weather indexes of rice chilling injury, a low-temperature treatment was executed at different altitudes on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain. The test setup included 7 altitude, 3 low temperature duration, and 3 sub-flowering stage. The results showed that the reaction of rice sterile grain rate to cold accumulated temperature in flowering stage was sensitive, and the relations between them followed a quadratic function. The more the cold-accumulated temperature was, the higher the sterile grain rate was. There were significant differences of the influence of low temperature in different sub-flowering stage. The influence coefficient of cold-accumulated temperature in full-flowering stage was 1.5 times as large as that in the middle-flowering and about 2.2 times as large as that in the early-flowering.The rice sterile grain rate is more closely related to daytime cold accumulated temperature and highest cold accumulated temperature than to night cold accumulated temperature and minimum cold accumulated temperature. The reaction coefficient of daytime cold accumulated temperature is greater than that of night cold accumulated temperature. The cold accumulated temperature indexes of rice chilling injury in different sub-flowering stage were obviously different. The daytime cold accumulated temperature index of moderate chilling injury is above 28℃·d in the full-flowering, while are 31℃·d in the middle-flowering and 38℃·d in the early-flowering. The highest cold accumulated temperature index of severe chilling injury is above 36℃·d in the full-flowering, while are 41℃·d in the middle-flowering and 52℃·d in the early-flowering. In the whole flowering stage, the daytime cold accumulated temperature above 31℃·d and 38℃·d, or the highest cold accumulated temperature above 33℃·d and 41℃·d caused moderate and severe chilling injury, and the sterile grain rate was above 10% and 15%, respectively.
In order to reveal the effect of cold accumulated temperature in different phases of flowering on Japonica rice seed setting rate and define the weather indexes of rice chilling injury, a low-temperature treatment was executed at different altitudes on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain. The test setup included 7 altitude, 3 low temperature duration, and 3 sub-flowering stage. The results showed that the reaction of rice sterile grain rate to cold accumulated temperature in flowering stage was sensitive, and the relations between them followed a quadratic function. The more the cold-accumulated temperature was, the higher the sterile grain rate was. There were significant differences of the influence of low temperature in different sub-flowering stage. The influence coefficient of cold-accumulated temperature in full-flowering stage was 1.5 times as large as that in the middle-flowering and about 2.2 times as large as that in the early-flowering.The rice sterile grain rate is more closely related to daytime cold accumulated temperature and highest cold accumulated temperature than to night cold accumulated temperature and minimum cold accumulated temperature. The reaction coefficient of daytime cold accumulated temperature is greater than that of night cold accumulated temperature. The cold accumulated temperature indexes of rice chilling injury in different sub-flowering stage were obviously different. The daytime cold accumulated temperature index of moderate chilling injury is above 28℃·d in the full-flowering, while are 31℃·d in the middle-flowering and 38℃·d in the early-flowering. The highest cold accumulated temperature index of severe chilling injury is above 36℃·d in the full-flowering, while are 41℃·d in the middle-flowering and 52℃·d in the early-flowering. In the whole flowering stage, the daytime cold accumulated temperature above 31℃·d and 38℃·d, or the highest cold accumulated temperature above 33℃·d and 41℃·d caused moderate and severe chilling injury, and the sterile grain rate was above 10% and 15%, respectively.
引文
[1] 王书裕.作物低温冷害研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1995:95-102.WANG Shuyu.Study on Crop Chilling Damage[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1995,90-120.(in Chinese)
[2] Imai R,Wen J,Sasaki K,et al.Diverse Mechanisms of Low-temperature Stress Response in rice[A].Scientific Perspectives for 21st Century/Proceeding of the World Rice Research Conference[C].Japen,2005:54-56.
[3] 马树庆,王琪,王春乙,等.东北地区水稻冷害气候风险度和经济脆弱度及其分区研究[J].地理研究,2011,30(5):931-938.MA Shuqing,WANG Qi,WANG Chunyi,et al.Climate risk and economy vulnerability of rice chilling damage and division in Northeast China[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(5):931-938.(in Chinese)
[4] 马树庆,袭祝香,马力文,等.北方水稻低温冷害指标持续适用性检验与比较[J].气象,2015,41(6):778-785.MA Shuqing,XI Zhuxiang,MA Liwen,et al.Test and comparison of sustainable suitability of meteorological indicators for rice cold damages in the North of China[J].Meteorological Monthly,2015,41(6):778-785.(in Chinese)
[5] 姜丽霞,李帅,闫平,等.黑龙江省水稻开花期障碍型冷害及其对产量的影响[J].中国农业气象,2009,30(3):463-468.JIANG Lixia,LI Shuai,YAN Ping,et al.Sterile type cool injury of rice during booting stage and its impacts on rice yield in Heilongjiang province[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2009,30(3):463-468.(in Chinese)
[6] 雷克淼,赵圣菊,太华杰,等.低温影响晚稻抽穗开花的试验[J].气象,1979,5(7):29-32.LEI Kemiao,ZHAO Shengju,TAI Huajie.Experiment on the effects of low temperature on rice heading and flowering[J].Meteorological Monthly,1979.5(7):29-32.(in Chinese)
[7] 胡芬.水稻花期低温冷害的气象指标与机理[J].中国农业科学,1981(2):60-64.HU Fen.The meteorological index and mechanism of chilling injury at the blooming stage of rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1981(2):60-64.(in Chinese)
[8] 李达模,于新民,王洪春.水稻开花期冷害机理与鉴定指标的研究[J].中国农业科学,1986,19(2):12-17.LI Dame,YU Ximin,WANG Hongchun.Study on mechanism and indicators of chilling injury in rice at flowering stage[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1986,19(2):12-17.(in Chinese)
[9] 王连敏,王立志,王春艳,等.花期低温对寒地水稻颖花结实的影响[J].自然灾害学报,2004,13(2):92-95.WAN Lianmin,WANG Lizhi,WANG Chunyan,et al.Effect of low temperature during flowering on rice spikelets fertility in cold region[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(2):92-95.(in Chinese)
[10] 曲辉辉,姜丽霞,朱海霞,等.开花期低温对黑龙江省主栽水稻品种减产率的影响[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(3):489-493.QU Huihui,JIANG Lixia,ZHU Haixia,et al.Effects of low temperature at booting stage on the percentage of unfilled grains of major rice varieties in Heilongjiang province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(3):489-493.(in Chinese)
[11] 姜丽霞,季生太,李帅,等.黑龙江省水稻减产率与开花期低温的关系[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(7):1725- 1730.JIANG Lixia,JI Shengtai,LI Shuai,et al.Relationship between rice and low temperature at booting stage in Heilongjiang province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(7):1725- 1730.(in Chinese)
[12] 马树庆,王琪,王连敏,等.水稻花期低温不育评估模式试验研究[J].气象学报,2000,58(增刊):954-960.MA Shuqing,Wang qi,Wang lianmin,et al.Study on estimating model of rice infertility by low temperature at flowering stage[J].Acta Meteorological Sinica,2000,58(s):954-960.(in Chinese)
[13] Hayase.H.Simple method for estimating the most sensitive period to cool-summer damage due to floral impotency of rice[J].Agriculture and Horticulture,1976,51(1):641-645.
[14] Tokita H,J.Sasaki,O.Itou.Relation between sterility due to cool-summer damage and standing crop of rice [Oryza sativa] plant in 1993[J].Tohoku Journal of Crop Science,1995(38):13-14.
[15] Hiroyuki S,Toshihiro H,Masahisa M.Modeling spikelet sterility induced by low temperature in rice[J].Agronomy Journal,2005(97):1524-1536.
[16] 马树庆,刘晓航,邓奎才,等.幼穗形成期低温对水稻结实的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(1):125-132.MA Shuqing,LIU Xiaohang,DENG Kuicai,et al.Effects of low temperature in young ear formation stage on rice seed setting[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(1):125-132.(in Chinese)
[17] 雷克淼,太华杰.初论地理移栽法试验原理及其在农业试验中的应用[J].中国农业气象,1981,2(2):56-62.LEI Kemiao,TAI Huajie.The principle of geographic transplanting method and its application in agrometeorolgical experiment[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,1981,2(2):56-62.(in Chinese)
[18] 何维勋,罗中岑,郑俊生.水稻花期低温冷害的模拟试验研究[J].农业气象,1979,1(1):42-47.HE Weixun,LUO Zhongchen,ZHENG Junsheng.Simulation experiment of rice chilling damages at flowering stage[J].Journal of Agrometeorology,1979,1(1):42-47.(in Chinese)
[19] 吴承杰.水稻花期低温冷害研究[KG-*5]-[KG-*5]障碍型冷害研究[J].农业气象,1980,1(3):51-52.WU Chengjie.Study on rice chilling damages at flowering stage[J].Journal of Agrometeorology,1980,1(3):51-52.(in Chinese)
[20] 马树庆,全虎杰,邓奎才,等.基于高山梯度试验的粳稻开花期低温对结实的影响[J].生态学杂志,https://doi.org/10.13292/j.1000-4890.201804.011.MA Shuqing,QUAN Hujie,DENG Kuicai,et al.Effect of low temperature in Japonica rice flowering stage on empty abortion based on gradient test of mountain temperature[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology.https://doi.org/10.13292/j.1000-4890.201804.011.(in Chinese)
[21] 邱译萱,马树庆,高峰,等.吉林省东部水稻生长和产量对移栽期和温度变化的反应[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(4):909-916.QIU Yixuan,MA Shuqing,GAO Feng,et al.Response of growth and yield of round-grained rice to transplanting data and temperature change in eastern jilin province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(4):909-916.(in Chinese)
[22] 马树庆,王琪,沈享文,等.水稻障碍型冷害损失评估及预测模型研究[J].气象学报,2003,61(4):507-512.MA Shuqing,WANG Qi,SHEN Hengwen,et al.Model study on evaluation and forecast of rice yield loss for sterile-type cool injury[J].Acta Meteorological Sinica,2003,61(4):507-512.(in Chinese)
[23] 中国气象局.农业气象观测规范[M].北京:气象出版社,1993.CMA.Agricultural Meteorological Observation Specifications[M].Beijing:Meteorological Press,1993.(in Chinese)
[24] QX/T 182—2013 水稻冷害评估技术规范[S].北京:气象出版社,2013.QX/T 182—2013 Technical Specifications for Evaluation of Rice Cold Damage[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2013.(in Chinese)
[2] Imai R,Wen J,Sasaki K,et al.Diverse Mechanisms of Low-temperature Stress Response in rice[A].Scientific Perspectives for 21st Century/Proceeding of the World Rice Research Conference[C].Japen,2005:54-56.
[3] 马树庆,王琪,王春乙,等.东北地区水稻冷害气候风险度和经济脆弱度及其分区研究[J].地理研究,2011,30(5):931-938.MA Shuqing,WANG Qi,WANG Chunyi,et al.Climate risk and economy vulnerability of rice chilling damage and division in Northeast China[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(5):931-938.(in Chinese)
[4] 马树庆,袭祝香,马力文,等.北方水稻低温冷害指标持续适用性检验与比较[J].气象,2015,41(6):778-785.MA Shuqing,XI Zhuxiang,MA Liwen,et al.Test and comparison of sustainable suitability of meteorological indicators for rice cold damages in the North of China[J].Meteorological Monthly,2015,41(6):778-785.(in Chinese)
[5] 姜丽霞,李帅,闫平,等.黑龙江省水稻开花期障碍型冷害及其对产量的影响[J].中国农业气象,2009,30(3):463-468.JIANG Lixia,LI Shuai,YAN Ping,et al.Sterile type cool injury of rice during booting stage and its impacts on rice yield in Heilongjiang province[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2009,30(3):463-468.(in Chinese)
[6] 雷克淼,赵圣菊,太华杰,等.低温影响晚稻抽穗开花的试验[J].气象,1979,5(7):29-32.LEI Kemiao,ZHAO Shengju,TAI Huajie.Experiment on the effects of low temperature on rice heading and flowering[J].Meteorological Monthly,1979.5(7):29-32.(in Chinese)
[7] 胡芬.水稻花期低温冷害的气象指标与机理[J].中国农业科学,1981(2):60-64.HU Fen.The meteorological index and mechanism of chilling injury at the blooming stage of rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1981(2):60-64.(in Chinese)
[8] 李达模,于新民,王洪春.水稻开花期冷害机理与鉴定指标的研究[J].中国农业科学,1986,19(2):12-17.LI Dame,YU Ximin,WANG Hongchun.Study on mechanism and indicators of chilling injury in rice at flowering stage[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1986,19(2):12-17.(in Chinese)
[9] 王连敏,王立志,王春艳,等.花期低温对寒地水稻颖花结实的影响[J].自然灾害学报,2004,13(2):92-95.WAN Lianmin,WANG Lizhi,WANG Chunyan,et al.Effect of low temperature during flowering on rice spikelets fertility in cold region[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(2):92-95.(in Chinese)
[10] 曲辉辉,姜丽霞,朱海霞,等.开花期低温对黑龙江省主栽水稻品种减产率的影响[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(3):489-493.QU Huihui,JIANG Lixia,ZHU Haixia,et al.Effects of low temperature at booting stage on the percentage of unfilled grains of major rice varieties in Heilongjiang province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(3):489-493.(in Chinese)
[11] 姜丽霞,季生太,李帅,等.黑龙江省水稻减产率与开花期低温的关系[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(7):1725- 1730.JIANG Lixia,JI Shengtai,LI Shuai,et al.Relationship between rice and low temperature at booting stage in Heilongjiang province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(7):1725- 1730.(in Chinese)
[12] 马树庆,王琪,王连敏,等.水稻花期低温不育评估模式试验研究[J].气象学报,2000,58(增刊):954-960.MA Shuqing,Wang qi,Wang lianmin,et al.Study on estimating model of rice infertility by low temperature at flowering stage[J].Acta Meteorological Sinica,2000,58(s):954-960.(in Chinese)
[13] Hayase.H.Simple method for estimating the most sensitive period to cool-summer damage due to floral impotency of rice[J].Agriculture and Horticulture,1976,51(1):641-645.
[14] Tokita H,J.Sasaki,O.Itou.Relation between sterility due to cool-summer damage and standing crop of rice [Oryza sativa] plant in 1993[J].Tohoku Journal of Crop Science,1995(38):13-14.
[15] Hiroyuki S,Toshihiro H,Masahisa M.Modeling spikelet sterility induced by low temperature in rice[J].Agronomy Journal,2005(97):1524-1536.
[16] 马树庆,刘晓航,邓奎才,等.幼穗形成期低温对水稻结实的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(1):125-132.MA Shuqing,LIU Xiaohang,DENG Kuicai,et al.Effects of low temperature in young ear formation stage on rice seed setting[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(1):125-132.(in Chinese)
[17] 雷克淼,太华杰.初论地理移栽法试验原理及其在农业试验中的应用[J].中国农业气象,1981,2(2):56-62.LEI Kemiao,TAI Huajie.The principle of geographic transplanting method and its application in agrometeorolgical experiment[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,1981,2(2):56-62.(in Chinese)
[18] 何维勋,罗中岑,郑俊生.水稻花期低温冷害的模拟试验研究[J].农业气象,1979,1(1):42-47.HE Weixun,LUO Zhongchen,ZHENG Junsheng.Simulation experiment of rice chilling damages at flowering stage[J].Journal of Agrometeorology,1979,1(1):42-47.(in Chinese)
[19] 吴承杰.水稻花期低温冷害研究[KG-*5]-[KG-*5]障碍型冷害研究[J].农业气象,1980,1(3):51-52.WU Chengjie.Study on rice chilling damages at flowering stage[J].Journal of Agrometeorology,1980,1(3):51-52.(in Chinese)
[20] 马树庆,全虎杰,邓奎才,等.基于高山梯度试验的粳稻开花期低温对结实的影响[J].生态学杂志,https://doi.org/10.13292/j.1000-4890.201804.011.MA Shuqing,QUAN Hujie,DENG Kuicai,et al.Effect of low temperature in Japonica rice flowering stage on empty abortion based on gradient test of mountain temperature[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology.https://doi.org/10.13292/j.1000-4890.201804.011.(in Chinese)
[21] 邱译萱,马树庆,高峰,等.吉林省东部水稻生长和产量对移栽期和温度变化的反应[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(4):909-916.QIU Yixuan,MA Shuqing,GAO Feng,et al.Response of growth and yield of round-grained rice to transplanting data and temperature change in eastern jilin province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(4):909-916.(in Chinese)
[22] 马树庆,王琪,沈享文,等.水稻障碍型冷害损失评估及预测模型研究[J].气象学报,2003,61(4):507-512.MA Shuqing,WANG Qi,SHEN Hengwen,et al.Model study on evaluation and forecast of rice yield loss for sterile-type cool injury[J].Acta Meteorological Sinica,2003,61(4):507-512.(in Chinese)
[23] 中国气象局.农业气象观测规范[M].北京:气象出版社,1993.CMA.Agricultural Meteorological Observation Specifications[M].Beijing:Meteorological Press,1993.(in Chinese)
[24] QX/T 182—2013 水稻冷害评估技术规范[S].北京:气象出版社,2013.QX/T 182—2013 Technical Specifications for Evaluation of Rice Cold Damage[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2013.(in Chinese)
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