典型济南泉域强渗漏带的保护开发与评价
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摘要
兴隆片区是距济南市趵突泉、黑虎泉、五龙潭、珍珠泉4大泉群直线距离最近、面积最大的典型性强渗漏补给带。在城市化进程中,其部分区域逐渐由近自然型向覆盖性强渗漏带过渡。基于强渗漏带保护策略和低影响开发理念,对兴隆强渗漏带不同开发情景进行了分析模拟,提出了兴隆强渗漏带保护性开发措施。结果表明:在较少考虑保护和低影响开发的原规划A情景下,建设后地表径流的增加量约6.5万m3/(a·km2),增幅为36.29%;入渗补给量减少约8.8万m3/(a·km2),降幅为46.86%。在充分考虑保护和低影响开发的调整规划B情景下,比A情景减少地表径流约16.17%,增加入渗补给约41.20%,保护效果明显;但与近自然态相比,入渗补给量仅恢复至原水平的75%。开发建设强烈改变了下垫面的原有性质,损坏了强渗漏带地下水补给功能,即便采取低影响开发,也无法完全消除因工程建设导致的地下水补给量减少;因此以全流域生态修复和调水补源为核心的C情景的入渗补给功能可恢复并增加至现状的129.85%,是最为理想有效的保护措施。
[Background]Xinglong is a typical strong seepage recharge zone with the nearest and largest trait from the four spring groups named Baotu Spring,Black Tiger Spring,Five Dragon Pool and Pearl Spring in Jinan city. In the process of urbanization,some partial region of Xinglong area gradually transit from nearly natural type to strong cover leakage zone. Its strong leakage recharge function or supply of spring water gradually reduced. [Methods]1) With the aid of remote sensing,geographic information systems and other technical means,as well as site investigation,the information of geology,meteorology,hydrology,soil,vegetation and settlements were collected and sorted out in the studied area. A database of natural and socioeconomic data was established. 2) By taking on-the-spot geophysical( 5 electrical sounding profiles,32 physical points),drilling( 165 holes,total footage 83. 07 m),seepage pressure test( 4 layers 4 times water seepage test,3 layers 3 times water pressure test),drilling core observation( 4 groups of drilling core,respectively 11,15,19 and 10,a total of 55) and other methods,the hydrogeological parameters of the strong seepage zone were obtained. 3) Combined with the groundwater hydrodynamic theory,the Xinglong groundwater infiltration-seepage numerical model was constructed.According to the land use,the hardening rate and other indicators under different development scenarios,as well as the geological,geomorphological and hydrogeological conditions of the studied area,the computational partitions were divided into three types,including Commercial District( N),Residential District( F) and Park District( E). On this basis,the groundwater recharge analysis and simulation were conducted to find out the changing rules of groundwater recharge in Xinglong Strong Seepage Zone.4) Based on the strategies of strong seepage zone protection and low impact development,the protective development measures for the Xinglong Strong Seepage Zone were put forward. [Results] The research showed that the increase of surface runoff per square kilometer after construction was about 65 000 m3/a,an increase of 36. 29%,and the infiltration recharge reduced by about 88 000 m3 under the situation that original planning scenario A considered less protection and low-impact development( LID),a decrease of46. 86%. With full consideration of protection and LID and adjustment,i. e.,scenario B,the reduction of surface runoff by about 16. 17% over the scenario A and the increase of infiltration and recharge by about 41. 20% resulted in a significant protection effect. However,compared with the near-natural state,infiltration recharge only recovered to 75% of the original level. In the scenario C,by more actions such as delimiting the scope of protected areas,the construction of ecologically clean small watersheds,ditch protection and treatment,restoration of damaged mountains,ecological transformation of old villages,and inter-basin water diversion,the infiltration recharge functions of the Xinglong Strong Seepage Zone can be improved to 129. 85% of the status quo according to modeling. [Conclusions] It can be seen that the development and construction have strongly changed the original properties of the underlying surface and damaged the groundwater recharge function in the strong seepage zone. Even if the low-impact development is adopted,the groundwater recharge due to the project construction will not be completely eliminated. More actions as described in scenario C are needed,and it has become the most desired and effective scheme at present.
[Background]Xinglong is a typical strong seepage recharge zone with the nearest and largest trait from the four spring groups named Baotu Spring,Black Tiger Spring,Five Dragon Pool and Pearl Spring in Jinan city. In the process of urbanization,some partial region of Xinglong area gradually transit from nearly natural type to strong cover leakage zone. Its strong leakage recharge function or supply of spring water gradually reduced. [Methods]1) With the aid of remote sensing,geographic information systems and other technical means,as well as site investigation,the information of geology,meteorology,hydrology,soil,vegetation and settlements were collected and sorted out in the studied area. A database of natural and socioeconomic data was established. 2) By taking on-the-spot geophysical( 5 electrical sounding profiles,32 physical points),drilling( 165 holes,total footage 83. 07 m),seepage pressure test( 4 layers 4 times water seepage test,3 layers 3 times water pressure test),drilling core observation( 4 groups of drilling core,respectively 11,15,19 and 10,a total of 55) and other methods,the hydrogeological parameters of the strong seepage zone were obtained. 3) Combined with the groundwater hydrodynamic theory,the Xinglong groundwater infiltration-seepage numerical model was constructed.According to the land use,the hardening rate and other indicators under different development scenarios,as well as the geological,geomorphological and hydrogeological conditions of the studied area,the computational partitions were divided into three types,including Commercial District( N),Residential District( F) and Park District( E). On this basis,the groundwater recharge analysis and simulation were conducted to find out the changing rules of groundwater recharge in Xinglong Strong Seepage Zone.4) Based on the strategies of strong seepage zone protection and low impact development,the protective development measures for the Xinglong Strong Seepage Zone were put forward. [Results] The research showed that the increase of surface runoff per square kilometer after construction was about 65 000 m3/a,an increase of 36. 29%,and the infiltration recharge reduced by about 88 000 m3 under the situation that original planning scenario A considered less protection and low-impact development( LID),a decrease of46. 86%. With full consideration of protection and LID and adjustment,i. e.,scenario B,the reduction of surface runoff by about 16. 17% over the scenario A and the increase of infiltration and recharge by about 41. 20% resulted in a significant protection effect. However,compared with the near-natural state,infiltration recharge only recovered to 75% of the original level. In the scenario C,by more actions such as delimiting the scope of protected areas,the construction of ecologically clean small watersheds,ditch protection and treatment,restoration of damaged mountains,ecological transformation of old villages,and inter-basin water diversion,the infiltration recharge functions of the Xinglong Strong Seepage Zone can be improved to 129. 85% of the status quo according to modeling. [Conclusions] It can be seen that the development and construction have strongly changed the original properties of the underlying surface and damaged the groundwater recharge function in the strong seepage zone. Even if the low-impact development is adopted,the groundwater recharge due to the project construction will not be completely eliminated. More actions as described in scenario C are needed,and it has become the most desired and effective scheme at present.
引文
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[10]孟庆斌,邢立亭,滕朝霞.济南泉域“三水”转化与泉水恢复关系研究[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2008,38(5):82.MENG Qingbin,XING Liting,TENG Zhaoxia.The relationship of spring protection and transformation pattern between precipitation groundwater and surface water in the Jinan spring region[J].Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science),2008,38(5):82.
[11]李道真.山丘区三水转化及应用变参进行区域水资源计算方法研究(下)[J].资源与环境,1990,2(1):36.LI Daozhen.Study on calculative methods of variable parameters in areal water resource evaluation and the interaction between surface water and groundwater[J].Journal of Resources and Environment,1990,2(1):36.
[12]肖起模,邹连文,刘江.降水入渗补给系数与地层的相关分析与应用[J].水利学报,1998,(10):32.XIAO Qimo,ZOU Lianwen,LIU Jiang.Correlation analysis and application of precipitation infiltration coefficient and stratum area weight[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1998,(10):32.
[2]张曰良,李福林,陈学群,等.济南泉域重点强渗漏带调查与保护规划[R].济南:济南市水利局,山东省水利科学研究院,2014:3.ZHANG Yueliang,LI Fulin,CHEN Xuequn,et al.Investigation and conservation planning on strong seepage zones of the Jinan spring region[R].Jinan:Jinan Water Conservancy Bureau,Water Resources Research Institute of Shandong Province,2014:3.
[3]CEOLA S,MONTANARI A,KOUTSOYANNIS D.Toward a theoretical framework for integrated modeling of hydrological change[J].WIREs Water,2014,1(5):427.
[4]张戈丽,王立本,欧阳华,等.近20年来济南泉水补给区景观格局及其功能变化分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2010,12(5):593.ZHANG Geli,WANG Liben,OUYANG Hua,et al.Changes of landscape patterns and ecological services of the spring recharge area in Jinan since 1990s[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2010,12(5):593.
[5]PUMO D,ARNONE E,FRANCIPANE A,et al.Potential implications of climate change and urbanization on watershed hydrology[J].Journal of Hydrology,2017,(554):80.
[6]JACOBSON C R.Identification and quantification of the hydrological impacts of imperviousness in urban catchments:A review[J].Journal of Environment Management,2011,92(6):1438.
[7]SALVADORE E,BRONDERS J,BATELAAN O.Hydrological modelling of urbanized catchments:a review and future directions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,529(Part 1):62.
[8]PROSDOCIMI I,KJELDSEN T R,MILLER J D.Detection and attribution of urbanization effect on flood extremes using nonstationary flood-frequency models[J].Water Resource Research,2015,51(6):4244.
[9]MONTANARI A,YOUNG G,SAVENIJE H H G,et al.“Panta Rhei-Everything Flows”:Change in hydrology and society:The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013-2022[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2013,58(6):1256.
[10]孟庆斌,邢立亭,滕朝霞.济南泉域“三水”转化与泉水恢复关系研究[J].山东大学学报(工学版),2008,38(5):82.MENG Qingbin,XING Liting,TENG Zhaoxia.The relationship of spring protection and transformation pattern between precipitation groundwater and surface water in the Jinan spring region[J].Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science),2008,38(5):82.
[11]李道真.山丘区三水转化及应用变参进行区域水资源计算方法研究(下)[J].资源与环境,1990,2(1):36.LI Daozhen.Study on calculative methods of variable parameters in areal water resource evaluation and the interaction between surface water and groundwater[J].Journal of Resources and Environment,1990,2(1):36.
[12]肖起模,邹连文,刘江.降水入渗补给系数与地层的相关分析与应用[J].水利学报,1998,(10):32.XIAO Qimo,ZOU Lianwen,LIU Jiang.Correlation analysis and application of precipitation infiltration coefficient and stratum area weight[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1998,(10):32.