重金属在油菜秆热解过程中的迁移规律
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摘要
以含重金属油菜秆为研究对象,采用热重分析仪研究其热解特性,采用管式炉热解装置研究热解温度和热解时间对Cd,Zn,Mn,Cu,Cr和Ni等重金属迁移的影响。研究结果表明:随升温速率增加,油菜秆质量损失率增大,TG和DTG曲线向高温区移动,残余固体质量增大;油菜秆热解产炭中重金属明显富集(Cd除外),且重金属总保留率随热解温度升高呈先升高后降低趋势,而随热解时间延长则逐步降低;在热解温度为500℃、热解时间为10 min时,重金属总保留率最高;各重金属的挥发性存在较大差异,其中Cd为易挥发性元素,Zn和Cu为中等挥发性元素,Mn,Cr和Ni为难挥发性元素。
Heavy metals contaminated rape stalks were taken as the research object, pyrolysis characteristics were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer and the effects of pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time on the migration of heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr and Ni were investigated by tube furnace pyrolysis reactor. The results show that with the increase of the heating rate, TG and DTG curves of rape stalk shift to higher temperature section, the mass loss rate of rape stalk increases and the mass of residual solid increases. All heavy metals in rape stalks are obviously enriched in biochar after pyrolysis except Cd, the total retention rate of heavy metals increases first and then decreases with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, and decreases with the increase of pyrolysis time. The total retention rate of heavy metals is the highest when the pyrolysis temperature is 500 ℃ and pyrolysis time is 10 min. There is a great difference in the volatility of various heavy metals, and it can be considered that Cd is volatile element, Zn and Cu are medium volatile elements, Mn, Cr and Ni are less volatile elements.
Heavy metals contaminated rape stalks were taken as the research object, pyrolysis characteristics were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer and the effects of pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time on the migration of heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr and Ni were investigated by tube furnace pyrolysis reactor. The results show that with the increase of the heating rate, TG and DTG curves of rape stalk shift to higher temperature section, the mass loss rate of rape stalk increases and the mass of residual solid increases. All heavy metals in rape stalks are obviously enriched in biochar after pyrolysis except Cd, the total retention rate of heavy metals increases first and then decreases with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, and decreases with the increase of pyrolysis time. The total retention rate of heavy metals is the highest when the pyrolysis temperature is 500 ℃ and pyrolysis time is 10 min. There is a great difference in the volatility of various heavy metals, and it can be considered that Cd is volatile element, Zn and Cu are medium volatile elements, Mn, Cr and Ni are less volatile elements.
引文
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[24]薛辉,仲兆平,钟道旭,等.超积累植物与煤在混烧过程中重金属的迁移特性[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(5):2581-2586.XUE Hui,ZHONG Zhaoping,ZHONG Daoxu,et al.Migration characteristics of heavy metals during the co-combustion of hyperaccumulator and coal[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(5):2581-2586.
[25]YU Jie,SUN Lushi,XIANG Jun,et al.Vaporization of heavy metals during thermal treatment of model solid waste in a fluidized bed incinerator[J].Chemosphere,2012,86(11):1122.
[26]YANG Jiangguang,TANG Chaobo,HE Jing,et al.Heavy metal removal and crude bio-oil upgrade from Sedum alfredii Hance harvest using hydrothermal upgrading[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,179(1/2/3):1037.
[2]樊霆,叶文玲,陈海燕,等.农田土壤重金属污染状况及修复技术研究[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(10):1727-1736.FAN Ting,YE Wenling,CHEN Haiyan,et al.Study on the pollution status and remediation technology of heavy metals in farmland soils[J].Journal of Ecology and Environment,2013,22(10):1727-1736.
[3]LIU Weitao,ZHOU Qixing,ZHANG Zhineng,et al.Evaluation of cadmium phytoremediation potential in Chinese cabbage cultivars[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2011,59(15):8324-8330.
[4]CHEN Tongbin,WEI Chaoyang,HUANG Zechun,et al.Arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris Vittata L.and its arsenic accumulation[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47(11):902-905.
[5]YANG Xiaoe,LONG Xinxian,NI Wuzhong,et al.Sedum alfredii H:a new Zn hyperaccumulating plant first found in China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47(19):1634-1637.
[6]YAN Xiulan,CHEN Tongbin,LIAO Xiaoyong,et al.Arsenic transformation and volatilization during incineration of thehyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(5):1479.
[7]BARBAROUX R,PLASARI E,MERCIER G,et al.A new process for nickel ammonium disulfate production from ash of the hyperaccumulating plant Alyssum murale[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,423(8):111-119.
[8]KOPPOLU L,AGBLEVOR F A,CLEMENTS L D.Pyrolysis as a technique for separating heavy metals from hyperaccumulators.PartⅡ:Lab-scale pyrolysis of synthetic hyperaccumulator biomass[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2003,25(6):651-663.
[9]KOPPOLU L,PRASAD R,CLEMENTS L D.Pyrolysis as a technique for separating heavy metals from hyperaccumulators.Part III:pilot-scalepyrolysisof synthetic hyperaccumulator biomass[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2004,26(5):463-472.
[10]YUAN Xingzhong,HUANG Huajun,ZENG Guangming,et al.Total concentrations and chemical speciation of heavy metals in liquefaction residues of sewage sludge[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(5):4104-4110.
[11]孙阳,刘亚男,郭朝晖,等.植物修复收获物热解制备生物炭过程中重金属的稳定性研究[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,47(7):2189-2195.SUN Yang,LIU Yanan,GUO Zhaohui,et al.Study on the stability of heavy metals during phytoremediation of biochar pyrolysis[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2016,47(7):2189-2195.
[12]SAS-NOWOSIELSKA A,KUCHARSKI R,MALKOWSKI E,et al.Phytoextraction crop disposal:an unsolved problem[J].Environmental Pollution,2004,128(3):373-379.
[13]LIU Yanan,GUO Zhaohui,SUN Yang,et al.Stabilization of heavy metals in biochar pyrolyzed from phytoremediated giant reed(Arundo donax)biomass[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(3):656-665.
[14]STALS M,CARLEER R,REGGERS G,et al.Flash pyrolysis of heavy metal contaminated hardwoods from phytoremediation:characterisation of biomass,pyrolysis oil and char/ash fraction[J].Journal of Analytical&Applied Pyrolysis,2010,89(1):22-29.
[15]夏娟娟,赵增立,李海滨,等.修复植物热解半焦中重金属形态分布研究[J].环境污染与防治,2011,33(1):57-60.XIA Juanjuan,ZHAO Zengli,LI Haibin,et al.Study on speciation and distribution of heavy metals in the pyrolytic char of phytoremediation[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2011,33(1):57-60.
[16]杨刚,袁大刚,钟贵江,等.微波消解-ICP-AES法测定钒钛矿区优势植物中重金属质量分数[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2012,32(5):1391-1393.YANG Gang,YUAN Dagang,ZHONG Guijiang,et al.Determination of heavy metals in the dominant plants of vanadium and titanium mines by microwave digestion[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2012,32(5):1391-1393.
[17]MAITI S,PURAKAYASTHA S,GHOSH B.Thermal characterization of mustard straw and stalk in nitrogen at different heatingrates[J].Fuel,2007,86(10/11):1513-1518.
[18]王章鸿,郭海艳,沈飞,等.热解条件对生物炭性质和氮、磷吸附性能的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2805-2812.WANG Zhanghong,GUO Haiyan,SHEN Fei,et al.The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biological properties of carbon and nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,35(9):2805-2812.
[19]AHMAD M,MOON D H,VITHANAGE M,et al.Production and use of biochar from buffalo-weed(Ambrosia trifida,L.)for trichloroethylene removal from water[J].Journal of Chemical Technology&Biotechnology,2013,89(1):150-157.
[20]CAO Xinde,HARRIS W.Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(14):5222-5228.
[21]吴贤豪,李建新,王永川,等.超积累植物热解中重金属迁移及渗滤特性研究[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(7):2707-2712.WU Xianhao,LI Jianxin,WANG Yongchuan,et al.Study on migration and percolation characteristics of heavy metals in hyperaccumulator[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2017,37(7):2707-2712.
[22]夏娟娟,钟慧琼,赵增立,等.修复植物热解过程中重金属元素迁移行为研究[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(7):1696-1699.XIA Juanjuan,ZHONG Huiqiong,ZHAO Zengli,et al.Study on migration behavior of heavy metals during phytoremediation pyrolysis[J].Journal of Ecological Environment,2010,19(7):1696-1699.
[23]KELLER C,LUDWIG C,DAVOLI F,et al.Thermal treatment of metal-enriched biomass produced from heavy metal phytoextraction[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(9):3359-67.
[24]薛辉,仲兆平,钟道旭,等.超积累植物与煤在混烧过程中重金属的迁移特性[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(5):2581-2586.XUE Hui,ZHONG Zhaoping,ZHONG Daoxu,et al.Migration characteristics of heavy metals during the co-combustion of hyperaccumulator and coal[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(5):2581-2586.
[25]YU Jie,SUN Lushi,XIANG Jun,et al.Vaporization of heavy metals during thermal treatment of model solid waste in a fluidized bed incinerator[J].Chemosphere,2012,86(11):1122.
[26]YANG Jiangguang,TANG Chaobo,HE Jing,et al.Heavy metal removal and crude bio-oil upgrade from Sedum alfredii Hance harvest using hydrothermal upgrading[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,179(1/2/3):1037.