指导路径项目:美国社区学院的深度变革之举
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摘要
美国社区学院长期以来维持着传统的"自助餐"运行模式,这种模式在项目与课程的选择、学生入学与学业支持、教学模式与手段、补偿教育四个方面有着显著的弊端,影响着美国产业发展、社会稳定以及高等教育质量。为解决中等技能劳动力短缺、社区学院毕业生高失业率以及大众对高质量高等教育需求的问题,美国社区学院协会于2015年发起了一项全国性的改革项目——指导路径项目。该项目提出了"四大目标"、"四大举措"和"六大要素"的改革框架,成为美国深度变革社区学院的新举措。
Community college in USA used to be "Cafeteria College" for a long time.This mode had deficiencies on program and course design,student enrollment and academic support,teaching and development education,which bring negative impact to industrial development,social stability and higher education quality. In order to solve the problems as shortage of medium skilled labor,high unemployment among community college graduates and demand for high quality education,American Association of Community College launched a nationwide reform program in 2015—the guided pathway. The project has built a framework for deep reform in community college with "four goals", "four measures" and "six key elements".
Community college in USA used to be "Cafeteria College" for a long time.This mode had deficiencies on program and course design,student enrollment and academic support,teaching and development education,which bring negative impact to industrial development,social stability and higher education quality. In order to solve the problems as shortage of medium skilled labor,high unemployment among community college graduates and demand for high quality education,American Association of Community College launched a nationwide reform program in 2015—the guided pathway. The project has built a framework for deep reform in community college with "four goals", "four measures" and "six key elements".
引文
[1]George,B.. Vaughan. Leadership in Transition[M]. New York:Macmillan,1989:7.
[2][15][20][24]Thomas,R.. Bailey,Shanna Smith Jaggars,Davis Jenkins. Redesigning America's community colleges:A clearer path to student success[M]. Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2015:3,14,15,138.
[3]Judith Scott-Clayton. The shapeless river:Does a lack of structure inhibit students'progress at community colleges?[EB/OL].(2011-01)[2018-01-07]. https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attach‐ments/shapeless-river.pdf.
[4]U.S. Department of Education. Web tables:Community college student outcomes,1994-2009[EB/OL].(2011-11)[2018-01-07]. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012253.pdf.
[5]Mary Ziskin,Yi-Chen Chiang,Jin Chen,Autumn Harrell,Vasti Torres. Baccalaureate attain‐ment:Outcomes of students who transfer from two-year to four-year institutions[EB/OL].(2013-08-06)[2018-01-07]. https://nscresearchcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/SignatureReport5.pdf.
[6]Betheny Gross,Dan Goldhaber. Community college transfer and articulation policies:Looking be‐neath the surface[EB/OL].(2009-01-30)[2018-01-06]. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED504665.pdf.
[7]James,E. Rosenbaum,Regina Deil-Amen,Ann,E. Person. After admission:From college access to college success[M]. NY:Russell Sage Foundation,2009:112.
[8]Andrea Venezia,Michael,W.,Kirst,Anthony,L.. Antonio. Betraying the college dream:How dis‐connected K-12 and postsecondary education systems undermine student aspirations[EB/OL].[2018-01-05]. https://web.stanford.edu/group/bridgeproject/betrayingthecollegedream.pdf.
[9]Center for Community College Student Engagement. A matter of degrees:Promising practices for community college student success(A first look)[EB/OL].[2018-01-05]. https://www.ccsse.org/docs/Matter_of_Degrees.pdf.
[10]Bailey,Thomas. Defending the community college equity agenda[M]. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2006:195.
[11]Margolin,J.,Miller,S. R.,Rosenbaum,J. E.. The community college website as virtual adviser:A usability study[J]. Community College Review,2013,41(1):44-62.
[12]Rutschow,E. Z.,Cullinan,D.,Welbeck,R.. Keeping students on course:An impact study of a student success course at Guilford Technical Community College[EB/OL].(2012-04)[2018-01-07].https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/Keeping Students on Course Full Report.pdf.
[13]Cabrera,A. F.,Crissman,J. L.,Bernal,E. M.,Nora,A.,Terenzini,P. T.,Pascarella,E. T.. Col‐laborative learning:Its impact on college students'development and diversity[J]. Journal of College Stu‐dent Development,2002,43(1):20-34.
[14]Jaggars,S. S.,Xu,D.. Online learning in the Virginia community college system[EB/OL].(2011-09)[2018-01-08]. https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/online-learning-virginia.pdf.
[16]薛芳霞.美国社区学院发展历程研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2014:21.
[17]Bailey,T.. Challenge and opportunity:Rethinking the role and function of developmental educa‐tion in community college[J]. New Directions for Community Colleges,2009,(145):11-30.
[18]Clotfelter,C. T.,Ladd,H. F.,Muschkin,C. G.,Vigdor,J. L.. Developmental education in North Carolina community colleges[J]. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,2015,37(3):354-375.
[19]California Community College's Chancellor's Office. Principles of Guided Pathways,Four Pil‐lars of Guided Pathways[EB/OL].(2017-09-01)[2018-01-07]. http://iepi.cccco.edu/Portals/0/uploads/GP/PrinciplesofGuidedPathways-090117.pdf.
[21]Community College Research Center. Implementing Guided Pathways:Tips and Tools[EB/OL].(2015-03)[2018-01-08]. https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/Implementing-GuidedPathways-Tips-Tools.pdf.
[22]Thaler,R. H.,Sunstein,C. R.. Nudge:Improving decisions about health,wealth,and happiness[M]. New Haven:Yale University Press,2008:156.
[23]Jenkins,D.,Cho,S.-W.. Get With the Program…and Finish It:Building Guided Pathways to Accelerate Student Completion[J]. New Directions for Community Colleges,2013,(164):27-35.
[25]Davis Jenkins,Hana Lahr,John Fink. Implementing Guided Pathways:Early Insights From the AACC Pathways Colleges[EB/OL].(2017-04)[2018-01-09]. https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/at‐tachments/implementing-guided-pathways-aacc.pdf.
[26]Policy Snapshot:Guided Pathways to College Completion[EB/OL].(2017-04)[2018-01-07].https://www.ecs.org/wp-content/uploads/Policy_Snapshot_Guided_Pathways_to_College_Completion-1.pdf.
[27]American Association of Community College. AACC pathway 2.0[EB/OL].[2018-01-03].https://www.aacc.nche.edu/programs/aacc-pathways-project/aacc-pathways-2-0/.
[28]Rob Johnstone. Guided Pathways Demystified:Exploring Ten Commonly Asked Questions about Implementing Pathways[EB/OL].[2018-01-07]. https://www.irsc.edu/uploadedFiles/FacultyStaff/Path‐ways-Demystified.pdf.
[29]Joshua Wright. Parsing the Unemployment Rate for Community College Graduates[N/OL].(2014-05-30)[2018-01-07]. http://www.economicmodeling.com/2014/05/30/parsing-the-unemploy‐ment-rate-for-community-college-graduates/.
[30]Thomas,A. Kochan,David Finegold,Paul Osterman. Who Can Fix the"Middle-Skills"Gap?[N/OL].(2012-12)[2018-01-09]. https://hbr.org/2012/12/who-can-fix-the-middle-skills-gap.
(1)数据根据社区学院研究中心(Community College Research Cente,简称CCRC)报告“The Guid‐ed Pathways National Movement:Next Frontiers”中的信息整理得出,报告来源:http://ohiocommunity‐colleges.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/The-Guided-Pathways-National-Movement_The-Next-Fron‐tier-Thomas-Bailey-CCRC.pdf?x57939。
(1)SAP标准,全称Satisfactory Academic Progress Standard。它反映了学生学业的基本完成情况。学生若要获得联邦财政资助,就必须要在学分和课程修习上满足基本要求,一旦没有达到最低要求,则会有失去联邦财政资助的危险。
[2][15][20][24]Thomas,R.. Bailey,Shanna Smith Jaggars,Davis Jenkins. Redesigning America's community colleges:A clearer path to student success[M]. Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2015:3,14,15,138.
[3]Judith Scott-Clayton. The shapeless river:Does a lack of structure inhibit students'progress at community colleges?[EB/OL].(2011-01)[2018-01-07]. https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attach‐ments/shapeless-river.pdf.
[4]U.S. Department of Education. Web tables:Community college student outcomes,1994-2009[EB/OL].(2011-11)[2018-01-07]. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012253.pdf.
[5]Mary Ziskin,Yi-Chen Chiang,Jin Chen,Autumn Harrell,Vasti Torres. Baccalaureate attain‐ment:Outcomes of students who transfer from two-year to four-year institutions[EB/OL].(2013-08-06)[2018-01-07]. https://nscresearchcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/SignatureReport5.pdf.
[6]Betheny Gross,Dan Goldhaber. Community college transfer and articulation policies:Looking be‐neath the surface[EB/OL].(2009-01-30)[2018-01-06]. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED504665.pdf.
[7]James,E. Rosenbaum,Regina Deil-Amen,Ann,E. Person. After admission:From college access to college success[M]. NY:Russell Sage Foundation,2009:112.
[8]Andrea Venezia,Michael,W.,Kirst,Anthony,L.. Antonio. Betraying the college dream:How dis‐connected K-12 and postsecondary education systems undermine student aspirations[EB/OL].[2018-01-05]. https://web.stanford.edu/group/bridgeproject/betrayingthecollegedream.pdf.
[9]Center for Community College Student Engagement. A matter of degrees:Promising practices for community college student success(A first look)[EB/OL].[2018-01-05]. https://www.ccsse.org/docs/Matter_of_Degrees.pdf.
[10]Bailey,Thomas. Defending the community college equity agenda[M]. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2006:195.
[11]Margolin,J.,Miller,S. R.,Rosenbaum,J. E.. The community college website as virtual adviser:A usability study[J]. Community College Review,2013,41(1):44-62.
[12]Rutschow,E. Z.,Cullinan,D.,Welbeck,R.. Keeping students on course:An impact study of a student success course at Guilford Technical Community College[EB/OL].(2012-04)[2018-01-07].https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/Keeping Students on Course Full Report.pdf.
[13]Cabrera,A. F.,Crissman,J. L.,Bernal,E. M.,Nora,A.,Terenzini,P. T.,Pascarella,E. T.. Col‐laborative learning:Its impact on college students'development and diversity[J]. Journal of College Stu‐dent Development,2002,43(1):20-34.
[14]Jaggars,S. S.,Xu,D.. Online learning in the Virginia community college system[EB/OL].(2011-09)[2018-01-08]. https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/online-learning-virginia.pdf.
[16]薛芳霞.美国社区学院发展历程研究[D].兰州:西北师范大学,2014:21.
[17]Bailey,T.. Challenge and opportunity:Rethinking the role and function of developmental educa‐tion in community college[J]. New Directions for Community Colleges,2009,(145):11-30.
[18]Clotfelter,C. T.,Ladd,H. F.,Muschkin,C. G.,Vigdor,J. L.. Developmental education in North Carolina community colleges[J]. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,2015,37(3):354-375.
[19]California Community College's Chancellor's Office. Principles of Guided Pathways,Four Pil‐lars of Guided Pathways[EB/OL].(2017-09-01)[2018-01-07]. http://iepi.cccco.edu/Portals/0/uploads/GP/PrinciplesofGuidedPathways-090117.pdf.
[21]Community College Research Center. Implementing Guided Pathways:Tips and Tools[EB/OL].(2015-03)[2018-01-08]. https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/Implementing-GuidedPathways-Tips-Tools.pdf.
[22]Thaler,R. H.,Sunstein,C. R.. Nudge:Improving decisions about health,wealth,and happiness[M]. New Haven:Yale University Press,2008:156.
[23]Jenkins,D.,Cho,S.-W.. Get With the Program…and Finish It:Building Guided Pathways to Accelerate Student Completion[J]. New Directions for Community Colleges,2013,(164):27-35.
[25]Davis Jenkins,Hana Lahr,John Fink. Implementing Guided Pathways:Early Insights From the AACC Pathways Colleges[EB/OL].(2017-04)[2018-01-09]. https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/at‐tachments/implementing-guided-pathways-aacc.pdf.
[26]Policy Snapshot:Guided Pathways to College Completion[EB/OL].(2017-04)[2018-01-07].https://www.ecs.org/wp-content/uploads/Policy_Snapshot_Guided_Pathways_to_College_Completion-1.pdf.
[27]American Association of Community College. AACC pathway 2.0[EB/OL].[2018-01-03].https://www.aacc.nche.edu/programs/aacc-pathways-project/aacc-pathways-2-0/.
[28]Rob Johnstone. Guided Pathways Demystified:Exploring Ten Commonly Asked Questions about Implementing Pathways[EB/OL].[2018-01-07]. https://www.irsc.edu/uploadedFiles/FacultyStaff/Path‐ways-Demystified.pdf.
[29]Joshua Wright. Parsing the Unemployment Rate for Community College Graduates[N/OL].(2014-05-30)[2018-01-07]. http://www.economicmodeling.com/2014/05/30/parsing-the-unemploy‐ment-rate-for-community-college-graduates/.
[30]Thomas,A. Kochan,David Finegold,Paul Osterman. Who Can Fix the"Middle-Skills"Gap?[N/OL].(2012-12)[2018-01-09]. https://hbr.org/2012/12/who-can-fix-the-middle-skills-gap.
(1)数据根据社区学院研究中心(Community College Research Cente,简称CCRC)报告“The Guid‐ed Pathways National Movement:Next Frontiers”中的信息整理得出,报告来源:http://ohiocommunity‐colleges.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/The-Guided-Pathways-National-Movement_The-Next-Fron‐tier-Thomas-Bailey-CCRC.pdf?x57939。
(1)SAP标准,全称Satisfactory Academic Progress Standard。它反映了学生学业的基本完成情况。学生若要获得联邦财政资助,就必须要在学分和课程修习上满足基本要求,一旦没有达到最低要求,则会有失去联邦财政资助的危险。