中强地震能量震级测定
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摘要
本文根据地震波衰减特性,开展了利用宽频带地震波形数据测定地震波能量E_S和能量震级M_e的方法研究。利用震中距处于20°—98°范围内的宽频带远震P波波形数据,测定了4次国外和4次国内中强震的能量震级M_e,并对其面波震级M_S、矩震级M_W及能量震级M_e进行了分析对比。结果表明:面波震级M_S表示的是地震在某一固定频率所辐射的地震波能量大小;矩震级M_W与地震所产生的断层长度、断层宽度、震源破裂的平均位错量等静态构造效应密切相关;而能量震级M_e反映的是震源动态特征,与地震震源的动力学特性密切相关。由于地震是以地震波形式辐射,能量主要集中在震源谱的拐角频率附近,因此能量震级M_e更适合描述地震的破坏性。由此可见,联合测定面波震级M_S,矩震级M_W和能量震级M_e对于地震定量研究以及地震灾害与风险评估具有重要作用。
This paper,based on the seismic wave attenuation characteristics,explores a method for utilizing broadband seismic waveform data to measure seismic energy ES and energy magnitude M_e. The energy magnitudes M_e of four overseas and four domestic moderate-strong earthquakes are measured by using broadband teleseismic P waveform data with epicentral distance in the range of 20°-98°. The comparison of surface wave magnitude M_S,moment magnitude MW and energy magnitude M_e of several earthquakes shows that:surface wave magnitude M_S represents the magnitude of the energy of seismic wave radiating at a fixed frequency;the moment magnitude MW is closely related to the static structural effects such as the length of fault,the width of fault and the average dislocation amount of the source rupture produced by the earthquake;the energy magnitude M_e reflects source dynamic characteristics and is closely related to the dynamic characteristics of the seismic source. The energy radiated by the earthquake in the form of seismic waves is mainly concentrated near the corner frequency of the source spectrum,so the energy magnitude M_e is more suitable to describe the destructiveness of the earthquake. Therefore,joint determination of surface wave magnitude M_S,moment magnitude MW and energy magnitude M_e are of great significance for quantifying and evaluating the disasters caused by earthquakes or tsunamis.
This paper,based on the seismic wave attenuation characteristics,explores a method for utilizing broadband seismic waveform data to measure seismic energy ES and energy magnitude M_e. The energy magnitudes M_e of four overseas and four domestic moderate-strong earthquakes are measured by using broadband teleseismic P waveform data with epicentral distance in the range of 20°-98°. The comparison of surface wave magnitude M_S,moment magnitude MW and energy magnitude M_e of several earthquakes shows that:surface wave magnitude M_S represents the magnitude of the energy of seismic wave radiating at a fixed frequency;the moment magnitude MW is closely related to the static structural effects such as the length of fault,the width of fault and the average dislocation amount of the source rupture produced by the earthquake;the energy magnitude M_e reflects source dynamic characteristics and is closely related to the dynamic characteristics of the seismic source. The energy radiated by the earthquake in the form of seismic waves is mainly concentrated near the corner frequency of the source spectrum,so the energy magnitude M_e is more suitable to describe the destructiveness of the earthquake. Therefore,joint determination of surface wave magnitude M_S,moment magnitude MW and energy magnitude M_e are of great significance for quantifying and evaluating the disasters caused by earthquakes or tsunamis.
引文
陈培善. 1990.地震定量的国际现状[J].地震地磁观测与研究,11(3):33–39.Chen P S. 1990. The international status of earthquake quantification[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,11(3):33–39(in Chinese).
国家测震台网数据备份中心. 2007.国家测震台网地震波形数据[DB/OL].中国地震局地球物理研究所. http://www.seisdmc.ac.cn. doi:10.11998/SeisDmc/SN.Data Management Centre of China National Seismic Network. 2007. Waveform data of China national seismic network[DB/OL].Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration. http://www.seisdmc.ac.cn. doi:10.11998/SeisDmc/SN(in Chinese).
李志强,侯建盛,李洋,苏桂武,姜立新,孙柏涛,袁一凡,林均岐. 2013. 2013年4月20日四川芦山MS7.0地震灾害特点分析[J].地震地质,35(2):398–410.Li Z Q,Hou J S,Li Y,Su G W,Jiang L X,Sun B T,Yuan Y F,Lin J Q. 2013. Analysis on the characteristics of the MS7.0Lushan,Sichuan Province,earthquake hazard on April 20,2013[J]. Seismology and Geology,35(2):398–410(in Chinese).
赵仲和. 2014. 2014年8月3日云南鲁甸M6.5地震的地震波能量[J].国际地震动态,(9):24–28.Zhao Z H. 2014. Seismic energy of Ludian M6.5 earthquake,August 3,2014[J]. Recent Developments in World Seismology,(9):24–28(in Chinese).
郑秀芬,欧阳飚,张东宁,姚志祥,梁建宏,郑洁. 2009.“国家测震台网数据备份中心”技术系统建设及其对汶川大地震研究的数据支撑[J].地球物理学报,52(5):1412–1417.Zheng X F,Ouyang B,Zhang D N,Yao Z X,Liang J H,Zheng J. 2009. Technical system construction of Data Backup Centre for China Seismograph Network and the data support to researches on the Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(5):1412–1417(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2013.中国地震局发布四川省芦山“4·20”7.0级强烈地震烈度图[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5195229/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2013. China Earthquake Administration release the seismic intensity map of Lushan Sichuan M7.0 strong earthquake on April 20,2017[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5195229/index.html(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2017.中国地震局发布四川九寨沟7.0级地震烈度图[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5206273/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2017. China Earthquake Administration release the seismic intensity map of Jiuzhaigou Sichuan M7.0 earthquake[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5206273/index.html(in Chinese).
Aki K,Richards P G. 1980. Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods[M]. San Francisco:W. H. Freeman:932.
Ammon C J, Kanamori H, Lay T. 2008. A great earthquake doublet and seismic stress transfer cycle in the central Kuril islands[J]. Nature,451(7178):561–565.
Boatwright J, Choy G L. 1986. Teleseismic estimates of the energy radiated by shallow earthquakes[J]. J Geophys Res,91 (B2):2095–2112.
Bormann P,Liu R F,Ren X,Gutdeutsch R,Kaiser D,Castellaro S. 2007. Chinese national network magnitudes,their relation to NEIC magnitudes, and recommendations for new IASPEI magnitude standards[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 97(1B):114 –127.
Bormann P,Saul J. 2008. The new IASPEI standard broadband magnitude m B[J]. Seismol Res Lett,79(5):698–705.
Bormann P,Saul J. 2009a. Earthquake magnitude[G]//Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Heidelberg:Springer:2473-2496.
Bormann P, Saul J. 2009b. A fast, non-saturating magnitude estimator for great earthquakes[J]. Seism Res Lett, 80(5):808 –816.
Choy G L,Boatwright J L. 1995. Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress[J]. J Geophys Res,100(B9):18205–18228.
Choy G L,Boatwright J. 2007. The energy radiated by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake estimated from 10-minute P-wave windows[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,97(1A):S18–S24.
Convers J A,Newman A V. 2011. Global evaluation of large earthquake energy from 1997 through mid-2010[J]. J Geophys Res,116 (B8):B08304.
Di Bona M,Rovelli A. 1988. Effects of bandwidth limitation on stress drop estimated from integrals of the ground motion[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,78:1818–1825.
Di Giacomo D,Grosser H,Parolai S,Bormann P,Wang R J. 2008. Rapid determination of Me for strong to great shallow earthquakes[J]. Geophys Res Lett,35(10):L10308.
Di Giacomo D. 2010. Determination of the Energy Magnitude ME:Application to Rapid Response Purposes and Insights to Regional/Local Variabilities[D]. Potsdam:Universit?t Potsdam:49-57.
Duda S J,Yanovskaya T B. 1993. Spectral amplitude-distance curves for P-waves:Effects of velocity and Q-distribution[J]. Tectonophysics,217(3/4):255–265.
Goes S D B,Velasco A A,Schwartz S Y,Lay T. 1993. The April 22,1991,Valle de la Estrella,Costa Rica(MW=7.7)earthquake and its tectonic implications:A broadband seismic study[J]. J Geophys Res,98(B5):8127–8142.
Gutenberg B,Richter C F. 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena[M]. 2nd ed. Princeton:Princeton University Press:1-15.
Haskell N A. 1964. Total energy spectra density of elastic waves for propagating faults[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,54(6):1811–1841.
Ide S,Beroza G C. 2001. Does apparent stress vary with earthquake size?[J]. Geophys Res Lett,28(17):3349–3352.
Kanamori H,Mori J,Hauksson E,Heaton T H,Hutton L K,Jones L M. 1993. Determination of earthquake energy-release and ML using TERRAscope[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,83(2):330–346.
Kanamori H,Kikuchi M. 1993. The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake:A slow tsunami earthquake associated with subducted sediments[J]. Nature,361(6414):714–716.
Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R. 1995. Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from traveltimes[J]. Geophys J Int,122 (1):108–124.
Lomax A,Michelini A,Piatanesi A. 2007. An energy-duration procedure for rapid determination of earthquake magnitude and tsunamigenic potential[J]. Geophys J Int,170(3):1195–1209.
Montagner J P,Kennett B L N. 1996. How to reconcile body-wave and normal-mode reference Earth models[J]. Geophys J Int,125 (1):229–248.
NEIC. 1991. Today in earthquake history[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=4&day22.
NEIC. 1992. M7.7-near the coast of Nicaragua[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0005ddn/executive.
NEIC. 2006. M8.3-Kuril Islands[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000exfn/executive.
NEIC. 2007. M8.1-east of the Kuril Islands[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000f2ab/executive.
Newman A V,Okal E A. 1998. Teleseismic estimates of radiated seismic energy:the E/M0 discriminant for tsunami earthquakes[J]. J Geophys Res,103(B11):26885–26898.
Parolai S. 2009. Denoising of seismograms using the S transform[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,99(1):226–234.
Richter C F. 1935. An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,25(1):1–32.
Rudnicki J W,Freund L B. 1981. On energy radiation from seismic sources[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,71(3):583–595.
Singh S K,Ordaz M. 1994. Seismic energy release in Mexican subduction zone earthquakes[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,84(5):1533–1550.
Stockwell R G,Mansinha L,Lowe R P. 1996. Localization of the complex spectrum:The S transform[J]. IEEE Trans Signal Process,44(4):998–1001.
Venkataraman A,Kanamori H. 2004. Effect of directivity on estimates of radiated seismic energy[J]. J Geophys Res,109(B4):B04301.
Wang R J. 1999. A simple orthonormalization method for stable and efficient computation of Green’s functions[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,89(3):733–741.
国家测震台网数据备份中心. 2007.国家测震台网地震波形数据[DB/OL].中国地震局地球物理研究所. http://www.seisdmc.ac.cn. doi:10.11998/SeisDmc/SN.Data Management Centre of China National Seismic Network. 2007. Waveform data of China national seismic network[DB/OL].Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration. http://www.seisdmc.ac.cn. doi:10.11998/SeisDmc/SN(in Chinese).
李志强,侯建盛,李洋,苏桂武,姜立新,孙柏涛,袁一凡,林均岐. 2013. 2013年4月20日四川芦山MS7.0地震灾害特点分析[J].地震地质,35(2):398–410.Li Z Q,Hou J S,Li Y,Su G W,Jiang L X,Sun B T,Yuan Y F,Lin J Q. 2013. Analysis on the characteristics of the MS7.0Lushan,Sichuan Province,earthquake hazard on April 20,2013[J]. Seismology and Geology,35(2):398–410(in Chinese).
赵仲和. 2014. 2014年8月3日云南鲁甸M6.5地震的地震波能量[J].国际地震动态,(9):24–28.Zhao Z H. 2014. Seismic energy of Ludian M6.5 earthquake,August 3,2014[J]. Recent Developments in World Seismology,(9):24–28(in Chinese).
郑秀芬,欧阳飚,张东宁,姚志祥,梁建宏,郑洁. 2009.“国家测震台网数据备份中心”技术系统建设及其对汶川大地震研究的数据支撑[J].地球物理学报,52(5):1412–1417.Zheng X F,Ouyang B,Zhang D N,Yao Z X,Liang J H,Zheng J. 2009. Technical system construction of Data Backup Centre for China Seismograph Network and the data support to researches on the Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(5):1412–1417(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2013.中国地震局发布四川省芦山“4·20”7.0级强烈地震烈度图[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5195229/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2013. China Earthquake Administration release the seismic intensity map of Lushan Sichuan M7.0 strong earthquake on April 20,2017[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5195229/index.html(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2017.中国地震局发布四川九寨沟7.0级地震烈度图[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5206273/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2017. China Earthquake Administration release the seismic intensity map of Jiuzhaigou Sichuan M7.0 earthquake[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/fzjzyw/5206273/index.html(in Chinese).
Aki K,Richards P G. 1980. Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods[M]. San Francisco:W. H. Freeman:932.
Ammon C J, Kanamori H, Lay T. 2008. A great earthquake doublet and seismic stress transfer cycle in the central Kuril islands[J]. Nature,451(7178):561–565.
Boatwright J, Choy G L. 1986. Teleseismic estimates of the energy radiated by shallow earthquakes[J]. J Geophys Res,91 (B2):2095–2112.
Bormann P,Liu R F,Ren X,Gutdeutsch R,Kaiser D,Castellaro S. 2007. Chinese national network magnitudes,their relation to NEIC magnitudes, and recommendations for new IASPEI magnitude standards[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 97(1B):114 –127.
Bormann P,Saul J. 2008. The new IASPEI standard broadband magnitude m B[J]. Seismol Res Lett,79(5):698–705.
Bormann P,Saul J. 2009a. Earthquake magnitude[G]//Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Heidelberg:Springer:2473-2496.
Bormann P, Saul J. 2009b. A fast, non-saturating magnitude estimator for great earthquakes[J]. Seism Res Lett, 80(5):808 –816.
Choy G L,Boatwright J L. 1995. Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress[J]. J Geophys Res,100(B9):18205–18228.
Choy G L,Boatwright J. 2007. The energy radiated by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake estimated from 10-minute P-wave windows[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,97(1A):S18–S24.
Convers J A,Newman A V. 2011. Global evaluation of large earthquake energy from 1997 through mid-2010[J]. J Geophys Res,116 (B8):B08304.
Di Bona M,Rovelli A. 1988. Effects of bandwidth limitation on stress drop estimated from integrals of the ground motion[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,78:1818–1825.
Di Giacomo D,Grosser H,Parolai S,Bormann P,Wang R J. 2008. Rapid determination of Me for strong to great shallow earthquakes[J]. Geophys Res Lett,35(10):L10308.
Di Giacomo D. 2010. Determination of the Energy Magnitude ME:Application to Rapid Response Purposes and Insights to Regional/Local Variabilities[D]. Potsdam:Universit?t Potsdam:49-57.
Duda S J,Yanovskaya T B. 1993. Spectral amplitude-distance curves for P-waves:Effects of velocity and Q-distribution[J]. Tectonophysics,217(3/4):255–265.
Goes S D B,Velasco A A,Schwartz S Y,Lay T. 1993. The April 22,1991,Valle de la Estrella,Costa Rica(MW=7.7)earthquake and its tectonic implications:A broadband seismic study[J]. J Geophys Res,98(B5):8127–8142.
Gutenberg B,Richter C F. 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena[M]. 2nd ed. Princeton:Princeton University Press:1-15.
Haskell N A. 1964. Total energy spectra density of elastic waves for propagating faults[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,54(6):1811–1841.
Ide S,Beroza G C. 2001. Does apparent stress vary with earthquake size?[J]. Geophys Res Lett,28(17):3349–3352.
Kanamori H,Mori J,Hauksson E,Heaton T H,Hutton L K,Jones L M. 1993. Determination of earthquake energy-release and ML using TERRAscope[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,83(2):330–346.
Kanamori H,Kikuchi M. 1993. The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake:A slow tsunami earthquake associated with subducted sediments[J]. Nature,361(6414):714–716.
Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R. 1995. Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from traveltimes[J]. Geophys J Int,122 (1):108–124.
Lomax A,Michelini A,Piatanesi A. 2007. An energy-duration procedure for rapid determination of earthquake magnitude and tsunamigenic potential[J]. Geophys J Int,170(3):1195–1209.
Montagner J P,Kennett B L N. 1996. How to reconcile body-wave and normal-mode reference Earth models[J]. Geophys J Int,125 (1):229–248.
NEIC. 1991. Today in earthquake history[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=4&day22.
NEIC. 1992. M7.7-near the coast of Nicaragua[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0005ddn/executive.
NEIC. 2006. M8.3-Kuril Islands[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000exfn/executive.
NEIC. 2007. M8.1-east of the Kuril Islands[EB/OL].[2018-11-15]. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000f2ab/executive.
Newman A V,Okal E A. 1998. Teleseismic estimates of radiated seismic energy:the E/M0 discriminant for tsunami earthquakes[J]. J Geophys Res,103(B11):26885–26898.
Parolai S. 2009. Denoising of seismograms using the S transform[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,99(1):226–234.
Richter C F. 1935. An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,25(1):1–32.
Rudnicki J W,Freund L B. 1981. On energy radiation from seismic sources[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,71(3):583–595.
Singh S K,Ordaz M. 1994. Seismic energy release in Mexican subduction zone earthquakes[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,84(5):1533–1550.
Stockwell R G,Mansinha L,Lowe R P. 1996. Localization of the complex spectrum:The S transform[J]. IEEE Trans Signal Process,44(4):998–1001.
Venkataraman A,Kanamori H. 2004. Effect of directivity on estimates of radiated seismic energy[J]. J Geophys Res,109(B4):B04301.
Wang R J. 1999. A simple orthonormalization method for stable and efficient computation of Green’s functions[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,89(3):733–741.