Ni纳米粒子作为电子转移剂和NiS_x作为产氢界面活性位协同增强TiO_2光催化制氢性能（英文）
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摘要
作为一种传统的半导体光催化材料, TiO_2因具有低价易得、无毒性及稳定性好等优势而一直受到研究者的关注.理论上, TiO_2的能带结构可满足分解水制氢的条件.然而,研究发现TiO_2本身的光催化制氢性能较低,主要是由于TiO_2被光激发后生成的电子和空穴尚未到达材料表面参与反应,就在其体相内发生复合,导致电子参与有效光催化制氢反应的几率较低.近年来,为提高TiO_2的制氢性能,研究者主要通过半导体耦合、元素掺杂、形貌调控和助剂修饰等方式对TiO_2进行改性.其中,助剂表面修饰由于用量少、条件温和并且对主体材料结构影响很小而成为一种常见和有效的改性手段.最常用的电子助剂是贵金属如Au, Ag, Pt和Pd.当TiO_2表面沉积微量的贵金属纳米粒子时,导带上的光生电子被贵金属捕获并迅速转移,将H~+在贵金属表面发生界面还原反应生成H_2,从而有效提高了制氢效率.除了贵金属电子助剂外,还有一些价格较低、产量丰富的非贵金属如Co, Cu, Ni和Bi等也可以作为电子助剂应用于光催化制氢,在提高制氢性能的同时也降低了光催化剂的成本.但在大多数情况下,这些金属材料(除贵金属Pt以外)本身都不能作为有效的界面催化活性位点,表现出较低的界面析氢速率,导致金属-半导体光催化材料的产氢活性低.因此,进一步对金属表面进行改性、增加界面催化活性位点、促进其界面产氢催化反应,对于提高金属-半导体光催化材料的制氢性能非常重要.在金属作为电子传输介质修饰半导体材料的制氢过程中,电子传输介质快速转移光生电子和有效捕获溶液中的H+直接进行界面催化还原反应生成H_2这两个步骤都十分关键.在制备金属-半导体光催化材料时,对于通常的金属材料本身都不能作为界面催化活性位点、缺乏有效的界面产氢活性位点的问题,可通过在金属表面进一步修饰作为界面催化活性位点的基团或离子来解决.本文采用先将Ni纳米粒子光沉积在TiO_2表面、再在水热条件下在Ni纳米粒子表面生成NiS_x的两步法合成了以Ni作为电子转移介质、以NiS_x作为界面催化活性位点共修饰的高效TiO_2光催化剂(称为TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x).研究结果表明,优化后的TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x光催化的最高制氢速率(223.74μmolh~(-1))分别是纯TiO_2, TiO_2/Ni和TiO_2/NiS_x样品的22.2, 8.0和2.2倍.性能增强的原因是Ni纳米粒子作为电子传输体、NiS_x作为界面催化活性位点同时提高了光生电子的转移速率和界面催化反应速率,即Ni和NiS_x两者协同作用增强了TiO_2光催化制氢性能.这种非贵金属助剂和界面活性位点协同作用的方法为设计高制氢性能催化剂提供了新的思路,并有望在光催化领域得到应用.
The development of efficient photocatalytic H_2-evolution materials requires both rapid electron transfer and an effective interfacial catalysis reaction for H_2 production. In addition to the well-known noble metals, low-cost and earth-abundant non-noble metals can also act as electron-transfer mediators to modify photocatalysts. However, as almost all non-noble metals lack the interfacial catalytic active sites required for the H_2-evolution reaction, the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance is limited. Therefore, the development of new interfacial active sites on metal-modified photocatalysts is of considerable importance. In this study, to enhance the photocatalytic evolution of H_2 by Ni-modified TiO_2, the formation of NiS_x as interfacial active sites was promoted on the surface of Ni nanoparticles. Specifically, the co-modified TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x photocatalysts were prepared via a two-step process involving the photoinduced deposition of Ni on the TiO_2 surface and the subsequent formation of NiS_x on the Ni surface by a hydrothermal reaction method. It was found that the TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x photocatalysts exhibited enhanced photocatalytic H_2-evolution activity. In particular, TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x(30%) showed the highest photocatalytic rate(223.74 μmol h~(-1)), which was greater than those of TiO_2, TiO_2/Ni, and TiO_2/NiS_x by factors of 22.2, 8.0, and 2.2, respectively. The improved H_2-evolution performance of TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x could be attributed to the excellent synergistic effect of Ni and NiS_x, where Ni nanoparticles function as effective mediators to transfer electrons from the TiO_2 surface and NiS_x serves as interfacial active sites to capture H+ ions from solution and promote the interfacial H_2-evolution reaction. The synergistic effect of the non-noble metal cocatalyst and the interfacial active sites may provide new insights for the design of highly efficient photocatalytic materials.
The development of efficient photocatalytic H_2-evolution materials requires both rapid electron transfer and an effective interfacial catalysis reaction for H_2 production. In addition to the well-known noble metals, low-cost and earth-abundant non-noble metals can also act as electron-transfer mediators to modify photocatalysts. However, as almost all non-noble metals lack the interfacial catalytic active sites required for the H_2-evolution reaction, the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance is limited. Therefore, the development of new interfacial active sites on metal-modified photocatalysts is of considerable importance. In this study, to enhance the photocatalytic evolution of H_2 by Ni-modified TiO_2, the formation of NiS_x as interfacial active sites was promoted on the surface of Ni nanoparticles. Specifically, the co-modified TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x photocatalysts were prepared via a two-step process involving the photoinduced deposition of Ni on the TiO_2 surface and the subsequent formation of NiS_x on the Ni surface by a hydrothermal reaction method. It was found that the TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x photocatalysts exhibited enhanced photocatalytic H_2-evolution activity. In particular, TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x(30%) showed the highest photocatalytic rate(223.74 μmol h~(-1)), which was greater than those of TiO_2, TiO_2/Ni, and TiO_2/NiS_x by factors of 22.2, 8.0, and 2.2, respectively. The improved H_2-evolution performance of TiO_2/Ni-NiS_x could be attributed to the excellent synergistic effect of Ni and NiS_x, where Ni nanoparticles function as effective mediators to transfer electrons from the TiO_2 surface and NiS_x serves as interfacial active sites to capture H+ ions from solution and promote the interfacial H_2-evolution reaction. The synergistic effect of the non-noble metal cocatalyst and the interfacial active sites may provide new insights for the design of highly efficient photocatalytic materials.
引文
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