大气PM_(2.5)中微生物活性的探测
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摘要
【背景】细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))具有多种毒性效应,长期暴露对机体可造成严重危害。微生物作为PM_(2.5)的重要生物组成成分,目前尚无简单易行地测定PM_(2.5)中微生物活性的方法。【目的】利用小流量采样仪采集细颗粒物PM_(2.5),通过大量的模拟和测试实验,初步建立了一套测定PM_(2.5)中微生物活性水平的荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解法。【方法】使用5L/min的小流量采样仪采集样品40 min,FDA的浓度为200μg/mL,经过1.5 h的暗反应,使用丙酮终止15 min后测定其荧光强度,并计算微生物活性。【结果】利用该方法测得2017年7月大气PM_(2.5)中微生物活性平均水平为0.873ng/m~3荧光素钠;室内空气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)中微生物活性水平为1.110 ng/m~3荧光素钠。【结论】建立了一种有效准确地测定大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)中微生物活性的方法。
[Background] PM_(2.5) has many toxic effects that seriously damage organisms with long-term exposure. However, few studies have found a simple method to measure its microbial activity, although microorganisms are the important biological components of PM_(2.5). [Objective] Few developed a fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis method to test microbial activity in atmospheric PM_(2.5) through a large number of experiments and simulations. [Methods] We optimized and determined main testing parameters. Samples were collected by using an OMNI FTTM Ambient Air Sampler with a flow rate of 5 L/min for 40 min. The concentration of fluorescein diacetate was 200 μg/mL, and acetone was added to stop the reaction after 1.5 hours in dark environment. Microbial activity in atmospheric PM_(2.5) was measured after 15 min. [Results] Microbial activity in outdoor and indoor PM_(2.5) in July 2017 was with the average of 0.873 ng/m~3 and 1.110 ng/m~3 sodium fluorescein. [Conclusion] This paper established an effective and accurate method to measured microbial activity in atmospheric PM_(2.5).
[Background] PM_(2.5) has many toxic effects that seriously damage organisms with long-term exposure. However, few studies have found a simple method to measure its microbial activity, although microorganisms are the important biological components of PM_(2.5). [Objective] Few developed a fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis method to test microbial activity in atmospheric PM_(2.5) through a large number of experiments and simulations. [Methods] We optimized and determined main testing parameters. Samples were collected by using an OMNI FTTM Ambient Air Sampler with a flow rate of 5 L/min for 40 min. The concentration of fluorescein diacetate was 200 μg/mL, and acetone was added to stop the reaction after 1.5 hours in dark environment. Microbial activity in atmospheric PM_(2.5) was measured after 15 min. [Results] Microbial activity in outdoor and indoor PM_(2.5) in July 2017 was with the average of 0.873 ng/m~3 and 1.110 ng/m~3 sodium fluorescein. [Conclusion] This paper established an effective and accurate method to measured microbial activity in atmospheric PM_(2.5).
引文
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[22]Chen WY,Ji Y,Chen MY,et al.Ventilatory volumes and respiratory flow rate in healthy pilots[J].Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army,1983(6):408-410(in Chinese)陈婉莹,季扬,陈孟英,等.健康飞行员肺通气量和呼吸流速峰值的测定[J].解放军医学杂志,1983(6):408-410
[23]Meng XB,Li MZ,Li HT,et al.Microbial activity in bioaerosols in winter at the coastal region of Qingdao[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4147-4155(in Chinese)孟祥斌,李孟哲,李鸿涛,等.青岛近海冬季大气生物气溶胶中微生物活性研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4147-4155
[24]Zablotowicz RM,Locke MA,Smeda RL.Degradation of 2,4-Dand fluometuron in cover crop residues[J].Chemosphere,1998,37(1):87-101
[25]Chen YJ.Sample and detect airborne microorganisms by composite membrane filtration method[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2005,21(4):14-17
[26]Xu ZQ,Yao MS.Effects of single-walled carbon nanotube filter on culturability and diversity of environmental bioaerosols[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2011,42(6):387-396
[27]Amato P,Parazols M,Sancelme M,et al.Microorganisms isolated from the water phase of tropospheric clouds at the Puy de D?me:major groups and growth abilities at low temperatures[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2007,59(2):242-254
[28]Hameed AAA,Khoder MI,Yuosra S,et al.Diurnal distribution of airborne bacteria and fungi in the atmosphere of Helwan area,Egypt[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(24):6217-6222
[2]Duffin R,Mills NL,Donaldson K.Nanoparticles-A thoracic toxicology perspective[J].Yonsei Medical Journal,2007,48(4):561-572
[3]Du PR,Du R,Ren WS.Research progress on toxicological characteristics and mechanisms of urban atmospheric particulate matters[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(9):2815-2827(in Chinese)杜鹏瑞,杜睿,任伟珊.城市大气颗粒物毒性效应及机制的研究进展[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2815-2827
[4]Cao C,Jiang WJ,Wang BY,et al.Inhalable microorganisms in Beijing’s PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants during a severe smog event[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(3):1499-1507
[5]Du PR,Du R,Ren WS,et al.Seasonal variation characteristic of inhalable microbial communities in PM2.5 in Beijing city,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,610-611:308-315
[6]Gao M,Qiu TL,Qin YC,et al.Sources and pollution characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes and conditional pathogenic bacteria in concentrated poultry feeding operations[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(2):510-516(in Chinese)高敏,仇天雷,秦玉成,等.养鸡场空气中抗性基因和条件致病菌污染特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):510-516
[7]Zhou XQ,Chen CR,Wang YF,et al.Soil extractable carbon and nitrogen,microbial biomass and microbial metabolic activity in response to warming and increased precipitation in a semiarid Inner Mongolian grassland[J].Geoderma,2013,206:24-31
[8]Rousk J,B??th E.Growth of saprotrophic fungi and bacteria in soil[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2011,78(1):17-30
[9]Blazewicz SJ,Barnard RL,Daly RA,et al.Evaluating rRNA as an indicator of microbial activity in environmental communities:limitations and uses[J].The ISME Journal,2013,7(11):2061-2068
[10]Swisher R,Carroll GC.Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as an estimator of microbial biomass on coniferous needle surfaces[J].Microbial Ecology,1980,6(3):217-226
[11]Duchaufour P,Souchier B.pH and lime requirement[J].Comptes Rendus Des Seances De Lacademie Dagriculture De France,1980:391-399
[12]Kramer DN,Guilbault GG.A substrate for the fluorometric determination of lipase activity[J].Analytical Chemistry,1963,35(4):588-589
[13]Schnürer J,Rosswall T.Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbial activity in soil and litter[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1982,43(6):1256-1261
[14]Adam G,Duncan H.Development of a sensitive and rapid method for the measurement of total microbial activity using fluorescein diacetate(FDA)in a range of soils[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2001,33(7/8):943-951
[15]Wang JJ,Zhou H,Zhang J,et al.Fluorescence determination of microbial activity in soil sample[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(10):1637-1644(in Chinese)王佳佳,周桦,张进,等.土壤样品中微生物活性的荧光分析方法[J].环境化学,2012,31(10):1637-1644
[16]Muscolo A,Settineri G,Papalia T,et al.Anaerobic co-digestion of recalcitrant agricultural wastes:Characterizing of biochemical parameters of digestate and its impacts on soil ecosystem[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:746-752
[17]Li R,Tao R,Ling N,et al.Chemical,organic and bio-fertilizer management practices effect on soil physicochemical property and antagonistic bacteria abundance of a cotton field:Implications for soil biological quality[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2017,167:30-38
[18]Ferrario M,Guerrero S.Impact of a combined processing technology involving ultrasound and pulsed light on structural and physiological changes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KE 162in apple juice[J].Food Microbiology,2017,65:83-94
[19]Qi JH,Zhong X,Shao Q,et al.Microbial activity levels in atmospheric bioaerosols in Qingdao[J].Aerobiologia,2015,31(3):353-365
[20]Green VS,Stott DE,Diack M.Assay for fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity:Optimization for soil samples[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2006,38(4):693-701
[21]Loftus C,Yost M,Sampson P,et al.Regional PM2.5 and asthma morbidity in an agricultural community:a panel study[J].Environmental Research,2015,136:505-512
[22]Chen WY,Ji Y,Chen MY,et al.Ventilatory volumes and respiratory flow rate in healthy pilots[J].Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army,1983(6):408-410(in Chinese)陈婉莹,季扬,陈孟英,等.健康飞行员肺通气量和呼吸流速峰值的测定[J].解放军医学杂志,1983(6):408-410
[23]Meng XB,Li MZ,Li HT,et al.Microbial activity in bioaerosols in winter at the coastal region of Qingdao[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4147-4155(in Chinese)孟祥斌,李孟哲,李鸿涛,等.青岛近海冬季大气生物气溶胶中微生物活性研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4147-4155
[24]Zablotowicz RM,Locke MA,Smeda RL.Degradation of 2,4-Dand fluometuron in cover crop residues[J].Chemosphere,1998,37(1):87-101
[25]Chen YJ.Sample and detect airborne microorganisms by composite membrane filtration method[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2005,21(4):14-17
[26]Xu ZQ,Yao MS.Effects of single-walled carbon nanotube filter on culturability and diversity of environmental bioaerosols[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2011,42(6):387-396
[27]Amato P,Parazols M,Sancelme M,et al.Microorganisms isolated from the water phase of tropospheric clouds at the Puy de D?me:major groups and growth abilities at low temperatures[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2007,59(2):242-254
[28]Hameed AAA,Khoder MI,Yuosra S,et al.Diurnal distribution of airborne bacteria and fungi in the atmosphere of Helwan area,Egypt[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(24):6217-6222