古海岸带碎屑潮汐环境沉积微相与砂体分布——以塔中地区志留系为例
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摘要
为更进一步阐述古海岸带碎屑潮汐沉积微相及其砂体分布特征,基于塔中地区志留系30口井岩心观察和钻井分析,识别出河口湾、潮道、潮汐砂坝、砂坪、砂泥混合坪、泥坪、潮坪风暴岩、震积岩等多种沉积相和微相类型,明确了河口湾、潮道、潮汐砂坝、潮坪等典型微相的沉积序列和砂体特征.认为潮汐砂体分布主要受控于古地貌和水动力、层序体系域、沉积微相等,空间上潮汐砂体具有明显的分带性.研究结果表明:河口湾相为早期的河道砂砾岩受改造后与潮坪的粉砂质泥岩或泥岩呈间互的沉积序列,形成河口湾-潮坪砂体.潮道微相具有下粗上细正粒序,底部有冲刷面,为片状或块状泥砾层,向上为细砂岩,有的冲刷面不明显,发育各类交错层理.潮汐砂坝微相一般发育典型的向上变粗的反粒序,以细砂岩和粉砂岩为主,但也有的较均一,没有粒序层.潮间带砂坪微相为绿灰色细粉砂岩,单层较薄,其顶底面平整,多与泥岩互层.在潮下带多受到风暴和地震等事件的影响,含泥砾层的砾石受大风暴潮影响呈半直立状或扇状,形成风暴岩.局部层位的砂岩受地震作用改造发育震积构造.在岩心尺度上,潮汐单砂体厚度一般为0.08～2.98m,平均0.78m.在钻井尺度上,可划分出9～13个砂层组,砂层组最大延伸长度可达5～10km,最大延伸宽度约2.5～5.0km.通过砂体与物性的对比,潮汐砂体总体为低孔低渗储层,认为不同微相砂体控制了储层物性的优劣,以潮汐砂坝砂体物性相对较好,其次是河口湾砂体,再次为潮道砂体,潮间带的潮坪砂体物性相对较差.近海岸带,泥岩成分较多.远离海岸带,砂体相对丰富,以中细砂岩为主.砂体沿潮汐水道呈北西-南东向分布,与岸线近垂直或斜交,砂体连通性相对较好,其厚度在侧向上变薄,岩性由细砂岩相变为粉砂岩或粉砂质泥岩.
To further elaborate the distribution characteristics of clastic tidal sedimentary microfacies and sandbodies in the ancient coastal zone,based on the core observation and drilling analysis of 30 wells of Silurian in Tazhong area,the estuaries,tidal channels,tidal sandbars ofsubtidal,sandflats,mixed flats,mudflats of intertidal,muddy supratidal,tempestites and seismites of subtidal were identified.The depositional sequence and structure of estuary,tidal channel,tidal sandbars and tidal flat sandbody were clarified.It is considered that the distribution of sandbody in tidal environment is mainly controlled by paleogeomorphology,hydrodynamic conditions of the tidal current,sequence and system tract,sedimentary microfacies and so on,and the tidal sandbodies in the space have obvious zoning.The results show that:the estuary facies is a sequence in which the sandy conglomerate of the early channels is modified and interbedded with silty mudstone or mudstone of the tidal flat.The tidal channel microfacies is an upward fining positive sequence,with a scoured surface and a flaky or massive muddy gravels at the bottom.There are fine sandstone upwards,where some scouring surfaces are not obvious and various kinds of cross-bedding develop.The tidal sandbar microfacies usually develops a typical upward coarsening sequence with inverse grading dominated by fine sandstone and siltstone,with some relatively homogeneous and do not have a grading sequence.The sandflat microfacies of intertidal is a greenish-gray fine siltstone with a thin monolayer,conformity top and bottom surfaces,and interbeds with mudstone.The subtidal zone is mostly affected by events such as storms and earthquakes.The gravels of the muddy-gravel layer are semi-upright or fan-shaped due to the effect of large storm surge,forming tempestite.The sandstones are locally modified by earthquakes to develop seismogenic structures.On the core scale,the thickness of a single sandbody is usually 0.08—2.98 m with an average of 0.78 m.On the drilling scale,9—13sandlayers can be divided.Each sandlayer has a maximum length of 5—10km and a maximum extension width of 2.5—5.0km.Through the comparison of sandbody and physical property,the tidal sandbody is generally low porosity and low permeability reservoir.It is considered that different microfacies sandbodies control the physical property of the reservoir,and the tidal bar sandbody is relatively good,followed by estuarine sandbody and tidal channel sandbody.The tidal flat sandbody of the intertidal zone is relatively poor in physical property.There are more mudstones in the near coastal zone,but the sandbodies are relatively abundant,mainly medium-fine sandstones in the area far away from the coastal zone.The distribution of sandbodies is perpendicular to or oblique to the shoreline along the tidal channel in NW-SE direction.The sandbody has better connectivity and its thickness is thinner in the lateral direction,and the lithology is transformed from fine sandstone to siltstone or silty mudstone.
To further elaborate the distribution characteristics of clastic tidal sedimentary microfacies and sandbodies in the ancient coastal zone,based on the core observation and drilling analysis of 30 wells of Silurian in Tazhong area,the estuaries,tidal channels,tidal sandbars ofsubtidal,sandflats,mixed flats,mudflats of intertidal,muddy supratidal,tempestites and seismites of subtidal were identified.The depositional sequence and structure of estuary,tidal channel,tidal sandbars and tidal flat sandbody were clarified.It is considered that the distribution of sandbody in tidal environment is mainly controlled by paleogeomorphology,hydrodynamic conditions of the tidal current,sequence and system tract,sedimentary microfacies and so on,and the tidal sandbodies in the space have obvious zoning.The results show that:the estuary facies is a sequence in which the sandy conglomerate of the early channels is modified and interbedded with silty mudstone or mudstone of the tidal flat.The tidal channel microfacies is an upward fining positive sequence,with a scoured surface and a flaky or massive muddy gravels at the bottom.There are fine sandstone upwards,where some scouring surfaces are not obvious and various kinds of cross-bedding develop.The tidal sandbar microfacies usually develops a typical upward coarsening sequence with inverse grading dominated by fine sandstone and siltstone,with some relatively homogeneous and do not have a grading sequence.The sandflat microfacies of intertidal is a greenish-gray fine siltstone with a thin monolayer,conformity top and bottom surfaces,and interbeds with mudstone.The subtidal zone is mostly affected by events such as storms and earthquakes.The gravels of the muddy-gravel layer are semi-upright or fan-shaped due to the effect of large storm surge,forming tempestite.The sandstones are locally modified by earthquakes to develop seismogenic structures.On the core scale,the thickness of a single sandbody is usually 0.08—2.98 m with an average of 0.78 m.On the drilling scale,9—13sandlayers can be divided.Each sandlayer has a maximum length of 5—10km and a maximum extension width of 2.5—5.0km.Through the comparison of sandbody and physical property,the tidal sandbody is generally low porosity and low permeability reservoir.It is considered that different microfacies sandbodies control the physical property of the reservoir,and the tidal bar sandbody is relatively good,followed by estuarine sandbody and tidal channel sandbody.The tidal flat sandbody of the intertidal zone is relatively poor in physical property.There are more mudstones in the near coastal zone,but the sandbodies are relatively abundant,mainly medium-fine sandstones in the area far away from the coastal zone.The distribution of sandbodies is perpendicular to or oblique to the shoreline along the tidal channel in NW-SE direction.The sandbody has better connectivity and its thickness is thinner in the lateral direction,and the lithology is transformed from fine sandstone to siltstone or silty mudstone.
引文
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