复杂电磁环境下无人机的雷达散射特性研究进展
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摘要
雷达散射截面(RCS)是雷达隐身技术中最为关键的概念之一,它表征了目标在雷达波照射下所产生的回波强度。无人机在复杂电磁环境下具有"小(低RCS)、慢(速度慢)、低(低飞)"的特点,而且受地理因素、气象因素和非合作雷达辐射源等干扰的影响显著。针对以上特点,给出了在复杂电磁环境的无人机的RCS特征及对雷达回波特性的影响,介绍了各种复杂电磁环境下无人机的RCS的研究进展。
The radar scattering cross( RCS) which represents the echo strength of the target under the incidence wave is one of the most important concepts in the radar stealth. With the characteristics of small( low RCS), slow( low flight speed) and low( low flight height), the RCS of the unmanned aerial vehicle( UAV) in complex electromagnetic environments are affected by the geography, meteorology, non-cooperative radar radiation source and so on. Based upon such conditions, the RCS of the UAV in the complex electromagnetic environments and the influence of the radar echo are presented in this paper. Meanwhile, the research progress on the RCS of the UAV in the complex electromagnetic environments are introduced.
The radar scattering cross( RCS) which represents the echo strength of the target under the incidence wave is one of the most important concepts in the radar stealth. With the characteristics of small( low RCS), slow( low flight speed) and low( low flight height), the RCS of the unmanned aerial vehicle( UAV) in complex electromagnetic environments are affected by the geography, meteorology, non-cooperative radar radiation source and so on. Based upon such conditions, the RCS of the UAV in the complex electromagnetic environments and the influence of the radar echo are presented in this paper. Meanwhile, the research progress on the RCS of the UAV in the complex electromagnetic environments are introduced.
引文
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[2]杨建宇.雷达技术发展规律和宏观趋势分析[J].雷达学报,2012,1(1):19-27.
[3]何友,黄勇,关键,等.海杂波中的雷达目标检测技术综述[J].现代雷达,2014,36(12):1-9.
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[6]周海飞,尤峰.对提高复杂电磁环境下装甲机械化部队通信训练质量的思考[J].兵工自动化,2008,27(1):61-62.
[7]孙国至,刘尚合.电磁环境效应内涵研究[J].中国电子科学研究院学报,2010,5(3):260-263.
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[9]NORRIE D H,VRIES G D.The finite element method:fundamentals and applications[M].London:Academic Press,1973.
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[13]TAFLOVE A.Review of the formulation and applications of the finite-difference time-domain method for numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions with arbitrary structures[J].Wave Motion,1988,10(6):547-582.
[14]HARRINGTON R F,MAUTZ J R.Theory of characteristic modes for conducting bodies[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1971,19(6):622-628.
[15]HARRINGTON R F.Field computation by moment methods[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1968.
[16]许稼,彭应宁,夏香根,等.空时频检测前聚焦雷达信号处理方法[J].雷达学报,2014,3(2):129-141.
[17]牛立强,谢拥军,张春刚,等.对抗环境下宙斯盾系统探测弹道导弹的仿真[J/OL].系统工程与电子技术[2019-05-16].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2422.TN.20190305.1146.006.html.
[18]Niu Liqiang,Xie Yongjun.A radar simulation system based on the path files[C].2016 IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband.Nanjing,China,2016:16-19.
[19]周超,张小宽,赵辉.介质涂覆目标电磁散射特性计算与仿真[J].计算机仿真,2013,30(10):120-123.
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[21]刘莹,谢拥军.多层介质天线罩的数值分析[J].电波科学学报,2011(3):550-555.
[22]MAO Y R,LIU Y,XIE Y J,et al.Simulation of electromagnetic performance on mesh reflector antennas:threedimensional mesh structures with lumped boundary conditions[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas&Propagation,2015,63(10):4599-4603.
[23]刘莹.复杂电磁工程问题分析的几个关键技术[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2016.
[24]刘莹,毛煜茹,谢拥军.舰载相控阵天线杂散发射辐射的统计电磁学分析[J].微波学报,2016,32(2):11-14.
[25]LI X F,XIE Y J,WANG P,et al.High-frequency method for scattering from electrically large conductive targets in half-space[J].IEEE Antennas&Wireless Propagation Letters,2007,6(11):259-262.
[26]李晓峰,谢拥军,陈博韬,等.半空间复杂目标的高频分析方法[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(2):449-453.
[27]李晓峰,谢拥军,王鹏,等.半空间电大涂敷目标散射的高频分析方法[J].物理学报,2008,57(5):2930-2935.
[28]李晓峰,谢拥军,樊君,等.考虑棱边散射的半空间复杂导体目标高频分析方法[J].物理学报,2009,58(2):908-913.
[29]VAN VLECK J H.The dipolar broadening of magnetic resonance lines in crystals[J].Physical Review,1948,74(9):1168-1183.
[30]GROSS B.Irradiation effects in plexiglas[J].Journal of Polymer Science,1958,27(115):135-143.
[31]ROSENKRANZ H S,SPECK W T.Mutagenicity of metronidazole:activation by mammalian liver microsomes[J].Biochemical&Biophysical Research Communications,1975,66(2):520-525.
[32]LIEBE H J.The atmospheric water vapor continuum below300 GHz[J].International Journal of Infrared&Millimeter Waves,1984,5(2):207-227.
[33]熊皓.无线电波传播(第一版)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2000.
[34]SALONEN E.Prediction models of atmospheric gases and clouds for slant path attenuation[C].Olympus Utilization Conference,1993:615-622.
[35]ITU-R.The radio refractive index:its formula and refractivity data[S].Rec.P.453-7,International Telecommunication Union,Geneva,1999.
[36]赵振维.水凝物的电波传播特性与遥感研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2001.
[37]MEDHURST R G..Rainfall atenuation of centimeter waves comparison of theory and measurement[J].Transaction on Antennas Propagat,1965,13(4):550-564.
[38]PRUPACHER H R,PITTER R L.A semi-empirical determination of the shape of clouds and rain drops[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1971,28:86-94.
[39]OGUCHI T.Attenuation of electromagnetic wave due to rain with distorted raindrops[J].J.Radio Res.Lab(Japan).1960,7(33):467-485.
[40]OGUCHI T.Atenuation and phase rotation of radio waves due to rain:calculations at 19.3 and 34.8 GHz[J].Radi.Science,1973,8(1):31-38.
[41]OLSEN R L,ROGERS D V,HODGE D B.The aRb relation in calculation of rain attenuation[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas&Propagation,1978,26(2):318-329.
[42]MAGGIORI D.Computed transmission through rain in the1-400 GHz frequency range for spherical and elliptical drops and any polarization[J].Alta Frequenza,1981,L(5):262-273.
[43]ITU-R.Specific atenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods[S].ITU-R Rec.P.838,International Telecommunication Union,Geneva.1994.
[44]LHERMITTE R M.Cloud and precipitation remote sensing at 94GHz[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1988,26(3):207-216.
[45]ALTSHULER E E,MARR R A.Cloud atenuation at millimeter wavelengths[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1989,37(11):1473-1479.
[46]DINTELMANN F,ORTGIES G.Semiempirical model for cloud attenuation prediction[J].Electronics Leters,1989,25(22):1487-1488.
[47]ORTGIES G.Statistics of clear-air atenuation on satellite links at 20 and 30 GHz[J].Electronics Leters,1990,26(2):358-360.
[48]DAVIES O T,HOWELL R G,WATSON P A.Measurement and modeling of cloud attenuation at millimeter wavelengths[J].Electronics Letters,1998,34(25):2433-2434.
[49]DISSANAYAKE A.Cloud atenuation modeling for SHF and EHF applications[C].Final Programme,COST 255 Workshop,1998:1-7.
[50]SCHOENENBERGER J G,FORREST J R.Principles of independent receivers for use with co-operative radar transmitters[J].The Radaio and Electronic Engineer,1982,52(2):93-101.
[51]GRIFFITHS H D,CARTER S M.Provision of moving target indication in an independent bistatic radar receiver[J].The Radio and Electronic Engineer,1984,54(8):336-342.
[52]YAMANO L C.Bistatic coherent radar receiving system[P].USA:4644356,1984.
[53]THOMPSON E C.Bistatic radar noncooperative illumination synchronization techniques[C].IEEE Radar Conference,1989:29-34.
[54]ANTONIK P A,HUGH G,DONALD D W,et al.Novel diverse waveforms[R].ADA393076,2001.
[55]GRIFFITHS H D,WICKS M C,WEINER D,et al.Denial of bistatic hosting by spatial-temporal waveform design[C].IEEE Proceedings of Radar Sonar Navigation,2005,152(2):81-88.
[56]OVERREIN Y,OLSEN K E.Geometrical and signal processing aspects using a bistatic hitch hiking radar system[C]IEEE Radar Conference,2005:235-238.
[57]JOHNSEN T,OLSEN K E.Hitchhiking bistatic radar:principles,processing and experimental findings[C].IEEERadar Conference,2007:518-523.
[2]杨建宇.雷达技术发展规律和宏观趋势分析[J].雷达学报,2012,1(1):19-27.
[3]何友,黄勇,关键,等.海杂波中的雷达目标检测技术综述[J].现代雷达,2014,36(12):1-9.
[4]ENGEL K,HADWIGER M,KNISS M J,et al.Real-time volume graphics[M].Wellesley MA:A K Peters,Ltd,2006.
[5]魏岳江.复杂电磁环境下的联合训练[J].国防科技,2008,29(4):62-67.
[6]周海飞,尤峰.对提高复杂电磁环境下装甲机械化部队通信训练质量的思考[J].兵工自动化,2008,27(1):61-62.
[7]孙国至,刘尚合.电磁环境效应内涵研究[J].中国电子科学研究院学报,2010,5(3):260-263.
[8]ZIENKIEWICZ O C,TAYLOR R L.The finite element method 4th[M].New York:Mc Graw-Hill,1989.
[9]NORRIE D H,VRIES G D.The finite element method:fundamentals and applications[M].London:Academic Press,1973.
[10]YEE K S.Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell's equation in isotropic media[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1966,14(5):302-307.
[11]TAFLOVE A,HAGNESS S C.Computational electrodynamics:the finite-difference time-domain method 3nd[M].Norwood,MA:Artech House,2005.
[12]TAFLOVE A.Advances in computational electrodynamics:the finite-difference time-domain[M].Boston:Artech House,1998.
[13]TAFLOVE A.Review of the formulation and applications of the finite-difference time-domain method for numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions with arbitrary structures[J].Wave Motion,1988,10(6):547-582.
[14]HARRINGTON R F,MAUTZ J R.Theory of characteristic modes for conducting bodies[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1971,19(6):622-628.
[15]HARRINGTON R F.Field computation by moment methods[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1968.
[16]许稼,彭应宁,夏香根,等.空时频检测前聚焦雷达信号处理方法[J].雷达学报,2014,3(2):129-141.
[17]牛立强,谢拥军,张春刚,等.对抗环境下宙斯盾系统探测弹道导弹的仿真[J/OL].系统工程与电子技术[2019-05-16].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2422.TN.20190305.1146.006.html.
[18]Niu Liqiang,Xie Yongjun.A radar simulation system based on the path files[C].2016 IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband.Nanjing,China,2016:16-19.
[19]周超,张小宽,赵辉.介质涂覆目标电磁散射特性计算与仿真[J].计算机仿真,2013,30(10):120-123.
[20]武光辉,童创明,李西敏,等.基于时域物理光学法的涂覆目标瞬态散射分析[J].微波学报,2016,32(5):6-9.
[21]刘莹,谢拥军.多层介质天线罩的数值分析[J].电波科学学报,2011(3):550-555.
[22]MAO Y R,LIU Y,XIE Y J,et al.Simulation of electromagnetic performance on mesh reflector antennas:threedimensional mesh structures with lumped boundary conditions[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas&Propagation,2015,63(10):4599-4603.
[23]刘莹.复杂电磁工程问题分析的几个关键技术[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2016.
[24]刘莹,毛煜茹,谢拥军.舰载相控阵天线杂散发射辐射的统计电磁学分析[J].微波学报,2016,32(2):11-14.
[25]LI X F,XIE Y J,WANG P,et al.High-frequency method for scattering from electrically large conductive targets in half-space[J].IEEE Antennas&Wireless Propagation Letters,2007,6(11):259-262.
[26]李晓峰,谢拥军,陈博韬,等.半空间复杂目标的高频分析方法[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(2):449-453.
[27]李晓峰,谢拥军,王鹏,等.半空间电大涂敷目标散射的高频分析方法[J].物理学报,2008,57(5):2930-2935.
[28]李晓峰,谢拥军,樊君,等.考虑棱边散射的半空间复杂导体目标高频分析方法[J].物理学报,2009,58(2):908-913.
[29]VAN VLECK J H.The dipolar broadening of magnetic resonance lines in crystals[J].Physical Review,1948,74(9):1168-1183.
[30]GROSS B.Irradiation effects in plexiglas[J].Journal of Polymer Science,1958,27(115):135-143.
[31]ROSENKRANZ H S,SPECK W T.Mutagenicity of metronidazole:activation by mammalian liver microsomes[J].Biochemical&Biophysical Research Communications,1975,66(2):520-525.
[32]LIEBE H J.The atmospheric water vapor continuum below300 GHz[J].International Journal of Infrared&Millimeter Waves,1984,5(2):207-227.
[33]熊皓.无线电波传播(第一版)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2000.
[34]SALONEN E.Prediction models of atmospheric gases and clouds for slant path attenuation[C].Olympus Utilization Conference,1993:615-622.
[35]ITU-R.The radio refractive index:its formula and refractivity data[S].Rec.P.453-7,International Telecommunication Union,Geneva,1999.
[36]赵振维.水凝物的电波传播特性与遥感研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2001.
[37]MEDHURST R G..Rainfall atenuation of centimeter waves comparison of theory and measurement[J].Transaction on Antennas Propagat,1965,13(4):550-564.
[38]PRUPACHER H R,PITTER R L.A semi-empirical determination of the shape of clouds and rain drops[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1971,28:86-94.
[39]OGUCHI T.Attenuation of electromagnetic wave due to rain with distorted raindrops[J].J.Radio Res.Lab(Japan).1960,7(33):467-485.
[40]OGUCHI T.Atenuation and phase rotation of radio waves due to rain:calculations at 19.3 and 34.8 GHz[J].Radi.Science,1973,8(1):31-38.
[41]OLSEN R L,ROGERS D V,HODGE D B.The aRb relation in calculation of rain attenuation[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas&Propagation,1978,26(2):318-329.
[42]MAGGIORI D.Computed transmission through rain in the1-400 GHz frequency range for spherical and elliptical drops and any polarization[J].Alta Frequenza,1981,L(5):262-273.
[43]ITU-R.Specific atenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods[S].ITU-R Rec.P.838,International Telecommunication Union,Geneva.1994.
[44]LHERMITTE R M.Cloud and precipitation remote sensing at 94GHz[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1988,26(3):207-216.
[45]ALTSHULER E E,MARR R A.Cloud atenuation at millimeter wavelengths[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1989,37(11):1473-1479.
[46]DINTELMANN F,ORTGIES G.Semiempirical model for cloud attenuation prediction[J].Electronics Leters,1989,25(22):1487-1488.
[47]ORTGIES G.Statistics of clear-air atenuation on satellite links at 20 and 30 GHz[J].Electronics Leters,1990,26(2):358-360.
[48]DAVIES O T,HOWELL R G,WATSON P A.Measurement and modeling of cloud attenuation at millimeter wavelengths[J].Electronics Letters,1998,34(25):2433-2434.
[49]DISSANAYAKE A.Cloud atenuation modeling for SHF and EHF applications[C].Final Programme,COST 255 Workshop,1998:1-7.
[50]SCHOENENBERGER J G,FORREST J R.Principles of independent receivers for use with co-operative radar transmitters[J].The Radaio and Electronic Engineer,1982,52(2):93-101.
[51]GRIFFITHS H D,CARTER S M.Provision of moving target indication in an independent bistatic radar receiver[J].The Radio and Electronic Engineer,1984,54(8):336-342.
[52]YAMANO L C.Bistatic coherent radar receiving system[P].USA:4644356,1984.
[53]THOMPSON E C.Bistatic radar noncooperative illumination synchronization techniques[C].IEEE Radar Conference,1989:29-34.
[54]ANTONIK P A,HUGH G,DONALD D W,et al.Novel diverse waveforms[R].ADA393076,2001.
[55]GRIFFITHS H D,WICKS M C,WEINER D,et al.Denial of bistatic hosting by spatial-temporal waveform design[C].IEEE Proceedings of Radar Sonar Navigation,2005,152(2):81-88.
[56]OVERREIN Y,OLSEN K E.Geometrical and signal processing aspects using a bistatic hitch hiking radar system[C]IEEE Radar Conference,2005:235-238.
[57]JOHNSEN T,OLSEN K E.Hitchhiking bistatic radar:principles,processing and experimental findings[C].IEEERadar Conference,2007:518-523.