厦门市氮素流动与水环境负荷演变特征
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摘要
人类活动造成大量氮素在城市生态系统中聚集,从而对水环境质量造成不利影响.作为一个复合生态系统,城市各系统对水环境的影响呈现不同的变化特征及趋势.本研究以厦门市为例,构建了城市氮流动模型,计算了水环境氮负荷,并通过情景分析的方法探讨了减缓城市水环境氮污染的策略.结果表明,1995—2015年厦门市水环境总氮负荷呈现上升-下降-上升式波动变化,总量介于8800～11100 t之间,主要受地表水氮负荷影响显著,而地下水变化相对稳定.在城市化进程中,城市各系统对水环境产生了不同程度的影响,农作物生产系统、污水处理系统及大气氮沉降是水环境氮污染的主要排放源,年均贡献率达69.0%.农作物生产系统和污水处理系统变化较显著,前者对水环境氮负荷的贡献率从1995年的22.3%下降到2015年的7.0%,后者由1995年的9.7%逐渐上升到2015年的40.7%.情景分析可知,提高城市废物、废水的资源化和综合化利用效率是减少城市水环境氮污染的重要途径.
Large amount of reactive nitrogen generated by human activities accumulates in urban ecosystem, causing negative effects on water environment quality. As a complex system, different subsystems of the city have different impacts on urban water environment, and these impacts have taken on different characteristics and trends. This study constructed an urban nitrogen flow model, which is applied to calculate its water nitrogen load in Xiamen City. Further, we explored the strategies for mitigating nitrogen pollution in urban water environment through scenario analysis. The results show that: during 1995—2015, the total nitrogen load in water environment of Xiamen ranged from 8800 to 11100 t, which shows a fluctuation of rising, decreasing and then rising. It mainly affected by nitrogen load of surface water, and the groundwater change is relatively stable. In the process of urbanization, different subsystems have caused different effects on urban water environment. Crop production, sewage treatment and atmospheric deposition were the main sources of nitrogen pollution in water environment, with annual average contribution of 69% to the total water nitrogen load. The contribution of crop production dropped from 22.3% in 1995 to 7.0% in 2015, while that of sewage treatment increased from 9.7% in 1995 to 40.7% in 2015. According to scenario analysis, improving the recycling of municipal solid waste and sewage and optimizing the industrial structure could be an important way to reduce the nitrogen pollution in the urban water environment.
Large amount of reactive nitrogen generated by human activities accumulates in urban ecosystem, causing negative effects on water environment quality. As a complex system, different subsystems of the city have different impacts on urban water environment, and these impacts have taken on different characteristics and trends. This study constructed an urban nitrogen flow model, which is applied to calculate its water nitrogen load in Xiamen City. Further, we explored the strategies for mitigating nitrogen pollution in urban water environment through scenario analysis. The results show that: during 1995—2015, the total nitrogen load in water environment of Xiamen ranged from 8800 to 11100 t, which shows a fluctuation of rising, decreasing and then rising. It mainly affected by nitrogen load of surface water, and the groundwater change is relatively stable. In the process of urbanization, different subsystems have caused different effects on urban water environment. Crop production, sewage treatment and atmospheric deposition were the main sources of nitrogen pollution in water environment, with annual average contribution of 69% to the total water nitrogen load. The contribution of crop production dropped from 22.3% in 1995 to 7.0% in 2015, while that of sewage treatment increased from 9.7% in 1995 to 40.7% in 2015. According to scenario analysis, improving the recycling of municipal solid waste and sewage and optimizing the industrial structure could be an important way to reduce the nitrogen pollution in the urban water environment.
引文
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Fisher D S,Steiner J L,Endale D M,et al. 2000.The relationship of land use practices to surface water quality in the upper oconce watershed of georgia[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,128:39-48
Funkey C P,Conley D J,Reuss N S,et al. 2014.Hypoxia sustains cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic sea[J]. Environment Science Technology,48(5):2598-2602
Galloway J N,Dentener F J,Capone D G,et al.2004.The global nitrogen cycle past,present and future[J]. Biogeochemistry,70(2):669-677
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高群,余成.2015.城市化进程对氮循环格局及动态的影响研究进展[J].地理科学进展,34(6):726-738
Glibert P M,Maranger R,Sobota D J,et al. 2014.The Haber Bosch-harmful algal bloom(HB-HAB) link[J]. Environmental Research Letters,9(10):1748-9326
Grimm N B,Foster D,Groffman P,et al.2008.The changing landscape:ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climatic and societal gradients[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,6(5):264-272
Grimm N B,Foster D,Groffman P,et al. 2008.Global change and the ecology of cities[J]. Science,319:756-760
Gu B J,Jie C,Ying G,et al. 2009.Anthropogenic modification of nitrogen cycling within the greater Hangzhou area system,China[J]. Ecological Applications,19(4):974-988
Gu B J,Dong X L,Peng C H,et al. 2012.The long-term impact of urbanization on nitrogen patterns and dynamics in Shanghai,China[J]. Environment Pollution,171:30-37
Gu B J,Chang J,Ge Y,et al.2015.Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China[J].Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America,112(28):8792-8797
Guo L.2007.Doing battle with the green monster of Taihu Lake[J].Science,317(5842):1166
Hale R L,Turnbull L,Earl S,et al.2014.Sources and transport of nitrogen in arid urban watersheds[J].Environmental Science Technology,48(11):6211-6219
韩玉国,李叙勇,南哲,等.2011.北京地区2003—2007年人类活动氮累积状况研究[J].环境科学,32(6):1537-1545
李彦旻,冼超凡,欧阳志云,等.2017.城市污水氮污染排放特征及来源探讨—以北京市海淀区为例[J].环境科学学报,37(1):146-153
Liu C,Wang Q X,Zou C J.2015.Recent trends in nitrogen flows with urbanization in shanghai megacity and the effects on the water environment[J].Environment Science Pollution Research,22:3431-3440
Liu J G,Diamond J.2005.China′s environment in a globalizing world[J].Nature,435(30):1179-1186
Liu X J,Xu W,Pan Y P,et al.2015.Liu et al.suspect that Zhu et al.(2015) may have underestimated dissolved organic nitrogen(N) but overestimated total particulate N in wet deposition in China[J].Science Total of Environment,520:300-301
刘文竹,王晓燕,樊彦波.2014.大气氮沉降及其对水体氮负荷估算的研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,36(5):88-101
Ma L,Guo J H,Velthof G L,et al.2014.Impact of urban expansion on nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food system of Beijing from 1978 to 2008[J].Global Environment Change,28(1):192-204
Packett R. 2017. Rainfall contributes～ 30% of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen exported from a southern Great Barrier Reef river basin[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 121(1/2):16-31
Reay D S,Davidson E A,Smith K A,et al.2012.Global agriculture and nitrous oxide emission[J].Nature Climate Change,2(6):410-416
任艳.2015.厦门市污水处理系统综合评价及动态优化研究[D].厦门:厦门大学.11-35
Russell A G,Winner D A,Harley R A,et al.1993.Mathematical modeling and control of the dry deposition flux of nitrogen-containing air pollutants[J].Environment Science & Technology,27:72-82
Schlesinger W H.2008.On the fate of anthropogenic nitrogen[J].Proceeding of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America,160(1):203-208
Svirejeva-Hopkins A,Reis S,Magic J,et al.2011.The European nitrogen assessment Cambridge[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.9-270
Svirejeva-Hopkins A,Reis S,Magid J,et al.2011.Nitrogen Flows and Fate in Urban Landscapes//Sutton M A,Howard C M,Erisman J W,et al.The European Nitrogen Assessment,Sources,Effects and Policy Perspectives[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.249-270
Tang Z,Engel B A,Pijanowski B C,et al.2005.Forecasting land use change and its environment impact at a watershed scale[J].Journal of Environmental Management,76:35-45
Wang X J,Jia M S,Chen X H,et al.2014.Greenhouse gas emissions from landfill leachate treatment plants:A comparison of young and aged landfill[J].Waste Management,34:1156-1164
厦门市统计局.1996—2016.厦门经济特区年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社
厦门市环保局.1995—2015a.厦门市环境统计及城考资料汇编[M].厦门:厦门市环境保护局
厦门市环保局.1995—2015b.厦门市环境质量公报[M].厦门:厦门市环境保护局
厦门市市政园林局.2015.厦门市市政、园林、林业“十三五”规划[R].厦门:厦门市城市规划设计研究院.10-100
Yu C Q,Xiao Y C,Ni S Q.2017.Changing patterns of urban-rural nutrient flows in China:driving forces and options[J].Science Bulletin,62:83-91
岳甫均,李军,刘小龙,等.2010.利用氮同位素技术探讨天津地表水氮污染[J].生态学杂志,29(7):1403-1408
Zhao Y,Yong Q X,Chao P T,et al.2015.Nitrogen removal capacity of the river network in a high nitrogen loading region[J].Environmental Science & Technology,49(3):1427-1435
中国统计局.2000—2013.中国环境统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社
Baker L A,Hope D,Xu Y,et al. 2001.Nitrogen balance for the Central Arizona-Phoenix (CAP) ecosystem[J].Ecosystems,4(6):582-602
Butler T J,Likens G E,Vermeylen F M,et al. 2005.The impact of changing nitrogen oxide emission on wet and dry nitrogen deposition in the northeastern USA[J]. Atmospheric Environment,39:4851-4862
Cui S H,Shi Y L,Groffman P M,et al. 2013.Centennial-scale analysis of the creation and fate of reactive nitrogen in China(1910—2010)[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America,110(6):2052-2057
David W C,Richard C,Steven J G,et al. 2009.Aquaculture:Environmental,toxicological,and health issues[J]. International Journal of Hygiene and Environment Health,212:369-377
Duh J D,Shandasb V,Chang H J,et al. 2008.Rates of urbanization and the resiliency of air and water quality[J]. Science Total Environment,400(1/3):238-256
Elliott E M,Kendall C,Wankel S D,et al. 2007.Nitrogen isotopes as indicators of NOx source contributions to atmospheric nitrate deposition across the Midwestern and northeastern United States[J].Environment Science & Technology,41:7661-7667
Fisher D S,Steiner J L,Endale D M,et al. 2000.The relationship of land use practices to surface water quality in the upper oconce watershed of georgia[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,128:39-48
Funkey C P,Conley D J,Reuss N S,et al. 2014.Hypoxia sustains cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic sea[J]. Environment Science Technology,48(5):2598-2602
Galloway J N,Dentener F J,Capone D G,et al.2004.The global nitrogen cycle past,present and future[J]. Biogeochemistry,70(2):669-677
Gao B,Huang Y,Huang W,et al. 2018.Driving forces and impacts of food system nitrogen flows in China,1990 to 2012[J].Science of Total Environment,610-611:430-441
高群,余成.2015.城市化进程对氮循环格局及动态的影响研究进展[J].地理科学进展,34(6):726-738
Glibert P M,Maranger R,Sobota D J,et al. 2014.The Haber Bosch-harmful algal bloom(HB-HAB) link[J]. Environmental Research Letters,9(10):1748-9326
Grimm N B,Foster D,Groffman P,et al.2008.The changing landscape:ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climatic and societal gradients[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,6(5):264-272
Grimm N B,Foster D,Groffman P,et al. 2008.Global change and the ecology of cities[J]. Science,319:756-760
Gu B J,Jie C,Ying G,et al. 2009.Anthropogenic modification of nitrogen cycling within the greater Hangzhou area system,China[J]. Ecological Applications,19(4):974-988
Gu B J,Dong X L,Peng C H,et al. 2012.The long-term impact of urbanization on nitrogen patterns and dynamics in Shanghai,China[J]. Environment Pollution,171:30-37
Gu B J,Chang J,Ge Y,et al.2015.Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China[J].Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America,112(28):8792-8797
Guo L.2007.Doing battle with the green monster of Taihu Lake[J].Science,317(5842):1166
Hale R L,Turnbull L,Earl S,et al.2014.Sources and transport of nitrogen in arid urban watersheds[J].Environmental Science Technology,48(11):6211-6219
韩玉国,李叙勇,南哲,等.2011.北京地区2003—2007年人类活动氮累积状况研究[J].环境科学,32(6):1537-1545
李彦旻,冼超凡,欧阳志云,等.2017.城市污水氮污染排放特征及来源探讨—以北京市海淀区为例[J].环境科学学报,37(1):146-153
Liu C,Wang Q X,Zou C J.2015.Recent trends in nitrogen flows with urbanization in shanghai megacity and the effects on the water environment[J].Environment Science Pollution Research,22:3431-3440
Liu J G,Diamond J.2005.China′s environment in a globalizing world[J].Nature,435(30):1179-1186
Liu X J,Xu W,Pan Y P,et al.2015.Liu et al.suspect that Zhu et al.(2015) may have underestimated dissolved organic nitrogen(N) but overestimated total particulate N in wet deposition in China[J].Science Total of Environment,520:300-301
刘文竹,王晓燕,樊彦波.2014.大气氮沉降及其对水体氮负荷估算的研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,36(5):88-101
Ma L,Guo J H,Velthof G L,et al.2014.Impact of urban expansion on nitrogen and phosphorus flows in the food system of Beijing from 1978 to 2008[J].Global Environment Change,28(1):192-204
Packett R. 2017. Rainfall contributes～ 30% of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen exported from a southern Great Barrier Reef river basin[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 121(1/2):16-31
Reay D S,Davidson E A,Smith K A,et al.2012.Global agriculture and nitrous oxide emission[J].Nature Climate Change,2(6):410-416
任艳.2015.厦门市污水处理系统综合评价及动态优化研究[D].厦门:厦门大学.11-35
Russell A G,Winner D A,Harley R A,et al.1993.Mathematical modeling and control of the dry deposition flux of nitrogen-containing air pollutants[J].Environment Science & Technology,27:72-82
Schlesinger W H.2008.On the fate of anthropogenic nitrogen[J].Proceeding of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America,160(1):203-208
Svirejeva-Hopkins A,Reis S,Magic J,et al.2011.The European nitrogen assessment Cambridge[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.9-270
Svirejeva-Hopkins A,Reis S,Magid J,et al.2011.Nitrogen Flows and Fate in Urban Landscapes//Sutton M A,Howard C M,Erisman J W,et al.The European Nitrogen Assessment,Sources,Effects and Policy Perspectives[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.249-270
Tang Z,Engel B A,Pijanowski B C,et al.2005.Forecasting land use change and its environment impact at a watershed scale[J].Journal of Environmental Management,76:35-45
Wang X J,Jia M S,Chen X H,et al.2014.Greenhouse gas emissions from landfill leachate treatment plants:A comparison of young and aged landfill[J].Waste Management,34:1156-1164
厦门市统计局.1996—2016.厦门经济特区年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社
厦门市环保局.1995—2015a.厦门市环境统计及城考资料汇编[M].厦门:厦门市环境保护局
厦门市环保局.1995—2015b.厦门市环境质量公报[M].厦门:厦门市环境保护局
厦门市市政园林局.2015.厦门市市政、园林、林业“十三五”规划[R].厦门:厦门市城市规划设计研究院.10-100
Yu C Q,Xiao Y C,Ni S Q.2017.Changing patterns of urban-rural nutrient flows in China:driving forces and options[J].Science Bulletin,62:83-91
岳甫均,李军,刘小龙,等.2010.利用氮同位素技术探讨天津地表水氮污染[J].生态学杂志,29(7):1403-1408
Zhao Y,Yong Q X,Chao P T,et al.2015.Nitrogen removal capacity of the river network in a high nitrogen loading region[J].Environmental Science & Technology,49(3):1427-1435
中国统计局.2000—2013.中国环境统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社
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