河北平泉下金宝金矿床载金矿物特征及其成矿指示意义
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摘要
以位于河北永安—下营房—毛家沟金多金属成矿带的下金宝金矿床为研究对象,借助光学显微镜、电子探针点分析及面分析技术,对本区金的赋存状态以及主要载金矿物的形成环境和成因类型进行研究。研究结果表明:本区"可见金"的粒径集中在0.005~0.053 mm范围内,微细粒级金矿物质量分数占80%以上,主要以粒间金、包裹金及裂隙金的形式出现;载金矿物主要为银金矿、自然金、黄铁矿、闪锌矿;本区"不可见金"不仅以机械混入的"不可见"显微-超显微包体金存在,而且以晶格金的形式存在;本区黝铜矿As与As+Sb的物质的量比x(As)/(x(As)+x(Sb))高于0.25,银金矿中Au的质量分数w(Au)为73.512%~80.120%,闪锌矿的w(Zn)/w(Cd)为79.82~145.33,表明矿床形成于浅成—中低温环境中;黄铁矿、闪锌矿的主微量元素特征指示下金宝金矿床为与岩浆侵入活动有关的浅成中低温热液型金矿床。
Xiajinbao gold deposit is located in the Yong'an—Xiayingfang—Maojiagou poly-metallic belt, which has favorable metallogenic geological condition. According to systematic petrography observation and in situ elemental analysis by X-ray electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA), Xiajinbao gold deposit occurrence and the ore-forming environment and genesis of gold-bearing minerals were studied. The results show that the visible gold particle has a size of 0.005-0.053 mm in diameter. Fine grained gold composes more than 80% of the total minerals, which occur as mineral inclusions in the fractures or among the particles of the gold-bearing minerals. Major gold-bearing minerals include gold, electrum, pyrite and sphalerite. The "invisible gold" mainly exists in the form of mechanically-mixed "invisible" microscopic-ultramicroscopic gold inclusions, as well as solid solution(lattice gold).The molar ratio of x(As)/(x(As)+x(Sb)) of tetrahedrite is above 0.25. The mass fraction of gold of electrum ranges from 73.512% to 80.120%. The mass fraction ratio of w(Zn)/w(Cd) of sphalerite ranges from 79.82 to 145.33, indicating that the deposit is formed in an epithermal moderate-low temperature environment. Major and trace element features of pyrite and sphalerite indicate that the Xiajinbao gold deposit is a moderate-low temperature hydrothermal gold deposit related to magmatic activities.
Xiajinbao gold deposit is located in the Yong'an—Xiayingfang—Maojiagou poly-metallic belt, which has favorable metallogenic geological condition. According to systematic petrography observation and in situ elemental analysis by X-ray electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA), Xiajinbao gold deposit occurrence and the ore-forming environment and genesis of gold-bearing minerals were studied. The results show that the visible gold particle has a size of 0.005-0.053 mm in diameter. Fine grained gold composes more than 80% of the total minerals, which occur as mineral inclusions in the fractures or among the particles of the gold-bearing minerals. Major gold-bearing minerals include gold, electrum, pyrite and sphalerite. The "invisible gold" mainly exists in the form of mechanically-mixed "invisible" microscopic-ultramicroscopic gold inclusions, as well as solid solution(lattice gold).The molar ratio of x(As)/(x(As)+x(Sb)) of tetrahedrite is above 0.25. The mass fraction of gold of electrum ranges from 73.512% to 80.120%. The mass fraction ratio of w(Zn)/w(Cd) of sphalerite ranges from 79.82 to 145.33, indicating that the deposit is formed in an epithermal moderate-low temperature environment. Major and trace element features of pyrite and sphalerite indicate that the Xiajinbao gold deposit is a moderate-low temperature hydrothermal gold deposit related to magmatic activities.
引文
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[13]张政,唐菊兴,林彬,等.藏南扎西康矿床闪锌矿微量元素地球化学特征及其地质意义[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2016,35(6):1203-1216.ZHANG Zheng,TANG Juxing,LIN Bin,et al.Geochemical characteristies of thrace elements of sphaterite in the Zhaxikang doposit,southern Tibet,and their geological significances[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2016,35(6):1203-1216.
[14]刘英俊,曹励明,李兆麟,等.元素地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1984:242-300.LIU Yingjun,CAO Liming,LI Zhaolin,et al.Element geochemistry[M].Beijing:Science Press,1984:242-300.
[15]ZHANG Jianguo,SHAO Yougjun,WANG Cheng,et al.Ore-forming mechanism of Xiajinbao gold deposit in Pingquan,Hebei based on fluid inclusions and stable isotopes[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(6):1363-1373.
[16]徐仕海.兰坪盆地银铜钴镍多金属矿床黝铜矿系列矿物学特征及其成因意义[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(6):556-564.XU Shihai.Mineralogy characteristic and the genetic significance of tennantite tetrahedrite from Ag-Cu-Co-Ni polymetal deposits in Lanping basin,Yunnan,China[J].Journal Chengdu University of Technology,2005,32(6):556-564.
[17]毛水和,李广文.黝铜矿族矿物的电子探针分析研究与综合利用[J].矿产综合利用,1988(3):72-77.MAO Shuihe,LI Guangwen.Study on comprehensive utilization and electron microprobe analysis of tetrahedrite-group minerals[J].Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources,1988(3):72-77.
[18]梁俊红,刘海波,王建国,等.自然金的标型及成色特征在金矿床研究中的意义[J].黄金地质,2000,12(21):1-4.LIANG Junhong,LIU Haibo,WANG Jiangguo,et al.The meaning of the typomorphic characteristics of native gold and its fineness feature in the researches of ore deposit[J].Gold Geology,2000,12(21):1-4.
[19]宋学信,张景凯.中国各种成因黄铁矿的微量元素特征[J].中国地质科学院矿床地质研究所所刊,1986(2):166-175.SONG Xuexin,ZHANG Jingkai.Minor elements in pyrites of various genetic types from China[J].Bulletin of the Institute of Mineral Deposits Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,1986(2):166-175.
[20]靳是琴,李鸿超.成因矿物学概论[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1984:1-50.JIN Shiqing,LI Hongchao.An introduction to genetic mineralogy[M].Changchun:Jilin University Press,1984:1-50.
[21]孙国胜,初凤友,胡瑞忠,等.我国主要金矿类型中黄铁矿“电子-空穴心”特征及影响因素[J].矿物学报,2004,24(3):211-217.SUN Guosheng,CHU Fengyou,HU Ruizhong,et al.Electron hole-core characteristics of pyrite from the main types of gold deposits in China and affecting factors[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2004,24(3):211-217.
[22]BAJWAH Z U,SECCOMBE P K,OFFLER R.Trace element distribution,Co/Ni ratios and genesis of the Big Cadia iron-copper deposit,New South Wales,Australia[J].Mineral Deposita,1987,22(4):292-300.
[23]赵振华.微量元素地球化学[J].地球科学进展,1992,7(5):65-66.ZHAO Zhenhua.Principle of trace element geochemistry[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,1992,7(5):65-66.
[24]严育通,李胜荣,张娜,等.不同成因类型金矿床成矿期黄铁矿成分成因标型特征[J].黄金,2012,33(3):11-16.YAN Yutong,LI Shengrong,ZHANG Na,et al.Composition typomorphic characteristics and statistics analysis of metallogenic pyrite in gold deposits of different genetic types[J].Gold,2012,33(3):11-16.
[25]宫丽,马光.黄铁矿的成分标型特征及其在金属矿床中的指示意义[J].地质找矿论丛,2011,26(2):162-166.GONG Li,MA Guang.The characteristic typomorphic composition of pyrite and indicate meaning to metal deposits[J].Contributions Geology and Mineral Resources Research,2011,26(2):162-166.
[26]司荣军,顾雪祥,庞绪成,等.云南省富乐铅锌多金属矿床闪锌矿中分散元素地球化学特征[J].矿物岩石,2006,26(1):75-80.SI Rongjun,GU Xuexiang,PANG Xucheng,et al.Geochemical character of dispersed element in sphalerite from Fule Pb-Zn polymetal deposit,Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2006,26(1):75-80.
[2]黄典豪,吴澄宇,杜安道,等.东秦岭地区钼矿床的铼-锇同位素年龄及其意义[J].矿床地质,1994,13(3):221-230.HUANG Dianhao,WU Chengyu,DU Andao,et al.Re-Os ages molybdenum deposits in east Qinling and their significance[J].Mineral Deposits,1994,13(3):221-230.
[3]袁万明,王世成,王兰芬.河北下营坊金矿成矿时代的裂变径迹研究[J].核技术,1999,22(7):411-413.YUAN Wanming,WANG Shicheng,WANG Lanfen.Fission track study on the metallogenetic age of Xiayingfang gold deposit in eastern Hebei[J].Nuclear Techniques,1999,22(7):411-413.
[4]张建国,邵拥军,刘忠法,等.河北平泉下金宝花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义[J].中国有色金属学报,2016,26(1):137-148.ZHANG Jianguo,SHAO Yongjun,LIU Zhongfa,et al.Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope characterristics of Xiaojinbao granite-porphyry body,Hebei Province,and its geological significance[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2016,26(1):137-148.
[5]BAKKON B M,HOCHELIA M F,MARSHALL A F,et al.High resolution microscope of gold in unoxidized ore from the carlin mine Nevada[J].Economical Geology,1989,84:171-179.
[6]PALENIK C S,SATOSHI U,MARTIN R,et al.“Invisible”gold revealed:direct imaging of gold nanoparticles in a Carlin-type gold deposit[J].American Mineralogist,2004,89(10):1359-1366.
[7]REICH M,KESLER S,UTSUNOMIYA S,et al.Solubility of gold in arsenic pyrite[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2005,69(11):2781-2796.
[8]H?LL R,KLING M,SCHROLL E.Metallogenesis of germanium:a review[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2007,30(3):145-180.
[9]YE L,LIU T.Sphalerite chemistry,Niujiaotang Cd-Rich zinc peposit,Guizhou,Southwest China[J].China Journal of Geochemistry,1999,18(1):62-68.
[10]陈懋弘,毛景文,陈振宇,等.滇黔桂“金三角”卡林型金矿含砷黄铁矿和毒砂的矿物学研究[J].矿床地质,2009,28(5):539-557.CHEN Maohong,MAO Jingwen,CHEN Zhenyu,et al.Mineralogy of arsenian pyrites and arsenopyrites of Carlin-type gold deposits in Yunnan—Guizhou—Guangxi“golden triangle”area,southwestern China[J].Mineral Deposits,2009,28(5):539-557.
[11]刘建中,夏勇,邓一明,等.贵州水银洞超大型金矿床金的赋存状态再研究[J].贵州地质,2007,24(3):165-169.LIU Jianzhong,XIA Yong,DENG Yiming,et al.Re-study on modes of gold occurrence in the Shuiyindong super-large-sized gold deposit[J].Guizhou Geol,2007,24(3):165-169.
[12]COOK N J,CIOBANU C L,SKINNER A P W,et al.Trace and minor elements in sphalerite:a LA-ICPMS study[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2009,73(16):4761-4791.
[13]张政,唐菊兴,林彬,等.藏南扎西康矿床闪锌矿微量元素地球化学特征及其地质意义[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2016,35(6):1203-1216.ZHANG Zheng,TANG Juxing,LIN Bin,et al.Geochemical characteristies of thrace elements of sphaterite in the Zhaxikang doposit,southern Tibet,and their geological significances[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2016,35(6):1203-1216.
[14]刘英俊,曹励明,李兆麟,等.元素地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1984:242-300.LIU Yingjun,CAO Liming,LI Zhaolin,et al.Element geochemistry[M].Beijing:Science Press,1984:242-300.
[15]ZHANG Jianguo,SHAO Yougjun,WANG Cheng,et al.Ore-forming mechanism of Xiajinbao gold deposit in Pingquan,Hebei based on fluid inclusions and stable isotopes[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(6):1363-1373.
[16]徐仕海.兰坪盆地银铜钴镍多金属矿床黝铜矿系列矿物学特征及其成因意义[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(6):556-564.XU Shihai.Mineralogy characteristic and the genetic significance of tennantite tetrahedrite from Ag-Cu-Co-Ni polymetal deposits in Lanping basin,Yunnan,China[J].Journal Chengdu University of Technology,2005,32(6):556-564.
[17]毛水和,李广文.黝铜矿族矿物的电子探针分析研究与综合利用[J].矿产综合利用,1988(3):72-77.MAO Shuihe,LI Guangwen.Study on comprehensive utilization and electron microprobe analysis of tetrahedrite-group minerals[J].Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources,1988(3):72-77.
[18]梁俊红,刘海波,王建国,等.自然金的标型及成色特征在金矿床研究中的意义[J].黄金地质,2000,12(21):1-4.LIANG Junhong,LIU Haibo,WANG Jiangguo,et al.The meaning of the typomorphic characteristics of native gold and its fineness feature in the researches of ore deposit[J].Gold Geology,2000,12(21):1-4.
[19]宋学信,张景凯.中国各种成因黄铁矿的微量元素特征[J].中国地质科学院矿床地质研究所所刊,1986(2):166-175.SONG Xuexin,ZHANG Jingkai.Minor elements in pyrites of various genetic types from China[J].Bulletin of the Institute of Mineral Deposits Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,1986(2):166-175.
[20]靳是琴,李鸿超.成因矿物学概论[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1984:1-50.JIN Shiqing,LI Hongchao.An introduction to genetic mineralogy[M].Changchun:Jilin University Press,1984:1-50.
[21]孙国胜,初凤友,胡瑞忠,等.我国主要金矿类型中黄铁矿“电子-空穴心”特征及影响因素[J].矿物学报,2004,24(3):211-217.SUN Guosheng,CHU Fengyou,HU Ruizhong,et al.Electron hole-core characteristics of pyrite from the main types of gold deposits in China and affecting factors[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2004,24(3):211-217.
[22]BAJWAH Z U,SECCOMBE P K,OFFLER R.Trace element distribution,Co/Ni ratios and genesis of the Big Cadia iron-copper deposit,New South Wales,Australia[J].Mineral Deposita,1987,22(4):292-300.
[23]赵振华.微量元素地球化学[J].地球科学进展,1992,7(5):65-66.ZHAO Zhenhua.Principle of trace element geochemistry[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,1992,7(5):65-66.
[24]严育通,李胜荣,张娜,等.不同成因类型金矿床成矿期黄铁矿成分成因标型特征[J].黄金,2012,33(3):11-16.YAN Yutong,LI Shengrong,ZHANG Na,et al.Composition typomorphic characteristics and statistics analysis of metallogenic pyrite in gold deposits of different genetic types[J].Gold,2012,33(3):11-16.
[25]宫丽,马光.黄铁矿的成分标型特征及其在金属矿床中的指示意义[J].地质找矿论丛,2011,26(2):162-166.GONG Li,MA Guang.The characteristic typomorphic composition of pyrite and indicate meaning to metal deposits[J].Contributions Geology and Mineral Resources Research,2011,26(2):162-166.
[26]司荣军,顾雪祥,庞绪成,等.云南省富乐铅锌多金属矿床闪锌矿中分散元素地球化学特征[J].矿物岩石,2006,26(1):75-80.SI Rongjun,GU Xuexiang,PANG Xucheng,et al.Geochemical character of dispersed element in sphalerite from Fule Pb-Zn polymetal deposit,Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2006,26(1):75-80.