不同防冻防寒措施对枇杷果实品质及投入产出效益的影响
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摘要
【目的】比较不同防冻防寒措施对枇杷结果及其投入产出比的影响,为枇杷优质高效配套栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】以‘黔星’枇杷为试材,比较防寒布、食品袋+网套、无纺布、遮阳布、防冻药物、钢架大棚、拱杆薄膜不同防冻措施下枇杷坐果率、有效穗、冻害情况、果实大小及产量,并测定果实品质主要指标。【结果】拱杆薄膜防冻处理下坐果率、有效穗数、单穗果量、单位面积产值及投入产出比显著高于其他处理;各防冻处理对果形指数没有显著的影响;防冻药物处理下平均单果质量显著高于其他处理;钢架大棚和拱杆薄膜处理下可溶性固形物及总糖含量显著高于其他处理;防寒布处理下维生素C含量显著高于其他处理;遮阳布处理下可滴定酸含量最高;此外,拱杆骨架聚乙烯薄膜覆盖树冠对树体不同位置防冻效果较其他处理显著。【结论】与常规栽培相比,各防冻措施对枇杷结果均有不同程度的积极影响。综合评价,拱杆聚乙烯薄膜覆盖树冠处理防冻效果最佳。
【Objective】Loquat production shows a very thriving prospect in the agricultural industry,which possesses economical, social and commercial values in Guizhou. However, in the process of growth and development, loquat is frequently subjected to a series of adversity, such as freezing, extreme temperature injury, etc., leading to a serious decline on the yield and quality. Hence, it's crucial to develop a set of high quality and efficient cultivation technology for loquat. The purpose of this study was to screen out the optimal antifreezing measures by comparatively investigating the effect of different chill-proof measures on fruit setting, fruit size and quality, fruit weight and yield, and input-output ratio. It can not only improve the profits of orchardists effectively, but also dramatically promote the expansion of loquat industry.【Methods】The experiment was carried out on the subtropical plateau monsoon climate, where the altitude is around 900 m and the annual temperature is about 15.3 ℃, and the frost free days are approximately 276. Eight-year-old loquat trees of‘Qianxing'cultivar were used as materials,which were planted at a spacing of 4.0 m×4.0 m and grew to the height of 2.5-3.0 m. The soil was sandy loam with good water holding capacity, well drained, moderate soil fertility and soil pH of6.0. In the experiment, seven chill-proof measures were applied, including cold-proof cloth, aluminum foil bag, nonwoven fabric, sunshade, anti-freezing chemicals, plastic steel frame greenhouse and arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film. And those measures were applied before the chilling temperatures occurred. Moreover, the anti-freezing chemicals were sprayed twice or three times at 10:00 am on a sunny day before and after the chilling occurred. Each chill-proof measure was set in three experimental plots(three repetitions), and each of the plot was selected randomly with three moderate vigor trees planted in a continuous row. After flower thinning, four hundred and fifty fruit clusters were retained per plot. Moreover, for each fruit cluster five fruits were reserved after fruit thinning before chilling occurred. The fruit setting ratios with four kinds of chill-proof measures including aluminum foil bag,arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film and sunshade as well as nonwoven fabric were comparatively investigated in 2016 and 2017. Furthermore, the other three types of chill-proof measures including cold-proof cloth, anti-freezing chemicals and plastic steel frame greenhouse'were added to the experiment in 2017 and 2018. The efficient culster number per experimental plot was attained and the fruit number per cluster was obtained at full fruit period after chilling occurred, and the degree of fruit freezing injury was investigated at fruit ripening period. Besides, the fruits were collected at ripening period and quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and thereafter preserved under-80 ℃ for the determination of fruit internal quality indexes, i.e., the contents of soluble solids(SS), vitamin C(Vc), titratable acid(TA) and total sugar(TS). The contents of soluble solids were detected by the method of digital refractometer, and the levels of vitamin C were determined by the o-phenanthroline colorimetry method. Titratable acid contents were measured by the indicator titration method, and the contents of total sugar were detected by the method of anthrone colorimetry. Furthermore, the electronic balance and vernier caliper were applied for the detection of fruit external parameters, i.e., fruit weight and size separately.The fruit yield per 666.7 m2, however, was calculated by the formula: Fruit yield per 666.7 m2=fruit yield per plant×42(plants)×0.8. Afterwards, the number of effective cluster, fruit weight and size, fruit number per cluster, content of vitamin C and sugar acid ratio as well as solid acid ratio were compared directly by the one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)(p < 0.05)(Mean ± SD), while the fruit-setting ratio and the contents of soluble solids and total sugar were analyzed by ANOVA after arcsine formula to obtain normal distribution data.【Results】The results indicated that the fruit-setting ratio, and the efficient cluster number per experimental plot, the fruit number per cluster, and the fruit yield per 666.7 m2 in arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film chill-proof measure was significantly higher than the others. Similarly, the highest input-output ratio was also obtained in arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film chill-proof measure. However, none of the significant difference was found in fruit shape indexes among different chill-proof measures. Comparing the average fruit weight per plant, it was illustrated that the anti-freezing chemicals could obviously enhance the average fruit weight. In addition, the higher contents of soluble solids and total sugar from arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film were obtained comparing with other chill-proof measures. Furthermore, the levels of vitamin C and sugar acid ratio with cold-proof cloth treatment were remarkably higher than the others. For the highest solid acid ratio, however, was from sunshade chill-proof measure. Additionally, correlation analysis indicated that the content of soluble solids was significantly positive with vitamin C(p < 0.05), sugar and acid ratio(p < 0.05), total sugar(p < 0.01), solid and acid ratio(p < 0.01), respectively.【Conclusion】By comparing with the control, each chill-proof measure all had an efficient influence on fruit. Generally, arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film showed a better effect on cool prevention.
【Objective】Loquat production shows a very thriving prospect in the agricultural industry,which possesses economical, social and commercial values in Guizhou. However, in the process of growth and development, loquat is frequently subjected to a series of adversity, such as freezing, extreme temperature injury, etc., leading to a serious decline on the yield and quality. Hence, it's crucial to develop a set of high quality and efficient cultivation technology for loquat. The purpose of this study was to screen out the optimal antifreezing measures by comparatively investigating the effect of different chill-proof measures on fruit setting, fruit size and quality, fruit weight and yield, and input-output ratio. It can not only improve the profits of orchardists effectively, but also dramatically promote the expansion of loquat industry.【Methods】The experiment was carried out on the subtropical plateau monsoon climate, where the altitude is around 900 m and the annual temperature is about 15.3 ℃, and the frost free days are approximately 276. Eight-year-old loquat trees of‘Qianxing'cultivar were used as materials,which were planted at a spacing of 4.0 m×4.0 m and grew to the height of 2.5-3.0 m. The soil was sandy loam with good water holding capacity, well drained, moderate soil fertility and soil pH of6.0. In the experiment, seven chill-proof measures were applied, including cold-proof cloth, aluminum foil bag, nonwoven fabric, sunshade, anti-freezing chemicals, plastic steel frame greenhouse and arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film. And those measures were applied before the chilling temperatures occurred. Moreover, the anti-freezing chemicals were sprayed twice or three times at 10:00 am on a sunny day before and after the chilling occurred. Each chill-proof measure was set in three experimental plots(three repetitions), and each of the plot was selected randomly with three moderate vigor trees planted in a continuous row. After flower thinning, four hundred and fifty fruit clusters were retained per plot. Moreover, for each fruit cluster five fruits were reserved after fruit thinning before chilling occurred. The fruit setting ratios with four kinds of chill-proof measures including aluminum foil bag,arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film and sunshade as well as nonwoven fabric were comparatively investigated in 2016 and 2017. Furthermore, the other three types of chill-proof measures including cold-proof cloth, anti-freezing chemicals and plastic steel frame greenhouse'were added to the experiment in 2017 and 2018. The efficient culster number per experimental plot was attained and the fruit number per cluster was obtained at full fruit period after chilling occurred, and the degree of fruit freezing injury was investigated at fruit ripening period. Besides, the fruits were collected at ripening period and quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and thereafter preserved under-80 ℃ for the determination of fruit internal quality indexes, i.e., the contents of soluble solids(SS), vitamin C(Vc), titratable acid(TA) and total sugar(TS). The contents of soluble solids were detected by the method of digital refractometer, and the levels of vitamin C were determined by the o-phenanthroline colorimetry method. Titratable acid contents were measured by the indicator titration method, and the contents of total sugar were detected by the method of anthrone colorimetry. Furthermore, the electronic balance and vernier caliper were applied for the detection of fruit external parameters, i.e., fruit weight and size separately.The fruit yield per 666.7 m2, however, was calculated by the formula: Fruit yield per 666.7 m2=fruit yield per plant×42(plants)×0.8. Afterwards, the number of effective cluster, fruit weight and size, fruit number per cluster, content of vitamin C and sugar acid ratio as well as solid acid ratio were compared directly by the one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)(p < 0.05)(Mean ± SD), while the fruit-setting ratio and the contents of soluble solids and total sugar were analyzed by ANOVA after arcsine formula to obtain normal distribution data.【Results】The results indicated that the fruit-setting ratio, and the efficient cluster number per experimental plot, the fruit number per cluster, and the fruit yield per 666.7 m2 in arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film chill-proof measure was significantly higher than the others. Similarly, the highest input-output ratio was also obtained in arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film chill-proof measure. However, none of the significant difference was found in fruit shape indexes among different chill-proof measures. Comparing the average fruit weight per plant, it was illustrated that the anti-freezing chemicals could obviously enhance the average fruit weight. In addition, the higher contents of soluble solids and total sugar from arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film were obtained comparing with other chill-proof measures. Furthermore, the levels of vitamin C and sugar acid ratio with cold-proof cloth treatment were remarkably higher than the others. For the highest solid acid ratio, however, was from sunshade chill-proof measure. Additionally, correlation analysis indicated that the content of soluble solids was significantly positive with vitamin C(p < 0.05), sugar and acid ratio(p < 0.05), total sugar(p < 0.01), solid and acid ratio(p < 0.01), respectively.【Conclusion】By comparing with the control, each chill-proof measure all had an efficient influence on fruit. Generally, arch bar skeleton with polyethylene film showed a better effect on cool prevention.
引文
[1]樊美丽,张任凡,鲁周民.灌水量对北缘地区枇杷生理代谢的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2015,43(6):181-186.FAN Meili,ZHANG Renfan,LU Zhoumin. Influence of irrigation amount on physiological metabolism of loquat in Northern Margin Area[J]. Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2015,43(6):181-186.
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[3]王华东.热空气和MeJA处理对枇杷采后炭疽病的防治效果及其机理研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2014.WANG Huadong. Study on effects on and mechanisms of hot air treatment and MeJA treatment on postharvest anthracnose rot of loquat[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2014.
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[5]杨勇胜,邓勇,李用奇,田红,吴吉鲜.枇杷早结丰产综合栽培技术[J].贵州农业科学,2004,32(2):56-58.YANG Yongsheng,DENG Yong,LI Yongqi,TIAN Hong,WU Jixian. Comprehensive cultural techniques for early mature and high yield of loquat[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2004,32(2):56-58.
[6]王化坤,钱剑林,杨忠星,储春荣,李浩宇,周建锋,郄红丽,周晓明.抗寒优质白肉枇杷新品种‘冬玉’的选育[J].果树学报,2016,33(11):1464-1467.WANG Huakun,QIAN Jianlin,YANG Zhongxing,CHU Chunrong,LI Haoyu,ZHOU Jianfeng,QIE Hongli,ZHOU Xiaoming. Breeding of a new cold-resistant and high quality white pulp loquat cultivar Dongyu[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(11):1464-1467.
[7]王化坤,储春荣,陈慧,孙花英.风障对枇杷果实冻害及品质的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2018(4):22-24.WANG Huakun,CHU Chunrong,CHEN Hui,SUN Huaying. Effect of wind barriers on freezing damage and quality of loquat[J]. Heilongjiang Agricultural Science,2018(4):22-24.
[8]唐威,储春荣,郄红丽,王化坤. 6种植物防冻剂对枇杷果实品质的影响[J].现代园艺,2015(1):11-12.TANG Wei,CHU Chunrong,QIE Hongli,WANG Huakun. Effects of six kinds of plant antifreeze on loquat fruit quality[J].Modern Horticulture,2015(1):11-12.
[9]陈伟,熊晶,陈懿,潘文杰,李智勇.气候与土壤对烤后烟叶类胡萝卜素和表面提取物含量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(12):3865-3877.CHEN Wei,XIONG Jing,CHEN Yi,PAN Wenjie,LI Zhiyong.Effects of climate and soil on the carotenoid and cuticular extract content of cured tobacco leaves[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(12):3865-3877.
[10]张伟锋.青州蜜桃优质高效生产技术研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2008.ZHANG Weifeng. Studies on high quality and efficient production technology of qingzhou honey peach[D]. Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2008.
[11]梁安民.水稻成蘖特性及主要农艺性状的比较分析[D].武汉:武汉大学,2017.LIANG Anmin. Varity comparative analysis of tillering characteristics and main agronomic traits rice[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University,2017.
[12]冯健君,陈俊伟,陈子敏.宁波地区枇杷冻害发生特点及防御技术试验研究(摘要)[C].全国枇杷学术研讨会论文,2013.FENG Jianjun,CHEN Junwei,CHEN Zimin. Experimental study on occurrence characteristics and defensive techniques of loquat frost injury in Ningbo(Abstract)[C]. Loquat Symposium Papers,2013.
[13]汤永禄,杨武云,黄钢,胡晓蓉.四川盆地两个不同穗型小麦品种的产量潜力研究[J].西南农学报,2006,19(2):339-341.TANG Yonglu,YANG Wuyun,HUANG Gang,HU Xiaorong.Study on the yield potential of two wheat cultivars with different spike type in Sichuan basin[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2006,19(2):339-341.
[14]白牡丹,郝国伟,张晓伟,杨盛,郭黄萍.‘玉露香梨’与‘黄冠’梨杂交后代果实性状遗传倾向的初步研究[J].中国果树,2017(增刊):13-16.BAI Mudan,HAO Guowei,ZHANG Xiaowei,YANG Sheng,GUO Huangping. Primary research on genetic tendency of fruit characters in hybrid progenies between ‘Yuluxiangli’ and‘Huangguan’pear cultivars[J]. China Fruits,2017(Suppl.):13-16.
[15]甄国兴.果树病害防治中存在的问题及对策[J].河北果树,2008(3):36-37.ZHEN Guoxing. Problems and Countermeasures in disease prevention and control of fruit trees[J]. Heibei Fruit,2008(3):36-37.
[16]蒋际谋,姜帆,陈秀萍,胡文舜,邓朝军,郑少泉.枇杷主要品质评价指标研究[J].园艺学报,2013,40(12):2382-2390.JIANG Jimou,JIANG Fan,CHEN Xiuping,HU Wenshun,DENG Chaojun,ZHENG Shaoquan. Studies on several quality evaluation indices from loquat germplasm resources[J]. Horticulturae Sinica,2013,40(12):2382-2390.
[17]刘曼曼,廖康,成小龙,廖小龙,赵世荣,彭晓莉,刘欢.‘库尔勒香梨’冠层内光照分布与产量品质关系研究[J].北方园艺,2014(16):20-24.LIU Manman,LIAO Kang,CHENG Xiaolong,LIAO Xiaolong,ZHAO Shirong,PENG Xiaoli,LIU Huan. Study on the relationship between distribution of light intensity in the crown and yield quality of‘Korla Fragrant pear’[J]. Northern Horticulture,2014(16):20-24.
[18]郭靖.不同避雨栽培模式对夏黑葡萄生理特性和果实品质的影响[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2015.GUO Jing. Effect of different rain-shelter cultivation modes on physiological characteristics and fruit quality of summer black grape[D]. Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2015.
[19]郭凯斌,文壮,李升,乔光.设施栽培条件下三个葡萄品种光合特性的比较[J].北方园艺,2017(23):87-93.GUO Kaibin,WEN Zhuang,LI Sheng,QIAO Guang. Photosynthetic characteristics of three grape cultivars grown in greenhouse[J]. Northern Horticulture,2017(23):87-93.
[20]常晓晓,陆育生,林志雄,潘建平,邱继水,唐振强.枇杷幼果雨雪冻害的理化响应[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(31):68-73.CHANG Xiaoxiao,LU Yusheng,LIN Zhixiong,PAN Jianping,QIU Jishui,TANG Zhenqiang. The physiochemical response of young loquat fruit to freeze injury[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(31):68-73.
[2]杨勇胜,李庆宏,江旭升,邓勇,魏椿,全修冰,唐洪毅,陈树红.晚熟枇杷新品种‘黔星’的选育[J].果树学报,2016,33(3):378-381.YANG Yongsheng,LI Qinghong,JIANG Xusheng,DENG Yong,WEI Chun,QUAN Xiubing,TANG Hongyi,CHEN Shuhong. Breeding report of a new late-maturing loquat cultivar‘Qianxing’[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(3):378-381.
[3]王华东.热空气和MeJA处理对枇杷采后炭疽病的防治效果及其机理研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2014.WANG Huadong. Study on effects on and mechanisms of hot air treatment and MeJA treatment on postharvest anthracnose rot of loquat[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2014.
[4]郑庆伟.第六届全国枇杷学术研讨会在福建召开[J].中国果业信息,2013,30(4):57.ZHENG Qingwei. The sixth national loquat symposium was held in Fujian[J]. China Fruit News,2013,30(4):57.
[5]杨勇胜,邓勇,李用奇,田红,吴吉鲜.枇杷早结丰产综合栽培技术[J].贵州农业科学,2004,32(2):56-58.YANG Yongsheng,DENG Yong,LI Yongqi,TIAN Hong,WU Jixian. Comprehensive cultural techniques for early mature and high yield of loquat[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2004,32(2):56-58.
[6]王化坤,钱剑林,杨忠星,储春荣,李浩宇,周建锋,郄红丽,周晓明.抗寒优质白肉枇杷新品种‘冬玉’的选育[J].果树学报,2016,33(11):1464-1467.WANG Huakun,QIAN Jianlin,YANG Zhongxing,CHU Chunrong,LI Haoyu,ZHOU Jianfeng,QIE Hongli,ZHOU Xiaoming. Breeding of a new cold-resistant and high quality white pulp loquat cultivar Dongyu[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(11):1464-1467.
[7]王化坤,储春荣,陈慧,孙花英.风障对枇杷果实冻害及品质的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2018(4):22-24.WANG Huakun,CHU Chunrong,CHEN Hui,SUN Huaying. Effect of wind barriers on freezing damage and quality of loquat[J]. Heilongjiang Agricultural Science,2018(4):22-24.
[8]唐威,储春荣,郄红丽,王化坤. 6种植物防冻剂对枇杷果实品质的影响[J].现代园艺,2015(1):11-12.TANG Wei,CHU Chunrong,QIE Hongli,WANG Huakun. Effects of six kinds of plant antifreeze on loquat fruit quality[J].Modern Horticulture,2015(1):11-12.
[9]陈伟,熊晶,陈懿,潘文杰,李智勇.气候与土壤对烤后烟叶类胡萝卜素和表面提取物含量的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(12):3865-3877.CHEN Wei,XIONG Jing,CHEN Yi,PAN Wenjie,LI Zhiyong.Effects of climate and soil on the carotenoid and cuticular extract content of cured tobacco leaves[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(12):3865-3877.
[10]张伟锋.青州蜜桃优质高效生产技术研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2008.ZHANG Weifeng. Studies on high quality and efficient production technology of qingzhou honey peach[D]. Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2008.
[11]梁安民.水稻成蘖特性及主要农艺性状的比较分析[D].武汉:武汉大学,2017.LIANG Anmin. Varity comparative analysis of tillering characteristics and main agronomic traits rice[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University,2017.
[12]冯健君,陈俊伟,陈子敏.宁波地区枇杷冻害发生特点及防御技术试验研究(摘要)[C].全国枇杷学术研讨会论文,2013.FENG Jianjun,CHEN Junwei,CHEN Zimin. Experimental study on occurrence characteristics and defensive techniques of loquat frost injury in Ningbo(Abstract)[C]. Loquat Symposium Papers,2013.
[13]汤永禄,杨武云,黄钢,胡晓蓉.四川盆地两个不同穗型小麦品种的产量潜力研究[J].西南农学报,2006,19(2):339-341.TANG Yonglu,YANG Wuyun,HUANG Gang,HU Xiaorong.Study on the yield potential of two wheat cultivars with different spike type in Sichuan basin[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2006,19(2):339-341.
[14]白牡丹,郝国伟,张晓伟,杨盛,郭黄萍.‘玉露香梨’与‘黄冠’梨杂交后代果实性状遗传倾向的初步研究[J].中国果树,2017(增刊):13-16.BAI Mudan,HAO Guowei,ZHANG Xiaowei,YANG Sheng,GUO Huangping. Primary research on genetic tendency of fruit characters in hybrid progenies between ‘Yuluxiangli’ and‘Huangguan’pear cultivars[J]. China Fruits,2017(Suppl.):13-16.
[15]甄国兴.果树病害防治中存在的问题及对策[J].河北果树,2008(3):36-37.ZHEN Guoxing. Problems and Countermeasures in disease prevention and control of fruit trees[J]. Heibei Fruit,2008(3):36-37.
[16]蒋际谋,姜帆,陈秀萍,胡文舜,邓朝军,郑少泉.枇杷主要品质评价指标研究[J].园艺学报,2013,40(12):2382-2390.JIANG Jimou,JIANG Fan,CHEN Xiuping,HU Wenshun,DENG Chaojun,ZHENG Shaoquan. Studies on several quality evaluation indices from loquat germplasm resources[J]. Horticulturae Sinica,2013,40(12):2382-2390.
[17]刘曼曼,廖康,成小龙,廖小龙,赵世荣,彭晓莉,刘欢.‘库尔勒香梨’冠层内光照分布与产量品质关系研究[J].北方园艺,2014(16):20-24.LIU Manman,LIAO Kang,CHENG Xiaolong,LIAO Xiaolong,ZHAO Shirong,PENG Xiaoli,LIU Huan. Study on the relationship between distribution of light intensity in the crown and yield quality of‘Korla Fragrant pear’[J]. Northern Horticulture,2014(16):20-24.
[18]郭靖.不同避雨栽培模式对夏黑葡萄生理特性和果实品质的影响[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2015.GUO Jing. Effect of different rain-shelter cultivation modes on physiological characteristics and fruit quality of summer black grape[D]. Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2015.
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