西藏河谷地区人工种草的投入产出比较分析
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摘要
分析了西藏河谷地区六种草地的经济投入、产出和生态系统服务价值,模拟了投入增加下村落草地利用结构的改变与经济、生态产出的响应。结果表明:草地恢复管理中,围栏草地成本最低,为67元/hm~2,是一年生人工刈割草地的0.9%。围栏等草地恢复管理的经济产出为772元/hm~2,其中补贴收入占14.6%,另85.4%来自打工收入;而多年生人工放牧和一年生人工刈割草地的经济产出为4250元/hm~2与13135元/hm~2。相比经济产出,不同草地管理方式下生态系统服务价值差距有限,最大仅为27%。草地投入增加下,天然放牧草地转变为围栏草地及一年生人工刈割草地,并最终保持约1∶1的面积比。合理配置围栏草地与一年生人工刈割草地,可以实现区域较大的经济收入增长和生态系统服务的保障。
The conservation and utilization of grasslands are the basis for the sustainable development of grasslands and animal husbandry in China; however, 90% of natural grassland has been degraded to different levels. Prohibiting the utilization of ecosystems is a common approach in ecological conservation, e.g., fencing grasslands. Meanwhile, artificial seeding of forage species has also proved to be effective for ecosystem restoration. There are limited studies on the integrated ecological and economic effects of grassland use change. In this study, the economic and ecological benefits of six grassland management strategies in the river valley area of Tibet were analyzed using three aspects: input, economic output, and ecosystem service values. The results showed that the cost of fencing grassland was the lowest at 67 yuan/hm~2, which was 0.9% of the cost of annual planting of mown grassland. The economic benefits of conserving grassland were 772 yuan/hm~2, of which the subsidy was 14.6% and wage income was 85.4%. The economic benefits of perennial planting of grazing grassland and annual planting of mown grassland were 4,250 and 13,135 yuan/hm~2, respectively. The differences in ecosystem service values among the grassland management options were limited, and the maximum gap was 27%. Considering both economic and ecological benefits, the integrated benefits of natural grazing grassland were higher than those of fencing or plowing grassland, but lower than those of the other strategies. Input(yuan/hm~2) increased as natural grazing grassland converted to fenced grassland and annual planting of mown grassland at the village level, and was highest at 50∶50 fenced grassland and annual planting of mown grassland. Optimizing the land allocated to fenced grassland and annual planting of mown grassland could simultaneously boost economic development and guarantee a supply of ecosystem services for the local region.
The conservation and utilization of grasslands are the basis for the sustainable development of grasslands and animal husbandry in China; however, 90% of natural grassland has been degraded to different levels. Prohibiting the utilization of ecosystems is a common approach in ecological conservation, e.g., fencing grasslands. Meanwhile, artificial seeding of forage species has also proved to be effective for ecosystem restoration. There are limited studies on the integrated ecological and economic effects of grassland use change. In this study, the economic and ecological benefits of six grassland management strategies in the river valley area of Tibet were analyzed using three aspects: input, economic output, and ecosystem service values. The results showed that the cost of fencing grassland was the lowest at 67 yuan/hm~2, which was 0.9% of the cost of annual planting of mown grassland. The economic benefits of conserving grassland were 772 yuan/hm~2, of which the subsidy was 14.6% and wage income was 85.4%. The economic benefits of perennial planting of grazing grassland and annual planting of mown grassland were 4,250 and 13,135 yuan/hm~2, respectively. The differences in ecosystem service values among the grassland management options were limited, and the maximum gap was 27%. Considering both economic and ecological benefits, the integrated benefits of natural grazing grassland were higher than those of fencing or plowing grassland, but lower than those of the other strategies. Input(yuan/hm~2) increased as natural grazing grassland converted to fenced grassland and annual planting of mown grassland at the village level, and was highest at 50∶50 fenced grassland and annual planting of mown grassland. Optimizing the land allocated to fenced grassland and annual planting of mown grassland could simultaneously boost economic development and guarantee a supply of ecosystem services for the local region.
引文
[1] 白永飞,玉柱,杨青川,万宏伟,黄建辉,纪宝明,李昂.人工草地生产力和稳定性的调控机理研究:问题、进展与展望.科学通报,2018,63(S1):511- 520.
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[3] Wu J S,Feng Y F,Zhang X Z,Wurst S,Tietjen B,Tarolli P,Song C Q.Grazing exclusion by fencing non-linearly restored the degraded alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau.Scientific Reports,2017,7:15202.
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[11] 刘艳华,宋乃平,陶燕格,王磊.禁牧政策影响下的农村劳动力转移机制分析——以宁夏盐池县为例.资源科学,2007,29(4):40- 45.
[12] 梁赛,王亚菲,徐明,张天柱.环境投入产出分析在产业生态学中的应用.生态学报,2016,36(22):7217- 7227.
[13] 王雪,施晓清.基于投入产出表的北京市产业生态效率.生态学报,2018,38(8):2660- 2671.
[14] 曹淑艳,谢高地.基于投入产出分析的中国生态足迹模型.生态学报,2007,27(4):1499- 1507.
[15] Niang A,Pernollet C A,Gauthier-Clerc M,Guillemain M.A cost-benefit analysis of rice field winter flooding for conservation purposes in Camargue,Southern France.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2016,231:193- 205.
[16] Wu J X,Zhao Y,Yu C Q,Luo L M,Pan Y.Land management influences trade-offs and the total supply of ecosystem services in alpine grassland in Tibet,China.Journal of Environmental Management,2017,193:70- 78.
[17] 赵苗苗,赵海凤,李仁强,张丽云,赵峰侠,刘丽香,沈瑞昌,徐明.青海省1998—2012年草地生态系统服务功能价值评估.自然资源学报,2017,32(3):418- 433.
[18] 马新辉,孙根年,任志远.西安市植被净化大气物质量的测定及其价值评价.干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(4):83- 86.
[19] 肖寒,欧阳志云,赵景柱,王效科.森林生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评估初探——以海南岛尖峰岭热带森林为例.应用生态学报,2000,11(4):481- 484.
[20] 肖玉,谢高地,安凯.青藏高原生态系统土壤保持功能及其价值.生态学报,2003,23(11):2367- 2378.
[21] Pan Y,Yu Z R,Holst J,Doluschitz R.Integrated assessment of cropping patterns under different policy scenarios in Quzhou County,North China Plain.Land Use Policy,2014,40:131- 139.
[22] 刘敏,龚吉蕊,王忆慧,张梓榆,徐沙,罗亲普.豆禾混播建植人工草地对牧草产量和草质的影响.干旱区研究,2016,33(1):179- 185.
[23] 王海青,田育红,黄薇霖,肖随丽.不同灌溉量对内蒙古人工草地主要牧草产量和水分利用效率的影响.生态学报,2015,35(10):3225- 3232.
[24] 杨光梅,李文华,闵庆文.生态系统服务价值评估研究进展——国外学者观点.生态学报,2006,26(1):205- 212.
[25] Costanza R,de Groot R,Braat L,Kubiszewski I,Fioramonti L,Sutton P,Farber S,Grasso M.Twenty years of ecosystem services:how far have we come and how far do we still need to go?Ecosystem Services,2017,28:1- 16.
[2] 牛书丽,蒋高明.人工草地在退化草地恢复中的作用及其研究现状.应用生态学报,2004,15(9):1662- 1666.
[3] Wu J S,Feng Y F,Zhang X Z,Wurst S,Tietjen B,Tarolli P,Song C Q.Grazing exclusion by fencing non-linearly restored the degraded alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau.Scientific Reports,2017,7:15202.
[4] Bi X,Li B,Fu Q,Fan Y,Ma L X,Yang Z H,Nan B,Dai X H,Zhang X S.Effects of grazing exclusion on the grassland ecosystems of mountain meadows and temperate typical steppe in a mountain-basin system in Central Asia′s arid regions,China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,630:254- 263.
[5] Diabate B,Wang X Y,Gao Y Z,Yu P J,Wu Z F,Zhou D W,Yang H J.Tillage and haymaking practices speed up belowground net productivity restoration in the degraded Songnen grassland.Soil and Tillage Research,2018,175:62- 70.
[6] Wu G L,Liu Z H,Zhang L,Hu T M,Chen J M.Effects of artificial grassland establishment on soil nutrients and carbon properties in a black-soil-type degraded grassland.Plant and Soil,2010,333(1/2):469- 479.
[7] Wang K B,Deng L,Ren Z P,Li J P,Shangguan Z P.Grazing exclusion significantly improves grassland ecosystem C and N pools in a desert steppe of Northwest China.CATENA,2016,137:441- 448.
[8] Shang Z H,Ma Y S,Long R J,Ding L M.Effect of fencing,artificial seeding and abandonment on vegetation composition and dynamics of ‘black soil land’ in the headwaters of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Land Degradation & Development,2008,19(5):554- 563.
[9] Dong S K,Wang X X,Liu S L,Li Y Y,Su X K,Wen L,Zhu L.Reproductive responses of alpine plants to grassland degradation and artificial restoration in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Grass and Forage Science,2015,70(2):229- 238.
[10] Liu J G,Li S X,Ouyang Z Y,Tam C,Chen X D.Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China′s policies for ecosystem services.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008,105(28):9477- 9482.
[11] 刘艳华,宋乃平,陶燕格,王磊.禁牧政策影响下的农村劳动力转移机制分析——以宁夏盐池县为例.资源科学,2007,29(4):40- 45.
[12] 梁赛,王亚菲,徐明,张天柱.环境投入产出分析在产业生态学中的应用.生态学报,2016,36(22):7217- 7227.
[13] 王雪,施晓清.基于投入产出表的北京市产业生态效率.生态学报,2018,38(8):2660- 2671.
[14] 曹淑艳,谢高地.基于投入产出分析的中国生态足迹模型.生态学报,2007,27(4):1499- 1507.
[15] Niang A,Pernollet C A,Gauthier-Clerc M,Guillemain M.A cost-benefit analysis of rice field winter flooding for conservation purposes in Camargue,Southern France.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2016,231:193- 205.
[16] Wu J X,Zhao Y,Yu C Q,Luo L M,Pan Y.Land management influences trade-offs and the total supply of ecosystem services in alpine grassland in Tibet,China.Journal of Environmental Management,2017,193:70- 78.
[17] 赵苗苗,赵海凤,李仁强,张丽云,赵峰侠,刘丽香,沈瑞昌,徐明.青海省1998—2012年草地生态系统服务功能价值评估.自然资源学报,2017,32(3):418- 433.
[18] 马新辉,孙根年,任志远.西安市植被净化大气物质量的测定及其价值评价.干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(4):83- 86.
[19] 肖寒,欧阳志云,赵景柱,王效科.森林生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评估初探——以海南岛尖峰岭热带森林为例.应用生态学报,2000,11(4):481- 484.
[20] 肖玉,谢高地,安凯.青藏高原生态系统土壤保持功能及其价值.生态学报,2003,23(11):2367- 2378.
[21] Pan Y,Yu Z R,Holst J,Doluschitz R.Integrated assessment of cropping patterns under different policy scenarios in Quzhou County,North China Plain.Land Use Policy,2014,40:131- 139.
[22] 刘敏,龚吉蕊,王忆慧,张梓榆,徐沙,罗亲普.豆禾混播建植人工草地对牧草产量和草质的影响.干旱区研究,2016,33(1):179- 185.
[23] 王海青,田育红,黄薇霖,肖随丽.不同灌溉量对内蒙古人工草地主要牧草产量和水分利用效率的影响.生态学报,2015,35(10):3225- 3232.
[24] 杨光梅,李文华,闵庆文.生态系统服务价值评估研究进展——国外学者观点.生态学报,2006,26(1):205- 212.
[25] Costanza R,de Groot R,Braat L,Kubiszewski I,Fioramonti L,Sutton P,Farber S,Grasso M.Twenty years of ecosystem services:how far have we come and how far do we still need to go?Ecosystem Services,2017,28:1- 16.
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