云南抚仙湖沉积物粒度分维特征及环境意义
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摘要
通过对抚仙湖沉积物粒度特征的研究,分析了湖泊沉积物粒度指标与分维值的变化特征及其相关性,探讨了深水湖泊沉积物粒度分维特征指示的环境意义。结果表明:抚仙湖沉积物主要由粉砂和黏土质粉砂组成,分别约占14.71%和85.29%;湖泊沉积物分选性较差,呈极负偏态,峰态从很窄到极窄,平均粒径变幅较小,在7.10～8.45μm之间波动,均值为7.76μm;其分维值的变化范围为1.81～2.76,较其它粒度参数显著,均值为2.36,所对应的相关系数为0.94～0.99,指示了抚仙湖沉积物粒度分布具有显著分形特征。同时,抚仙湖沉积物分维值与平均粒径、分选系数、峰态间存在显著的正相关关系,说明湖泊搬运营力与区域沉积环境的变化、粒度分维值均具有较好的响应。通过对比抚仙湖流域自1700年来人类活动的记录发现,频繁的人类活动导致流域变化均与湖泊沉积物中记录的分维值极值具有较好的对应。因此,分形研究在深水湖泊中的应用,将为进一步研究区域沉积环境特征提供科学依据。
Based on the study of the characteristics of grain sizes of the sediments in Fuxian Lake, the following are analyzed and explored: grain-size index, variation characteristics of fractal dimension and their correlation of lacustrine deposits; environmental significance of grain-size fractal dimension of deep lake sediments. The results show that the sediments of Fuxian Lake are mainly composed of silt and clayey silt,respectively accounting for 14.71% and 85.29%. There exist the features of poor sorting, negative skewness and narrow kurtosis in the lake sediments, and the varied range of lake grain-size was small, from 7.10 to 8.45 μm, with an average of 7.76 μm. The fractal dimension of sediments ranges between 1.81 and 2.76, with an average of 2.36.The correlation coefficient(R) between the fractal dimension and the other parameters(e.g. average particle sizes,sorting coefficients and kurtosis) is 0.94—0.99, which exhibits the significant fractal features of distribution of grain size sediments in Fuxian Lake. Meanwhile, there exists significant positive correlation between fractal dimension of sediments and average grain-size, sorting coefficient, and kurtosis; this positive correlation indicates that the change of the transport capacity and the sedimentary environment of the lake catchment, and the fractal dimension of the grain-size could be considered as a sensible means to study regional environmental change. By comparing the records of human activities in Fuxian Lake catchment during the past 1700 years, it indicates that the extreme values of fractal dimension in lake sediments correctly recorded the frequent human activities in the catchment. Therefore, the application of fractal research in deep-water lakes will provide scientific basis for further study of environmental attributes of regional sediments.
Based on the study of the characteristics of grain sizes of the sediments in Fuxian Lake, the following are analyzed and explored: grain-size index, variation characteristics of fractal dimension and their correlation of lacustrine deposits; environmental significance of grain-size fractal dimension of deep lake sediments. The results show that the sediments of Fuxian Lake are mainly composed of silt and clayey silt,respectively accounting for 14.71% and 85.29%. There exist the features of poor sorting, negative skewness and narrow kurtosis in the lake sediments, and the varied range of lake grain-size was small, from 7.10 to 8.45 μm, with an average of 7.76 μm. The fractal dimension of sediments ranges between 1.81 and 2.76, with an average of 2.36.The correlation coefficient(R) between the fractal dimension and the other parameters(e.g. average particle sizes,sorting coefficients and kurtosis) is 0.94—0.99, which exhibits the significant fractal features of distribution of grain size sediments in Fuxian Lake. Meanwhile, there exists significant positive correlation between fractal dimension of sediments and average grain-size, sorting coefficient, and kurtosis; this positive correlation indicates that the change of the transport capacity and the sedimentary environment of the lake catchment, and the fractal dimension of the grain-size could be considered as a sensible means to study regional environmental change. By comparing the records of human activities in Fuxian Lake catchment during the past 1700 years, it indicates that the extreme values of fractal dimension in lake sediments correctly recorded the frequent human activities in the catchment. Therefore, the application of fractal research in deep-water lakes will provide scientific basis for further study of environmental attributes of regional sediments.
引文
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[8]潘继征,熊飞,李文朝,等.抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构、分布及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2009,29(10):5 376-5 385.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.10.024.Pan J Z,Xiong F,Li W C,et al.Phytoplankton community structure,distribution and influencing factors in Fuxian Lake[J].Acta Oecologica,2009,29(10):5 376-5 385.
[9]陈敬安,万国江,唐德贵,等.洱海近代气候变化的沉积物与同位素记录[J].自然科学进展,2000,10(3):253-259.Chen J A,Wan G J,Tang D G,et al.Sediments and isotopic records of recent climate change in Erhai Lake[J].Progress in Natural Science,2000,10(3):253-259.
[10]侯春梅,刘小伟,李明,等.甘肃黄土的粒度分维特征及意义[J].地质科学,2005,40(4):539-546.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0563-5020.2005.04.009.Hou C M,Liu X W,Li M,et al.Grain-size fractal dimension of the loess in Gansu and its significance[J].Journal of Geological Science,2005,40(4):539-546.
[11]毛龙江,刘晓燕,许叶华.南京江北地区下蜀黄土粒度分形与全新世环境演变[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(2):264-267.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-694X.2006.02.019.Mao L J,Liu X Y,Xu Y H,et al.Grain-size fractal distribution of Xiashu loess and holocene environmental change in North of Yangtze River,Nanjing[J].Journal of Desert Research,2006,26(2):264-267.
[12]Maggi F,Mietta F,Winterwerp J C.Effect of variable fractal dimension on the floc size distribution of suspended cohesive sediment[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,343(1):43-55.
[13]Ni H,Zheng W,Liu X,et al.Fractal-statistical analysis of grain-size distributions of debris-flow deposits and its geological implications[J].Landslides,2011,8(2):253-259.DOI:10.1007/s10346-010-0240-x.
[14]肖海丰,刘少军,徐海凤.连环湖小尚泡沉积物粒度分形特征研究[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然地理学报,2014,30(4):108-110.Xiao H F,Liu S J,Xu H F.Fractal characteristics of grain-size in sediments from Xiaoshangpao Lake in Lianhuan Lake[J].Natural Sciences Journal of Harbin Normal University,2014,30(4):108-110.
[15]陶云,陈艳,段长春,等.云南省1981-2013年降雪过程气候特征及环流型分析[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2018,40(6):1 171-1 180.Tao Y,Chen Y,Duan C C,et al.The climatic characteristics of snowfall processes and the circulation patterns of Yunnan from 1981 to 2013[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2018,40(6):1 171-1 180.
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[17]孔维琳,王余舟,向伶,等.抚仙湖流域植被景观格局分析[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2012,34(4):468-475.Kong W L,Wang Y Z,Xiang L,et al.An analysis on the landscape pattern of the vegetationin Fuxian Lake catchment in Yunnan[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2012,34(4):468-475.
[18]周瑞伍,彭明春,张一平.云南主要森林植被碳储量及固碳潜力模拟研究[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2017,39(6):181-195.Zhou R W,Peng M C,Zhang Y P.The simulation research of carbon storage and sequestration potential of main forest vegetation in Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2017,39(6):181-195.
[19]燕婷,刘恩峰,张恩楼,等.抚仙湖沉积物重金属时空变化与人为污染评价[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(1):50-58.Yan T,Liu E F,Zhang E L,et al.The spatio-temporaIvariations of heavy metals in the sediment of Fuxian and the contamination assessment[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2016,28(1):50-58.
[20]Liu G,Liu Z,Li Y,et al.Effects of fish introduction and eutrophication on the cladoceran community in Fuxian Lake,a deep oligotrophic lake in Southwest China[J].Journal of Paleolimnology,2009,42(3):427-435.DOI:10.1007/s10933-008-9286-3.
[21]Rakhshandehroo G R,Shaghaghian M R,Keshavarzi AR,et al.Temporal variation of velocity components in a turbulent open channel flow:Identification of fractal dimensions[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2009,33(10):3 815-3 824.DOI:10.1016/j.apm.2008.12.009.
[22]Shepard F P.Nomenclature based on sand-silt clay ratios[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1954,24(3):151-158.
[23]徐利强,徐芳,周涛发.巢湖沉积物粒度特征及其沉积学意义[J].地理科学,2015,35(10):1 318-1 324.Xu L Q,Xu F,Zhou T F.Grain-size features of lacustrine sediments from Chaohu Lake and its sedimentary implications[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(10):1 318-1 324.
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