北极新奥尔松地区王湾和海湾河溶解N_2O分布及影响因素
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摘要
分别于2013年8月和2015年8月对北极斯瓦尔巴德(Svalbard)群岛的王湾(Kongsfjorden)峡湾和海湾河(BayelvaRiver)等水域进行了调查,对水体中溶解氧化亚氮(N_2O)分布及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,2013年8月王湾表层溶解N_2O浓度范围为10.95—13.32 nmol·L~(-1)、平均值为(12.47±0.71) nmol·L~(-1),海湾河表层溶解N_2O浓度范围为10.66—16.83 nmol·L~(-1)、平均值为(14.65±1.54) nmol·L~(-1); 2015年8月王湾表层溶解N_2O浓度范围为11.40—13.07 nmol·L~(-1)、平均值为(12.39±0.53) nmol·L~(-1),海湾河表层溶解N_2O浓度范围为9.38—15.45 nmol·L~(-1)、平均值为(12.99±1.98) nmol·L~(-1)。王湾西北部水体中N_2O分布受北大西洋暖水团输入影响,东南部受多条冰川融水输入影响;同时,沉积物可能通过反硝化等微生物活动释放N_2O。王湾水体中ΔN_2O和表观耗氧量(AOU)呈负相关性,表明微生物活动对王湾水体N_2O的产生和消耗贡献较小。2013年8月海湾河冰川融水中N_2O呈现不饱和特征(78%),受温度和水气交换影响,海湾河N_2O饱和度自上游冰川融水78%向河口逐渐增加至96%。受海冰融水稀释影响,王湾表层N_2O也表现出不饱和特征。2013年8月王湾表层N_2O饱和度范围为77%—98%、平均值为(89±6)%; 2015年8月王湾表层N_2O饱和度范围为90%—101%、平均值为(95±4)%。新奥尔松(Ny-?lesund)地区水体中N_2O饱和度主要与温度等因素有关,其不饱和的特征使该地区水体成为大气中N_2O的汇。
Distributions and saturations of nitrous oxide(N_2O) were investigated in the Kongsfjorden and Bayelva River of the Svalbard islands in August 2013 and 2015. The concentrations of dissolved N_2O in the surface water of the Kongsfjorden ranged from 10.95 to 13.32 nmol·L~(-1) with an average of(12.47 ± 0.71) nmol·L~(-1) in August 2013. In August 2015, the concentrations ranged from 11.40 to 13.07 nmol·L~(-1) with an average of(12.39 ± 0.53) nmol·L~(-1). Dissolved N_2O concentrations in the surface waters of the Bayelva River ranged from 10.66 to 16.83 nmol·L~(-1) with an average of(14.65 ± 1.54) nmol·L~(-1) in August 2013. In August 2015,the concentrations ranged from 9.38 to 15.45 nmol·L~(-1) with an average of(12.99 ± 1.98) nmol·L~(-1). The warm and saline Atlantic water flow was thought to be the dominant factor in the N_2O distributions in northwestern Kongsfjorden, while the N_2O distributions in southeastern Kongsfjorden were mainly regulated by glacier meltwater. Meanwhile, sediment N_2O produced through denitrification might be an important contributor to the accumulation of N_2O in the Kongsfjorden. Negative correlations were found between theΔN_2O and apparent oxygen utilization(AOU), indicating that biological activities had limited contributions to the N_2O production and consumption in the Kongsfjorden. N_2O in the glacier meltwater of Ny-?lesund was undersaturated(78%) in August 2013. N_2O saturations in the Bayelva River increased from the upper stream to the estuary because of the water-air exchange and temperature. The N_2O undersaturation in the Kongsfjorden was the result of dilution by sea ice meltwater. N_2O saturations in the surface waters of the Kongsfjorden ranged from 77% to 98% with an average of(89 ± 6)% in August 2013 and from 90% to 101%with an average of(95 ± 4)% in August 2015. Furthermore, other factors including temperature had an effect on the saturation of N_2O in the different water bodies of Ny-?lesund. Because of the undersaturation of dissolved N_2O, the Kongsfjorden and Bayelva River were sinks for atmospheric N_2O.
Distributions and saturations of nitrous oxide(N_2O) were investigated in the Kongsfjorden and Bayelva River of the Svalbard islands in August 2013 and 2015. The concentrations of dissolved N_2O in the surface water of the Kongsfjorden ranged from 10.95 to 13.32 nmol·L~(-1) with an average of(12.47 ± 0.71) nmol·L~(-1) in August 2013. In August 2015, the concentrations ranged from 11.40 to 13.07 nmol·L~(-1) with an average of(12.39 ± 0.53) nmol·L~(-1). Dissolved N_2O concentrations in the surface waters of the Bayelva River ranged from 10.66 to 16.83 nmol·L~(-1) with an average of(14.65 ± 1.54) nmol·L~(-1) in August 2013. In August 2015,the concentrations ranged from 9.38 to 15.45 nmol·L~(-1) with an average of(12.99 ± 1.98) nmol·L~(-1). The warm and saline Atlantic water flow was thought to be the dominant factor in the N_2O distributions in northwestern Kongsfjorden, while the N_2O distributions in southeastern Kongsfjorden were mainly regulated by glacier meltwater. Meanwhile, sediment N_2O produced through denitrification might be an important contributor to the accumulation of N_2O in the Kongsfjorden. Negative correlations were found between theΔN_2O and apparent oxygen utilization(AOU), indicating that biological activities had limited contributions to the N_2O production and consumption in the Kongsfjorden. N_2O in the glacier meltwater of Ny-?lesund was undersaturated(78%) in August 2013. N_2O saturations in the Bayelva River increased from the upper stream to the estuary because of the water-air exchange and temperature. The N_2O undersaturation in the Kongsfjorden was the result of dilution by sea ice meltwater. N_2O saturations in the surface waters of the Kongsfjorden ranged from 77% to 98% with an average of(89 ± 6)% in August 2013 and from 90% to 101%with an average of(95 ± 4)% in August 2015. Furthermore, other factors including temperature had an effect on the saturation of N_2O in the different water bodies of Ny-?lesund. Because of the undersaturation of dissolved N_2O, the Kongsfjorden and Bayelva River were sinks for atmospheric N_2O.
引文
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20 WEISS R F,PRICE B A.Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater[J].Marine Chemistry,1980,8(4):347-359.
21任妍妍,郑文静,叶旺旺,等.夏秋季南海北部陆坡区氧化亚氮的分布、产生及海-气交换通量[J].海洋与湖沼,2017,48(1):29-39.
22杨晶,张桂玲,郑立晓,等.北黄海溶解氧化亚氮的分布与通量的季节变化[J].环境科学,2009,30(3):656-662.
23刘杰,李胜男,郭昱东,等.北极斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川流域可培养细菌的系统发育多样性及固氮菌初步研究[J].极地研究,2017,29(4):496-505.
24 BRANKATSCHK R,T?WE S,KLEINEIDAM K,et al.Abundances and potential activities of nitrogen cycling microbial communities along a chronosequence of a glacier forefield[J].Isme Journal,2011,5(6):1025-1037.
25 ELKINS J W,WOFSY S C,MCELROY M B,et al.Aquatic sources and sinks for nitrous oxide[J].Nature,1978,275(5681):602-606.
26 NAQVI S W A,NORONHA R J.Nitrous oxide in the Arabian Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part A.Oceanographic Research Papers,1991,38(7):871-890.
27 GOERING J J,CLINE J D.A note on denitrification in seawater[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1970,15(2):306-309.
28 RILEY J P,SKIRROW G.Chemical oceanography[M].London:Academic Press,1975:297-316.
29季仲强,高生泉,金海燕,等.北极王湾2010年夏季水体营养盐分布及影响因素[J].海洋学报,2014,36(10):80-89.
30 WIBORG K F.Investigations on zooplankton in Norwegian waters and in the Norwegian Sea during 1957-58[R].Report on Norwegian Fishery and Marine Investigations.Bergen:A.S John Griegs Boktrykkeri,1960,12(6):1-19.
31 BANGE H,FREING A,KOCK A,et al.Marine pathways to nitrous oxide[J].Nitrous Oxide&Climate Change,2010:36-62.
32 HOP H,PEARSON T,HEGSETH E N,et al.The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden,Svalbard[J].Polar Research,2002,21(1):167-208.
33王晓宇,赵进平,李涛,等.2012年夏季挪威海和格陵兰海水文特征分析[J].地球科学进展,2015,30(3):346-356.
34汪建君,孙立广.北极新奥尔松地区鸟粪土的分子有机地球化学研究[J].极地研究,2007,19(1):33-41.
35 ZHAN L Y,CHEN L Q,ZHANG J X,et al.A vertical gradient of nitrous oxide below the subsurface of the Canada Basin and its formation mechanisms[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,2015,120(3):2401-2411.
2 RAVISHANKARA A R,DANIEL J S,PORTMANN R W.Nitrous oxide(N2O):The dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the21st century[J].Science,2009,326(5949):123-125.
3 PRATHER M J.Time scales in atmospheric chemistry:coupled perturbations to N2O,NOy,and O3[J].Science,1998,279(5355):1339.
4 TEAM C W,PACHAURI R K,MEYER L A.Climate change 2014:Synthesis report.Contribution of working groups I,II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[J].Journal of Romance Studies,2014,4(2):85-88.
5 HIROTA A,IJIRI A,KOMATSU D D,et al.Enrichment of nitrous oxide in the water columns in the area of the Bering and Chukchi Seas[J].Marine Chemistry,2009,116(1-4):47-53.
6 KITIDIS V,UPSTILL-GODDARD R C,ANDERSON L G.Methane and nitrous oxide in surface water along the North-West Passage,Arctic Ocean[J].Marine Chemistry,2010,121(1):80-86.
7 ZHANG J X,ZHAN L Y,CHEN L Q,et al.Coexistence of nitrous oxide undersaturation and oversaturation in the surface and subsurface of the western Arctic Ocean[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,2015,120(12):8392-8401.
8 ZHAN L Y,CHEN L Q,ZHANG J X,et al.A permanent N2O sink in the Nordic seas and its strength and possible variability over the past four decades[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,2016,121:5608-5621.
9陈清清,朱仁斌,徐华.北极新奥尔松地区夏季近地面CO2、CH4和N2O浓度的观测研究[J].极地研究,2013,25(2):150-160.
10王树杰,丁明虎,孙维君,等.北极Ny-?lesund地区气候特征初步研究[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(3):479-489.
11袁林喜,龙楠烨,谢周清,等.北极新奥尔松地区现代污染源及其指示植物研究[J].极地研究,2006,18(1):9-20.
12姜珊,刘晓东,徐利强,等.北极新奥尔松地区湖泊沉积物色素含量变化及环境意义[J].极地研究,2009,21(3):211-220.
13 SVENDSEN H,BESZCZYNSKAM?LLER A,HAGEN J O,et al.The physical environment of Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden,an Arctic fjord system in Svalbard[J].Polar Research,2002,21(1):133-166.
14邓海滨,陆龙骅,卞林根.北极苔原Ny-?lesund地区短期气候特征[J].极地研究,2005,17(1):32-44.
15 BRITTAIN J E,GíSLASON G M,PONOMAREV V I,et al.Rivers of Europe:Arctic rivers[M].San Diego:Academic Press,2009:337-379.
16 HEGSETH E N,TVERBERG V.Effect of Atlantic water inflow on timing of the phytoplankton spring bloom in a high Arctic fjord(Kongsfjorden,Svalbard)[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2013,113-114(1):94-105.
17 COTTIER F,TVERBERG V,INALL M,et al.Water mass modification in an Arctic fjord through cross-shelf exchange:The seasonal hydrography of Kongsfjorden,Svalbard[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Ocean,2005,110(C12005).
18 HOP H,FALK-PETERSEN S,SVENDSEN H,et al.Physical and biological characteristics of the pelagic system across Fram Strait to Kongsfjorden[J].Progress in Oceanography,2006,71(2-4):182-231.
19 ZHANG G L,ZHANG J,LIU S M,et al.Nitrous oxide in the Changjiang(Yangtze River)Estuary and its adjacent marine area:riverine input,sediment release and atmospheric fluxes[J].Biogeosciences,2010(7):3505-3516.
20 WEISS R F,PRICE B A.Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater[J].Marine Chemistry,1980,8(4):347-359.
21任妍妍,郑文静,叶旺旺,等.夏秋季南海北部陆坡区氧化亚氮的分布、产生及海-气交换通量[J].海洋与湖沼,2017,48(1):29-39.
22杨晶,张桂玲,郑立晓,等.北黄海溶解氧化亚氮的分布与通量的季节变化[J].环境科学,2009,30(3):656-662.
23刘杰,李胜男,郭昱东,等.北极斯瓦尔巴群岛冰川流域可培养细菌的系统发育多样性及固氮菌初步研究[J].极地研究,2017,29(4):496-505.
24 BRANKATSCHK R,T?WE S,KLEINEIDAM K,et al.Abundances and potential activities of nitrogen cycling microbial communities along a chronosequence of a glacier forefield[J].Isme Journal,2011,5(6):1025-1037.
25 ELKINS J W,WOFSY S C,MCELROY M B,et al.Aquatic sources and sinks for nitrous oxide[J].Nature,1978,275(5681):602-606.
26 NAQVI S W A,NORONHA R J.Nitrous oxide in the Arabian Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part A.Oceanographic Research Papers,1991,38(7):871-890.
27 GOERING J J,CLINE J D.A note on denitrification in seawater[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1970,15(2):306-309.
28 RILEY J P,SKIRROW G.Chemical oceanography[M].London:Academic Press,1975:297-316.
29季仲强,高生泉,金海燕,等.北极王湾2010年夏季水体营养盐分布及影响因素[J].海洋学报,2014,36(10):80-89.
30 WIBORG K F.Investigations on zooplankton in Norwegian waters and in the Norwegian Sea during 1957-58[R].Report on Norwegian Fishery and Marine Investigations.Bergen:A.S John Griegs Boktrykkeri,1960,12(6):1-19.
31 BANGE H,FREING A,KOCK A,et al.Marine pathways to nitrous oxide[J].Nitrous Oxide&Climate Change,2010:36-62.
32 HOP H,PEARSON T,HEGSETH E N,et al.The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden,Svalbard[J].Polar Research,2002,21(1):167-208.
33王晓宇,赵进平,李涛,等.2012年夏季挪威海和格陵兰海水文特征分析[J].地球科学进展,2015,30(3):346-356.
34汪建君,孙立广.北极新奥尔松地区鸟粪土的分子有机地球化学研究[J].极地研究,2007,19(1):33-41.
35 ZHAN L Y,CHEN L Q,ZHANG J X,et al.A vertical gradient of nitrous oxide below the subsurface of the Canada Basin and its formation mechanisms[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans,2015,120(3):2401-2411.