中美农药行业排污许可证政策差异性探讨
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摘要
排污许可证制度是管控污染物排放的基本环境管理制度,该研究在介绍中美排污许可制度发展以及农药污染特性的基础上,分别从排污许可证管控污染物种类、发放对象、排放限值确定方法和自行监测4个方面对两国农药行业排污许可证的管理内容进行了对比梳理,发现我国现行农药行业排污许可制度可从以下几个方面进一步完善:根据农药行业的污染物排放特征,进一步扩充需要管控的污染物种类;建议区分区域环境质量达标区与未达标区,采用划分控制单元分区管理的模式进行精细化管理;建议排放限值的确定不仅考虑现行生产工艺、排放控制水平等技术要求,还需考虑与区域环境质量相联系;对于污染治理效果好的企业可以采取激励政策,实现成本-效益的双赢。
The pollutant discharge permit system is a basic environmental management system for controlling pollutant discharge. Based on the development of pollutant discharge permit systems in China and the United States,and the pollution characteristics of the pesticides,a comparative analysis was performed on the respective permit system,including the pollutant types,the distributed object,the method on determining emission limits,and the self-monitoring procedures. It is found that the current pollutant discharge permit system for pesticide industry in China may be improved through the following recommendations:( 1) the types of pollutants controled should be increased based on the discharge characteristics of the pesticide industry;( 2) it is suggested to distinguish the regions as attainment and nonattainment areas based on the standard of environmental quality. This will enable specific pollution control strategy to be applied in each district to achieve targeted management outcomes;( 3) the emission limits should not be determined only by pollution control levels and other technical regulations for specific production systems,but also by the impact on the environmental quality of the region as a whole;( 4) incentive policies could be adopted to promote cost-effective mutually beneficial outcomes for the pesticide industry with outstanding performance in pollution control.
The pollutant discharge permit system is a basic environmental management system for controlling pollutant discharge. Based on the development of pollutant discharge permit systems in China and the United States,and the pollution characteristics of the pesticides,a comparative analysis was performed on the respective permit system,including the pollutant types,the distributed object,the method on determining emission limits,and the self-monitoring procedures. It is found that the current pollutant discharge permit system for pesticide industry in China may be improved through the following recommendations:( 1) the types of pollutants controled should be increased based on the discharge characteristics of the pesticide industry;( 2) it is suggested to distinguish the regions as attainment and nonattainment areas based on the standard of environmental quality. This will enable specific pollution control strategy to be applied in each district to achieve targeted management outcomes;( 3) the emission limits should not be determined only by pollution control levels and other technical regulations for specific production systems,but also by the impact on the environmental quality of the region as a whole;( 4) incentive policies could be adopted to promote cost-effective mutually beneficial outcomes for the pesticide industry with outstanding performance in pollution control.
引文
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[3]EPA-821-R-93-016,Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines,New Source Performance Standards,and Performance Standards for the Coal Mining Point Source Category[S].
[4]MCCARTHY G.New Source Performance Standards(NSPS)Review[J].Federal Register,2011,76(205):65653-65661.
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[6]USEPA.Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program[Z].[s.l.]:USEPA,2011.
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[8]宋国君,张震.美国工业点源水污染物排放标准体系及启示[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(1):97-101.[SONG Guo-jun,ZHANG Zhen.Effluent Standards System for Industrial Point Sources in USA and Its Implication to China[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2014,36(1):97-101.]
[9]40 CFR 403.5,National Pretreatment Standards:Prohibited Discharges[S].
[10]USEPA.PSD and TITLE V Permitting Guidance for Greenhouse Gases[Z].[s.l.]:USEPA,2011.
[11]USEPA.NPDES Permit Writers'Manual[Z].[s.l.]:USEPA,2010.
[12]USEPA.Interim Guidance for Performance-Based Reduction of NP-DES Permit Monitoring Frequencies[EB/OL].[2018-02-09].http:∥www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/perf-red.pdf.
[13]宋国君,赵英煚.美国空气固定源排污许可证中关于监测的规定及启示[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(6):15-21.[SONG Guojun,ZHAO Ying-jiong.The Monitoring Requirements on the Stationary Sources Within Operating Permits in USA and It's Implications of China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(6):15-21.]
[14]40 CFR 60,Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources[S].
[15]40 CFR 63,National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories[S].
[2]王淑梅,荣丽丽,于杨.国外排污许可证管理的经验与启示[J].油气田环境保护,2017,27(2):1-5.
[3]EPA-821-R-93-016,Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines,New Source Performance Standards,and Performance Standards for the Coal Mining Point Source Category[S].
[4]MCCARTHY G.New Source Performance Standards(NSPS)Review[J].Federal Register,2011,76(205):65653-65661.
[5]USEPA.Pesticide Active Ingredient Production Industry:National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants(NESHAP)[EB/OL].[2018-02-09].https:∥www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2002-09-20/pdf/02-23260.pdf.
[6]USEPA.Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program[Z].[s.l.]:USEPA,2011.
[7]王淑梅,喻干,荣丽丽.美国排污许可证管理的经验[J].油气田环境保护,2017,27(1):1-5.
[8]宋国君,张震.美国工业点源水污染物排放标准体系及启示[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(1):97-101.[SONG Guo-jun,ZHANG Zhen.Effluent Standards System for Industrial Point Sources in USA and Its Implication to China[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2014,36(1):97-101.]
[9]40 CFR 403.5,National Pretreatment Standards:Prohibited Discharges[S].
[10]USEPA.PSD and TITLE V Permitting Guidance for Greenhouse Gases[Z].[s.l.]:USEPA,2011.
[11]USEPA.NPDES Permit Writers'Manual[Z].[s.l.]:USEPA,2010.
[12]USEPA.Interim Guidance for Performance-Based Reduction of NP-DES Permit Monitoring Frequencies[EB/OL].[2018-02-09].http:∥www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/perf-red.pdf.
[13]宋国君,赵英煚.美国空气固定源排污许可证中关于监测的规定及启示[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(6):15-21.[SONG Guojun,ZHAO Ying-jiong.The Monitoring Requirements on the Stationary Sources Within Operating Permits in USA and It's Implications of China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,31(6):15-21.]
[14]40 CFR 60,Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources[S].
[15]40 CFR 63,National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories[S].