IT外包中组织内外部控制机制对知识转移的影响效应
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摘要
IT外包中客户—承包商间的知识转移是企业提升创新能力的关键,但知识转移过程和机理尚不明确。为揭示组织控制机制对知识转移过程的影响机理,构建了组织控制机制与知识转移的关系模型。模型将知识转移过程分为知识获取、知识应用和知识内化3个阶段,研究组织间控制机制(合同灵活性、关系规范)和组织内控制机制(知识共享机制、知识整合机制)对知识转移过程的联合作用。以中国承接IT外包的企业为研究对象,选取80家IT接包企业中的员工数据为样本,应用多元层次回归方法对提出的假设进行实证检验。结果表明:合同灵活性和关系规范正向影响组织知识获取;知识获取与知识应用、知识应用与知识内化间均显著正相关。此外,知识共享和知识整合机制在知识转移过程中的调节作用明显,知识共享机制促进了知识应用,知识整合机制增强了知识内化的程度。
Knowledge transfer from client to contractor is the key to the improvement of contractor's innovation ability and performance, but the process and mechanism are not clear. A relationship model was constructed to reveal the impact of organizational control mechanism on knowledge transfer process, in which knowledge transfer process was divided into three stages:knowledge acquisition, knowledge application and knowledge internalization. Then the joint effect of external organization control mechanism(including contract flexibility and relationship norms)and internal organization control mechanism(including knowledge sharing and integration mechanism)on the knowledge transfer process was explored. The data of 80 IT outsourcing enterprises in China Were used as samples, to empirically test several proposed hypotheses by applying the multiple hierarchical regression method. The results show that contract flexibility and relationship norms positively affect organizational knowledge acquisition;knowledge application is positively correlated with knowledge acquisition and knowledge internalization. Furthermore, knowledge sharing and knowledge integration mechanism play a regulating role in the process of knowledge transfer: knowledge sharing mechanism promotes knowledge application, and knowledge integration mechanism enhances the degree of knowledge internalization.
Knowledge transfer from client to contractor is the key to the improvement of contractor's innovation ability and performance, but the process and mechanism are not clear. A relationship model was constructed to reveal the impact of organizational control mechanism on knowledge transfer process, in which knowledge transfer process was divided into three stages:knowledge acquisition, knowledge application and knowledge internalization. Then the joint effect of external organization control mechanism(including contract flexibility and relationship norms)and internal organization control mechanism(including knowledge sharing and integration mechanism)on the knowledge transfer process was explored. The data of 80 IT outsourcing enterprises in China Were used as samples, to empirically test several proposed hypotheses by applying the multiple hierarchical regression method. The results show that contract flexibility and relationship norms positively affect organizational knowledge acquisition;knowledge application is positively correlated with knowledge acquisition and knowledge internalization. Furthermore, knowledge sharing and knowledge integration mechanism play a regulating role in the process of knowledge transfer: knowledge sharing mechanism promotes knowledge application, and knowledge integration mechanism enhances the degree of knowledge internalization.
引文
[1]LI J J,POPPO L,ZHOU K Z.Relational mechanisms,formal contracts,and local knowledge acquisition by international subsidiaries[J].Strategic Management Journal,2010,31(4):349-370.
[2]HAN S Y,BAE S J.Internalization of R&D outsourcing:an empirical study[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2014,150:58-73.
[3]刘伟,邸支艳.关系质量、知识缄默性与IT外包知识转移---基于接包方视角的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2016,34(12):1865-1874.
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[5]OSHRI I,KOTLARSKY J,GERBASI A.Strategic innovation through outsourcing:the role of relational and contractual governance[J].Journal of Strategic Information Systems,2015,24(3):203-216.
[6]姚树俊,郭娜.IT外包知识转移风险对企业创新绩效影响机理研究[J].科学管理研究,2015,33(3):76-79.
[7]王琦,刘咏梅,卫旭华.IT外包项目中知识转移影响因素的多案例研究---基于IT外包服务提供商的视角[J].管理案例研究与评论,2014(3):248-259.
[8]JOSHI K D,SARKER S,SARKER S.Knowledge transfer within information systems development teams:examining the role of knowledge source attributes[J].Decision Support Systems,2007,43(2):322-335.
[9]MAO J,LEE J,DENG C.Vendors’perspectives on trust and control in offshore information systems outsourcing[J].Information&Management,2008,45(7):482-492.
[10]CHA H S,PINGRY D E,THATCHER M E.Managing the knowledge supply chain:an organizational learning model of information technology offshore outsourcing[J].MIS Quarterly,2008,32(2):281-306.
[11]邓春平,毛基业.控制,吸收能力与知识转移---基于离岸IT服务外包业的实证研究[J].管理评论,2012,24(2):131-139.
[12]CHRISTOFFERSEN J.Cooperation in international strategic alliances and impact on host economies:knowledge transfer and diffusion to local firms[J].European Journal of Development Research,2013,25(4):518-536.
[13]李林蔚,蔡虹,郑志清.战略联盟中的知识转移过程研究:共同愿景的调节效应[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(8):29-38.
[14]LIC Y,HSIEH C T.The impact of knowledge stickiness on knowledge transfer implementation,internalization,and satisfaction for multinational corporations[J].International Journal of Information Management,2009,29(6):425-435.
[15]COFF R W,COFF D,EASTVOLD R.The knowledge leveraging paradox:how to achieve scale without making knowledge imitable[J].Academy of Management Review,2006,31:1-13.
[16]叶舒航,郭东强,葛虹.转型企业外部知识转移影响因素研究---基于元分析方法[J].科学学研究,2014,32(6):909-918.
[17]MINBAEVA D,PEDERSEN T,RKMAN I B,et al.MNC knowledge transfer,subsidiary absorptive capacity and HRM[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2014,45(1):38-51.
[18]MICHAILOVA S,MUSTAFFA Z.Subsidiary knowledge flows in multinational corporations:research accomplishments,gaps,and opportunities[J].Journal of World Business,2011,47(3):1-14.
[19]艾时钟,尚永辉,信妍.IT外包知识转移影响因素分析---基于关系质量的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2011,29(8):1216-1222.
[20]蒋天颖,王峥燕,张一青.网络强度、知识转移对集群企业创新绩效的影响[J].科研管理,2013,34(8):27-34.
[21]关涛,阎海峰,薛求知.跨国公司知识转移:产权控制与合作的比较[J].科研管理,2008,29(1):66-73.
[22]龚毅,谢恩.中外企业战略联盟知识转移效率的实证分析[J].科学学研究,2005,23(4):500-505.
[23]WANG L,YEUNG J H Y,ZHANG M.The impact of trust and contract on innovation performance:the moderating role of environmental uncertainty[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2011,134(1):114-122.
[24]ZHOU K Z,POPPO L.Exchange hazards,relational reliability,and contracts in China:the contingent role of legal enforceability[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2010,41(5):861-881.
[25]YLI-RENKO H,AUTIO E,SAPIENZA H J.Social capital,knowledge acquisition,and knowledge exploitation in young technologybased firms[J].Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(6-7):587-613.
[26]LIU Y,LUO Y D,LIU T.Governing buyer-supplier relationships through transactional and relational mechanisms:evidence from China[J].Journal of Operations Management,2009,27(4):294-309.
[27]RITALA P,LAUKKANEN P H.Incremental and radical innovation in cooperation-the role of absorptive capacity and appropriability[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2013,30(1):154-169.
[28]ZHOU K Z,LI C B.How knowledge affects radical innovation:knowledge base,market knowledge acquisition,and internal knowledge sharing[J].Strategic Management Journal,2012,33(9):1090-1102.
[29]TSAI M T,LEE K W.A study of knowledge internalization:from the perspective of learning cycle theory[J].Journal of Knowledge Management,2006,10(3):57-71.
[30]ESTRADA I,FAEMS D,DE FARIA P.Coopetition and product innovation performance:the role of internal knowledge sharing mechanisms and formal knowledge protection mechanisms[J].Industrial Marketing Management,2016,53:56-65.
[31]INKPEN A C.Managing knowledge transfer in international alliances[J].Thunderbird International Business Review,2008,50(2):10577-90.
[32]赵蓓,陈三可.内部知识多样性与组织突破式创新---外部知识获取与知识整合机制的调节作用[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017,239(1):58-68.
[33]陈明,周健明.企业文化、知识整合机制对企业间知识转移绩效的影响研究[J].科学学研究,2009,27(4):580-587.
[34]YANG Q,ZHAO X,YEUNG H Y J,et al.Improving logistics outsourcing performance through transactional and relational mechanisms under transaction uncertainties:evidence from China[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2016,175:12-23.
[35]LEE Y,CAVUSGIL S T.Enhancing alliance performance:the effects of contractual-based versus relational based governance[J].Journal of Business Research,2006,59(8):896-905.
[36]刘益,张志勇.控制机制、态度性承诺与市场知识转移间关系研究[J].管理科学,2008,21(2):2-8.
[37]FOSS N J,LYNGSIE J,ZAHRA S A.The role of external knowledge sources and organizational design in the process of opportunity exploitation[J].Strategic Management Journal,2013,34(12):1453-1471.
[38]PEREZ V M,CRUZ N M,ESTRADA I.The influence of organizational design on knowledge transfer[J].Journal of Knowledge Management,2012,16(5):418-434.
[39]ARGOTE L,FAHRENKOPF E.Knowledge transfer in organizations:the roles of members,tasks,tools,and networks[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2016,136(9):146-159.
[40]SCHOENHERR T,NARAYANAN S,NARASIMHAN R.Trust formation in outsourcing relationships:a social exchange theoretic perspective[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,169:401-412.
[41]JAP S D,GANESAN S.Control mechanisms and the relationship life cycle:implications for safeguarding specific investments and developing commitment[J].Journal of Marketing Research,2000,37(2):227-245.
[42]曹勇,向阳.企业知识治理、知识共享与员工创新行为---社会资本的中介作用与吸收能力的调节效应[J].科学学研究,2014,32(1):92-102.
[43]李纲,陈静静,杨雪.网络能力﹑知识获取与企业服务创新绩效的关系研究---网络规模的调节作用[J].管理评论,2017,29(2):59-68.
[44]CHOU S W,TECHATASSANASOONTORN A A,HUNG I H.Understanding commitment in business process outsourcing relationships[J].Information&Management,2015,52(1):30-43.
[2]HAN S Y,BAE S J.Internalization of R&D outsourcing:an empirical study[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2014,150:58-73.
[3]刘伟,邸支艳.关系质量、知识缄默性与IT外包知识转移---基于接包方视角的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2016,34(12):1865-1874.
[4]TEO T S H,BHATTACHERJEE A.Knowledge transfer and utilization in IT outsourcing partnerships:a preliminary model of antecedents and outcomes[J].Information&Management,2014,51(2):177-186.
[5]OSHRI I,KOTLARSKY J,GERBASI A.Strategic innovation through outsourcing:the role of relational and contractual governance[J].Journal of Strategic Information Systems,2015,24(3):203-216.
[6]姚树俊,郭娜.IT外包知识转移风险对企业创新绩效影响机理研究[J].科学管理研究,2015,33(3):76-79.
[7]王琦,刘咏梅,卫旭华.IT外包项目中知识转移影响因素的多案例研究---基于IT外包服务提供商的视角[J].管理案例研究与评论,2014(3):248-259.
[8]JOSHI K D,SARKER S,SARKER S.Knowledge transfer within information systems development teams:examining the role of knowledge source attributes[J].Decision Support Systems,2007,43(2):322-335.
[9]MAO J,LEE J,DENG C.Vendors’perspectives on trust and control in offshore information systems outsourcing[J].Information&Management,2008,45(7):482-492.
[10]CHA H S,PINGRY D E,THATCHER M E.Managing the knowledge supply chain:an organizational learning model of information technology offshore outsourcing[J].MIS Quarterly,2008,32(2):281-306.
[11]邓春平,毛基业.控制,吸收能力与知识转移---基于离岸IT服务外包业的实证研究[J].管理评论,2012,24(2):131-139.
[12]CHRISTOFFERSEN J.Cooperation in international strategic alliances and impact on host economies:knowledge transfer and diffusion to local firms[J].European Journal of Development Research,2013,25(4):518-536.
[13]李林蔚,蔡虹,郑志清.战略联盟中的知识转移过程研究:共同愿景的调节效应[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(8):29-38.
[14]LIC Y,HSIEH C T.The impact of knowledge stickiness on knowledge transfer implementation,internalization,and satisfaction for multinational corporations[J].International Journal of Information Management,2009,29(6):425-435.
[15]COFF R W,COFF D,EASTVOLD R.The knowledge leveraging paradox:how to achieve scale without making knowledge imitable[J].Academy of Management Review,2006,31:1-13.
[16]叶舒航,郭东强,葛虹.转型企业外部知识转移影响因素研究---基于元分析方法[J].科学学研究,2014,32(6):909-918.
[17]MINBAEVA D,PEDERSEN T,RKMAN I B,et al.MNC knowledge transfer,subsidiary absorptive capacity and HRM[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2014,45(1):38-51.
[18]MICHAILOVA S,MUSTAFFA Z.Subsidiary knowledge flows in multinational corporations:research accomplishments,gaps,and opportunities[J].Journal of World Business,2011,47(3):1-14.
[19]艾时钟,尚永辉,信妍.IT外包知识转移影响因素分析---基于关系质量的实证研究[J].科学学研究,2011,29(8):1216-1222.
[20]蒋天颖,王峥燕,张一青.网络强度、知识转移对集群企业创新绩效的影响[J].科研管理,2013,34(8):27-34.
[21]关涛,阎海峰,薛求知.跨国公司知识转移:产权控制与合作的比较[J].科研管理,2008,29(1):66-73.
[22]龚毅,谢恩.中外企业战略联盟知识转移效率的实证分析[J].科学学研究,2005,23(4):500-505.
[23]WANG L,YEUNG J H Y,ZHANG M.The impact of trust and contract on innovation performance:the moderating role of environmental uncertainty[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2011,134(1):114-122.
[24]ZHOU K Z,POPPO L.Exchange hazards,relational reliability,and contracts in China:the contingent role of legal enforceability[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2010,41(5):861-881.
[25]YLI-RENKO H,AUTIO E,SAPIENZA H J.Social capital,knowledge acquisition,and knowledge exploitation in young technologybased firms[J].Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(6-7):587-613.
[26]LIU Y,LUO Y D,LIU T.Governing buyer-supplier relationships through transactional and relational mechanisms:evidence from China[J].Journal of Operations Management,2009,27(4):294-309.
[27]RITALA P,LAUKKANEN P H.Incremental and radical innovation in cooperation-the role of absorptive capacity and appropriability[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2013,30(1):154-169.
[28]ZHOU K Z,LI C B.How knowledge affects radical innovation:knowledge base,market knowledge acquisition,and internal knowledge sharing[J].Strategic Management Journal,2012,33(9):1090-1102.
[29]TSAI M T,LEE K W.A study of knowledge internalization:from the perspective of learning cycle theory[J].Journal of Knowledge Management,2006,10(3):57-71.
[30]ESTRADA I,FAEMS D,DE FARIA P.Coopetition and product innovation performance:the role of internal knowledge sharing mechanisms and formal knowledge protection mechanisms[J].Industrial Marketing Management,2016,53:56-65.
[31]INKPEN A C.Managing knowledge transfer in international alliances[J].Thunderbird International Business Review,2008,50(2):10577-90.
[32]赵蓓,陈三可.内部知识多样性与组织突破式创新---外部知识获取与知识整合机制的调节作用[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017,239(1):58-68.
[33]陈明,周健明.企业文化、知识整合机制对企业间知识转移绩效的影响研究[J].科学学研究,2009,27(4):580-587.
[34]YANG Q,ZHAO X,YEUNG H Y J,et al.Improving logistics outsourcing performance through transactional and relational mechanisms under transaction uncertainties:evidence from China[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2016,175:12-23.
[35]LEE Y,CAVUSGIL S T.Enhancing alliance performance:the effects of contractual-based versus relational based governance[J].Journal of Business Research,2006,59(8):896-905.
[36]刘益,张志勇.控制机制、态度性承诺与市场知识转移间关系研究[J].管理科学,2008,21(2):2-8.
[37]FOSS N J,LYNGSIE J,ZAHRA S A.The role of external knowledge sources and organizational design in the process of opportunity exploitation[J].Strategic Management Journal,2013,34(12):1453-1471.
[38]PEREZ V M,CRUZ N M,ESTRADA I.The influence of organizational design on knowledge transfer[J].Journal of Knowledge Management,2012,16(5):418-434.
[39]ARGOTE L,FAHRENKOPF E.Knowledge transfer in organizations:the roles of members,tasks,tools,and networks[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2016,136(9):146-159.
[40]SCHOENHERR T,NARAYANAN S,NARASIMHAN R.Trust formation in outsourcing relationships:a social exchange theoretic perspective[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,169:401-412.
[41]JAP S D,GANESAN S.Control mechanisms and the relationship life cycle:implications for safeguarding specific investments and developing commitment[J].Journal of Marketing Research,2000,37(2):227-245.
[42]曹勇,向阳.企业知识治理、知识共享与员工创新行为---社会资本的中介作用与吸收能力的调节效应[J].科学学研究,2014,32(1):92-102.
[43]李纲,陈静静,杨雪.网络能力﹑知识获取与企业服务创新绩效的关系研究---网络规模的调节作用[J].管理评论,2017,29(2):59-68.
[44]CHOU S W,TECHATASSANASOONTORN A A,HUNG I H.Understanding commitment in business process outsourcing relationships[J].Information&Management,2015,52(1):30-43.