辽东山地水源涵养林典型植被凋落物C、N、P溶出特征及其影响因素
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摘要
为揭示水源涵养林不同植被类型凋落物养分溶出特征及其影响因素,本文选取辽东山地太子河上游典型水源涵养林——槭树林、蒙古栎林、落叶松林和红松林为研究对象,探究不同植被类型凋落物碳、氮、磷养分溶出特征及pH、温度和时间等因素的影响。结果表明:凋落物养分溶出占干物质总质量的0.24%～1.28%,且不同植被类型凋落物养分溶出比例和溶出量存在显著差异(P<0.05);凋落物养分溶出总量槭树林>红松林>蒙古栎林>落叶松林,槭树林凋落物TP溶出量(47.71 mg·kg~(-1))相对较高,而落叶松林凋落物NO_3~--N(14.95 mg·kg~(-1))和TN(82.50 mg·kg~(-1))溶出量最低; pH下降增加了各植被类型凋落物TN和TP的溶出量,温度升高增加了凋落物DOC、TN和TP的溶出量,且不同植被类型凋落物NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N溶出最佳温度存在差异;凋落物养分溶出趋于平稳所需时间为12～24h,蒙古栎林凋落物NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N和TN溶出趋于平稳所需时间多于其他植被类型,研究结果为深入理解凋落物养分溶出特征提供了依据。
To understand the characteristics of nutrient leaching of litter and its affecting factors in the water conservation forests,we investigated the leaching of litter C,N and P of typical forests(Acer mono,Quercus mongolica,Larix olgensis,and Pinus koraiensis forest) in the upper reaches of Taizi River,eastern Liaoning Mountain area and the effects of solution p H,temperature,and leaching time on it.The results showed that the total leaching amount of total C,N,and P accounted for 0.24%-1.28% of the dry mass and there were significant differences(P<0.05) in the leaching rate and leaching amount from litter among different vegetations,with the order on the leaching amount of Acer mono>Pinus koraiensis>Quercus mongolica>Larix olgensis.The TP leaching(47.71 mg·kg~(-1)) was higher in Acer mono litter than other species.There was the lowest NO_3~--N(14.95 mg·kg~(-1)) and TN release(82.50 mg·kg~(-1)) in Larix olgensis litter among the four vegetations.The litter TN and TP release was increased with decreasing pH value and the DOC,TN and TP release from litter was increased with rising temperature.The optimal temperature for the litter NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N release differed among four vegetation types.The time when leaching reached stable was 12-24 h,whereas Quercus mongolica litter took a longer time on NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N and TN leaching than the others.Our results provided a basis for better understanding the characteristics of nutrient leaching from litter.
To understand the characteristics of nutrient leaching of litter and its affecting factors in the water conservation forests,we investigated the leaching of litter C,N and P of typical forests(Acer mono,Quercus mongolica,Larix olgensis,and Pinus koraiensis forest) in the upper reaches of Taizi River,eastern Liaoning Mountain area and the effects of solution p H,temperature,and leaching time on it.The results showed that the total leaching amount of total C,N,and P accounted for 0.24%-1.28% of the dry mass and there were significant differences(P<0.05) in the leaching rate and leaching amount from litter among different vegetations,with the order on the leaching amount of Acer mono>Pinus koraiensis>Quercus mongolica>Larix olgensis.The TP leaching(47.71 mg·kg~(-1)) was higher in Acer mono litter than other species.There was the lowest NO_3~--N(14.95 mg·kg~(-1)) and TN release(82.50 mg·kg~(-1)) in Larix olgensis litter among the four vegetations.The litter TN and TP release was increased with decreasing pH value and the DOC,TN and TP release from litter was increased with rising temperature.The optimal temperature for the litter NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N release differed among four vegetation types.The time when leaching reached stable was 12-24 h,whereas Quercus mongolica litter took a longer time on NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N and TN leaching than the others.Our results provided a basis for better understanding the characteristics of nutrient leaching from litter.
引文
陈光升.2008.华西雨屏区几种植被恢复模式凋落物的生态功能研究(博士学位论文).成都:四川农业大学.
迟国梁,童晓立.2010.亚热带地区树叶凋落物在流水和静水环境中的淋溶规律.生态科学,29(1):50-55.
高洪翠,范志平,李法云,等.2014.水源涵养林不同植被类型土壤NH4+-N和NO--N分布特征.生态学杂志,33(5):1211-1216.
郭平,王云琦,王玉杰,等.2013.酸雨背景下缙云山典型林分凋落物量和营养元素含量及其释放特征.生态学杂志,32(9):2339-2346.
何帆.2008.秦岭林区主要树种凋落叶分解特征研究(硕士学位论文).杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
洪也,董德文,马雁军,等.2009.2004-2008年辽宁酸雨时空分布特征研究.气象与环境学报,25(2):28-32.
黎锦涛,孙学凯,胡亚林,等.2017.干湿交替对科尔沁沙地人工林叶凋落物分解和养分释放的影响.应用生态学报,28(6):1743-1752.
马雪华.1989.在杉木林和马尾松林中雨水的养分淋溶作用.生态学报,9(1):15-20.
邱栋梁,刘星辉.1999.酸雨对园艺植物危害机理的研究进展.福建农业大学学报,28(1):28-32.
石敏.2012.辽宁省近10年酸雨污染特征变化趋势分析.农业与技术,32(4):166-168.
王琼,荣湘民,李法云,等.2017.太子河源头水源涵养林不同植被类型矿质态氮流失特征及其对环境因子的响应.水土保持学报,31(3):216-223.
王相娥,薛立,谢腾芳.2009.凋落物分解研究综述.土壤通报,40(6):1473-1478.
杨钙仁,张秀清,蔡德所,等.2012.广西主要人工林凋落物分解过程及其对淋溶水质的影响.应用生态学报,23(1):9-16.
杨佳佳,李兆君,梁永超,等,2009.温度和水分对不同肥料条件下黑土磷形态转化的影响及机制.植物营养与肥料学报,15(6):1295-1302.
杨玉盛,林瑞余,李庭波,等.2004.森林凋落物淋溶中的溶解有机物与紫外-可见光谱特征.热带亚热带植物学报,12(2):124-128.
张震,唐华,郭彦军.2015.不同环境温度下沼液养分在土壤中的淋失模拟研究.草业学报,24(4):57-65.
张耀明,吴丽英,王晓霞,等.1996.酸雨对农作物的叶片伤害及生理特性的影响.农业环境保护,15(5):197-208.
Brovkin V,van Bodegom PM,Kleinen T,et al.2012.Plantdriven variation in decomposition rates improves projections of global litter stock distribution.Biogeosciences,9:565-576.
Butterfield J.1999.Changes in decomposition rates and collembola densities during the forestry cycle in conifer plantations.Journal of Applied Ecology,36:92-100.
Hafner SD,Groffman PM,Mitchell MJ.2005.Leaching of dissolved organic carbon,dissolved organic nitrogen,and other solutes from coarse woody debris and litter in a mixed forest in New York State.Biogeochemistry,74:257-282.
Hagedorn F,Kammer A,Schmidt MWI,et al.2012.Nitrogen addition alters mineralization dynamics of13C-depleted leaf and twig litter and reduces leaching of older DOC from mineral soil.Global Change Biology,18:1412-1427.
Hossain M,Siddique MRH,Abdullah SMR,et al.2014.Nutrient dynamics associated with leaching and microbial decomposition of four abundant mangrove species leaf litter of the Sundarbans,Bangladesh.Wetlands,34:439-448.
Ibrahima A,Biyanzi P,Halima M.2008.Changes in organic compounds during leaf litter leaching:Laboratory experiment on eight plant species of the Sudano-Guinea Savannas of Ngaoundere,Cameroon.i Forest:Biogeosciences and Forestry,1:27-33.
Kalbitz K,Solinger S,Park JH,et al.2000.Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils:A review.Soil Science,165:277-304.
Kiikkila O,Smolander A,Kitunen V.2013.Degradability,molecular weight and adsorption properties of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen leached from different types of decomposing litter.Plant and Soil,373:787-798.
Lewis GP,Likens GE.2000.Low stream nitrate concentrations associated with oak forests on the Allegheny High Plateau of Pennsylvania.Water Resources Research,36:3091-3094.
Ong CSP,Juan JC,Yule CM.2017.The contribution of leaching to nutrient release from leaf litter of two emergent tree species in a Malaysian tropical peat swamp forest.Hydrobiologia,794:125-137.
Park SK,Cho KH.2003.Nutrient leaching from leaf litter of emergent macrophyte(Zizania latifolia)and the effects of water temperature on the leaching process.Korean Journal Biology Science,7:289-294.
Parton WJ,Ojima DS,Cole CV,et al.1994.A general model for soil organic matter dynamics:Sensitivity to litter chemistry,texture and management//Quantitative Modeling of Soil Forming Processes:Special Publication 39.Soil Science Society of America,Madison WI,USA:147-167.
Petersen RC,Cummins KW.1974.Leaf processing in a woodland stream.Freshwater Biology,4:343-368.
Qiu S,McComb A,Bell RW,et al.2005.Leaf-litter application to a sandy soil modifies phosphorus leaching over the wet season of southwestern Australia.Hydrobiologia,545:33-43.
Qiu S,McComb AJ,Bell RW.2002.Phosphorus-leaching from litterfall in wetland catchments of the Swan Coastal Plain,southwestern Australia.Hydrobiologia,472:95-105.
Riaz M,Mian IA,Cresser MS.2011.How important is plant litter to the regulation of mineral-N leaching to streams in winter?An observations-led experimental approach.Soil Use and Management,27:10-17.
Salamanca EF,Kaneko N,Katagiri S.2003.Rainfall manipulation effects on litter decomposition and the microbial biomass of the forest floor.Applied Soil Ecology,22:271-281.
Soong JL,Calderon FJ,Betzen J,et al.2014.Quantification and FTIR characterization of dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen leached from litter:A comparison of methods across litter types.Plant and Soil,385:125-137.
Swift MJ,Heal OW,Anderson JM.1979.Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems.California:University of California Press.
Szabo S,Braun M,Nagy P,et al.2000.Decomposition of duckweed(Lemna gibba)under axenic and microbial conditions:Flux of nutrients between litter water and sediment,the impact of leaching and microbial degradation.Hydrobiologia,434:201-210.
Taylor BR,Barlocher F.1996.Variable effects of air-drying on leaching losses from tree leaf litter.Hydrobiologia,325:173-182.
Ukonmaanaho L,Starr M.2001.The importance of leaching from litter collected in litterfall traps.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,66:129-146.
Uselman SM,Qualls RG,Lilienfein J.2007.Contribution of root vs.leaf litter to dissolved organic carbon leaching through soil.Soil Science Society of America Journal,71:1555-1563.
Whitworth KL,Baldwin DS,Kerr JL.2014.The effect of temperature on leaching and subsequent decomposition of dissolved carbon from inundated floodplain litter:Implications for the generation of hypoxic blackwater in lowland floodplain rivers.Chemistry and Ecology,30:491-500.
Wood TG.1974.Field investigations on decomposition of leaves of Eucalyptus delegatensis in relation to environmental factors.Pedobiologia,14:343-371.
Zennchen C,Schaaf W,Esperschuetz J.2014.Effect of plant litter addition on element leaching in young sandy soils.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,177:585-595.
Yavitt,JB,Fahey,TJ,1986.Litter decay and leaching from the forest floor in Pinus contorta(lodgepole pine)ecosystems.Journal of Ecology,74:525-545.
迟国梁,童晓立.2010.亚热带地区树叶凋落物在流水和静水环境中的淋溶规律.生态科学,29(1):50-55.
高洪翠,范志平,李法云,等.2014.水源涵养林不同植被类型土壤NH4+-N和NO--N分布特征.生态学杂志,33(5):1211-1216.
郭平,王云琦,王玉杰,等.2013.酸雨背景下缙云山典型林分凋落物量和营养元素含量及其释放特征.生态学杂志,32(9):2339-2346.
何帆.2008.秦岭林区主要树种凋落叶分解特征研究(硕士学位论文).杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
洪也,董德文,马雁军,等.2009.2004-2008年辽宁酸雨时空分布特征研究.气象与环境学报,25(2):28-32.
黎锦涛,孙学凯,胡亚林,等.2017.干湿交替对科尔沁沙地人工林叶凋落物分解和养分释放的影响.应用生态学报,28(6):1743-1752.
马雪华.1989.在杉木林和马尾松林中雨水的养分淋溶作用.生态学报,9(1):15-20.
邱栋梁,刘星辉.1999.酸雨对园艺植物危害机理的研究进展.福建农业大学学报,28(1):28-32.
石敏.2012.辽宁省近10年酸雨污染特征变化趋势分析.农业与技术,32(4):166-168.
王琼,荣湘民,李法云,等.2017.太子河源头水源涵养林不同植被类型矿质态氮流失特征及其对环境因子的响应.水土保持学报,31(3):216-223.
王相娥,薛立,谢腾芳.2009.凋落物分解研究综述.土壤通报,40(6):1473-1478.
杨钙仁,张秀清,蔡德所,等.2012.广西主要人工林凋落物分解过程及其对淋溶水质的影响.应用生态学报,23(1):9-16.
杨佳佳,李兆君,梁永超,等,2009.温度和水分对不同肥料条件下黑土磷形态转化的影响及机制.植物营养与肥料学报,15(6):1295-1302.
杨玉盛,林瑞余,李庭波,等.2004.森林凋落物淋溶中的溶解有机物与紫外-可见光谱特征.热带亚热带植物学报,12(2):124-128.
张震,唐华,郭彦军.2015.不同环境温度下沼液养分在土壤中的淋失模拟研究.草业学报,24(4):57-65.
张耀明,吴丽英,王晓霞,等.1996.酸雨对农作物的叶片伤害及生理特性的影响.农业环境保护,15(5):197-208.
Brovkin V,van Bodegom PM,Kleinen T,et al.2012.Plantdriven variation in decomposition rates improves projections of global litter stock distribution.Biogeosciences,9:565-576.
Butterfield J.1999.Changes in decomposition rates and collembola densities during the forestry cycle in conifer plantations.Journal of Applied Ecology,36:92-100.
Hafner SD,Groffman PM,Mitchell MJ.2005.Leaching of dissolved organic carbon,dissolved organic nitrogen,and other solutes from coarse woody debris and litter in a mixed forest in New York State.Biogeochemistry,74:257-282.
Hagedorn F,Kammer A,Schmidt MWI,et al.2012.Nitrogen addition alters mineralization dynamics of13C-depleted leaf and twig litter and reduces leaching of older DOC from mineral soil.Global Change Biology,18:1412-1427.
Hossain M,Siddique MRH,Abdullah SMR,et al.2014.Nutrient dynamics associated with leaching and microbial decomposition of four abundant mangrove species leaf litter of the Sundarbans,Bangladesh.Wetlands,34:439-448.
Ibrahima A,Biyanzi P,Halima M.2008.Changes in organic compounds during leaf litter leaching:Laboratory experiment on eight plant species of the Sudano-Guinea Savannas of Ngaoundere,Cameroon.i Forest:Biogeosciences and Forestry,1:27-33.
Kalbitz K,Solinger S,Park JH,et al.2000.Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils:A review.Soil Science,165:277-304.
Kiikkila O,Smolander A,Kitunen V.2013.Degradability,molecular weight and adsorption properties of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen leached from different types of decomposing litter.Plant and Soil,373:787-798.
Lewis GP,Likens GE.2000.Low stream nitrate concentrations associated with oak forests on the Allegheny High Plateau of Pennsylvania.Water Resources Research,36:3091-3094.
Ong CSP,Juan JC,Yule CM.2017.The contribution of leaching to nutrient release from leaf litter of two emergent tree species in a Malaysian tropical peat swamp forest.Hydrobiologia,794:125-137.
Park SK,Cho KH.2003.Nutrient leaching from leaf litter of emergent macrophyte(Zizania latifolia)and the effects of water temperature on the leaching process.Korean Journal Biology Science,7:289-294.
Parton WJ,Ojima DS,Cole CV,et al.1994.A general model for soil organic matter dynamics:Sensitivity to litter chemistry,texture and management//Quantitative Modeling of Soil Forming Processes:Special Publication 39.Soil Science Society of America,Madison WI,USA:147-167.
Petersen RC,Cummins KW.1974.Leaf processing in a woodland stream.Freshwater Biology,4:343-368.
Qiu S,McComb A,Bell RW,et al.2005.Leaf-litter application to a sandy soil modifies phosphorus leaching over the wet season of southwestern Australia.Hydrobiologia,545:33-43.
Qiu S,McComb AJ,Bell RW.2002.Phosphorus-leaching from litterfall in wetland catchments of the Swan Coastal Plain,southwestern Australia.Hydrobiologia,472:95-105.
Riaz M,Mian IA,Cresser MS.2011.How important is plant litter to the regulation of mineral-N leaching to streams in winter?An observations-led experimental approach.Soil Use and Management,27:10-17.
Salamanca EF,Kaneko N,Katagiri S.2003.Rainfall manipulation effects on litter decomposition and the microbial biomass of the forest floor.Applied Soil Ecology,22:271-281.
Soong JL,Calderon FJ,Betzen J,et al.2014.Quantification and FTIR characterization of dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen leached from litter:A comparison of methods across litter types.Plant and Soil,385:125-137.
Swift MJ,Heal OW,Anderson JM.1979.Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems.California:University of California Press.
Szabo S,Braun M,Nagy P,et al.2000.Decomposition of duckweed(Lemna gibba)under axenic and microbial conditions:Flux of nutrients between litter water and sediment,the impact of leaching and microbial degradation.Hydrobiologia,434:201-210.
Taylor BR,Barlocher F.1996.Variable effects of air-drying on leaching losses from tree leaf litter.Hydrobiologia,325:173-182.
Ukonmaanaho L,Starr M.2001.The importance of leaching from litter collected in litterfall traps.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,66:129-146.
Uselman SM,Qualls RG,Lilienfein J.2007.Contribution of root vs.leaf litter to dissolved organic carbon leaching through soil.Soil Science Society of America Journal,71:1555-1563.
Whitworth KL,Baldwin DS,Kerr JL.2014.The effect of temperature on leaching and subsequent decomposition of dissolved carbon from inundated floodplain litter:Implications for the generation of hypoxic blackwater in lowland floodplain rivers.Chemistry and Ecology,30:491-500.
Wood TG.1974.Field investigations on decomposition of leaves of Eucalyptus delegatensis in relation to environmental factors.Pedobiologia,14:343-371.
Zennchen C,Schaaf W,Esperschuetz J.2014.Effect of plant litter addition on element leaching in young sandy soils.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,177:585-595.
Yavitt,JB,Fahey,TJ,1986.Litter decay and leaching from the forest floor in Pinus contorta(lodgepole pine)ecosystems.Journal of Ecology,74:525-545.