一个面向小农户的动态学习过程——中国援非农业技术示范中心案例研究
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摘要
本文通过一个中国农业援非的案例,从援助实施机构、受援助方的合作机构以及援助受益人的视角,深入探讨了援助所呈现的不同形式的效果。研究表明,中国农业外援落实了帮助非洲国家实现自主发展的政策,在完成项目活动、建立合作机制方面产生了可观的积极效果;更重要的是,受援方的小农户通过参与项目活动,获取资源的路径以及生计发展均得到了改善。而且,有些效果是"未曾预期"的,体现出其嵌入动态学习过程的特征。本研究也提出进一步提高农业援非的效果,需要设定项目逻辑框架、建立适应动态过程的监测评估体系,以及在当地的农业研发体系内更大程度地发挥农业技术的介质作用等。
With the case of China's agricultural aid to Africa, this paper conducted an in-depth exploration of the effects of different types of aid from the perspectives of the aid provision agencies, the cooperative agencies of the recipients, and the beneficiaries. Research shows that China's foreign aid in agriculture has implemented policies for helping African countries to achieve autonomous development. It has produced great positive results in the completion of project activities and the establishment of cooperation mechanisms. More importantly, the small farming families of the recipient countries have participated in project activities to get better access to resources and thus improved their living. Moreover, some of the effects were "unexpected", reflecting their embedded dynamic learning process. This paper also proposed to set up a logical framework for the project, establish a monitoring and evaluation system that adapts to dynamic processes, and let the agricultural technologies play a greater medium role within the local agricultural R&D system, in order to further improve the effectiveness of the agricultural aid to Africa.
With the case of China's agricultural aid to Africa, this paper conducted an in-depth exploration of the effects of different types of aid from the perspectives of the aid provision agencies, the cooperative agencies of the recipients, and the beneficiaries. Research shows that China's foreign aid in agriculture has implemented policies for helping African countries to achieve autonomous development. It has produced great positive results in the completion of project activities and the establishment of cooperation mechanisms. More importantly, the small farming families of the recipient countries have participated in project activities to get better access to resources and thus improved their living. Moreover, some of the effects were "unexpected", reflecting their embedded dynamic learning process. This paper also proposed to set up a logical framework for the project, establish a monitoring and evaluation system that adapts to dynamic processes, and let the agricultural technologies play a greater medium role within the local agricultural R&D system, in order to further improve the effectiveness of the agricultural aid to Africa.
引文
[美]威廉·伊斯特利,2008,《白人的负担:为什么西方的援助总是收效甚微》,崔新钰译,北京:中信出版社。
Cassen R, et al, 1986, Does Aid Work? Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Choi,2017,"Governance and management for better aid effectiveness:a donor country's perspective",International Review of Public Administration,Volume:22(1), pp. 45-59.
Collier P,Hoeffler A,2004,"Aid,Policy and Growth in Post Conflict Societies", European Economic Review,48, pp. 1125-1145.
French, Howard W.,2014, China's Second Continent:How a Million Migrants Are Building a New Empire in Africa, New York:Vintage Books.
Li,Xiaoyun,Banik,Dan,Tang,Lixia,and Wu, Jin, 2014,"Difference or Indifference:China's Development Assistance Unpacked", IDS Bulletin,45(4),pp. 22-35.
Loots E,2006,"Aid and Development in Africa:the Debate, the Challenges and the Way Forward", South African Journal of Economics, 74(3),pp. 363-381.
Mason N.M., Jayne T.S. and Mukuka R, 2013,"Zambia's input subsidy programs", Agricultural Economics, 44(6), pp. 613-628.
Mosley P, 1986,"Aid Effectiveness:the MicroMacro Paradox", Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, 17, pp. 214-225.
Moyo, Dambisa,2009, Dead Aid:Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa,New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Ngona S, 2013, Assessment of the Status of the Zambia s Agriculture Sector Development Framework and its Impact and Contribution to Improvement of Small Scale Producer's Livelihoods, Lusaka:OXFAM.
OECD/DAC, 2010, Evaluating Development Cooperation:PARTⅡ:Evaluation Criteria, Second Edition, Paris, 2010.
Park,Sukyung; Jae-Sung,Kwak,2017,'Understanding Results-based Conditionality in Development Cooperation:A Comparative Case Analysis",JIAS,24(1),pp. 125-146.
Sachs J., 2005, The End of Poverty:How We can Make it Happen In Our Life Time,London:Penguin.
Sitko, N. J., Chamberlin, J.,&Hichaambwa,M, 2014,"Does smallholder land titling facilitate agricultural growth? An analysis of the determinants and effects of smallholder land titling in Zambia",World Development, 64, pp. 791-802.
Tierney, Michael J.,Nielson, Daniel L.,Hawkins,Darren G.,et al.,2011,"More Dollars than Sense:Refining Our Knowledge of Development Finance Using Aid Data", World Development,39(11), pp.1891-1906.
Timmer,P,2005,"Food Security and Economic Growth:An Asian Perspective", Asian-Pacific Economic Literature,19,pp.1-17.
USAID, 2011, Analysis for Zambia in Support of the USAID Mission's Feed the Future Strategic Review Working Paper,No. 52, Food Security Research Project,Lusaka, Zambia.
Vera Rocca, 2016,"Gender and Livelihoods in Commercial Sugarcane Production:A Case Study of Contract Farming in Magobbo, Zambia", IDS working paper, p. 136.
World Bank, 2011, Rising Global Interest in Farmland:Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits? In:Bank, T. W. Agriculture and Rural Development, Washington D.C:The World Bank.
Xiuli Xu et.al, 2016,"Technology, and the Politics of Knowledge:The Case of China's Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centers in Africa,China and Brazil in African Agriculture", World Development, 82, p91.
Xu, X. Li, X. Qi, G. Tang, L. Mukwereza,L.,2016,"Science, Technology, and the Politics of Knowledge:The Case of China's Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centers in Africa", World Development, 81, pp. 82-91.
曹俊金、薛新宇,2015,《对外援助监督评价制度:借鉴与完善》,《国际经济合作》,第4期,第20-26页。
[美]黛博拉·布罗蒂加姆,2012,《龙的礼物:中国在非洲的真实故事》,沈晓雷、高明秀译,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
贺文萍,2011,《从“援助有效性”到发展有效性”:援助理念的演变及中国经验的作用》,《西亚非洲》,第9期,第120～135页。
李安山,2007,《全球化视野中的非洲:发展、援助与合作——兼谈中非合作中的几个问题》,《西亚非洲》,第7期,第5～14页。
李兴乾,200 7,《国际有效援助的管理困境》,《国家行政学院学报》,第6期,第42～46页。
刘方平,2016,《中国援外的历史进程与现时拓展》,《暨南学报》(哲学社会科学版),第2期,第1～9页。
齐顾波,2015,《DAC成员国与非DAC国家对外援助的经验及其对中国的启示》,李小云等编著,《国际发展援助——中国的对外援助》,北京:世界知识出版社,第53～73页。
齐顾波、于乐荣,2016,《中国与非洲农业合作的逻辑:制度的模仿与适应》,《复旦国际关系评论》。
《我援助赞比亚农业技术示范中心选育小麦品种通过该国审定》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/resume/n/201605/20160501313796.shtml。
汪淳玉、王伊欢,2010,《国际发展援助效果研究综述》,《中国农业大学学报》(社会科学版),第3期,第102～116页。
汪艳丽,2011,《对外发展援助的有效性问题与德国的应对》,《德国研究》,第4期。
王小林、刘倩倩,2012,《中非合作:提高发展有效性的新方式》,《国际问题研究》,第5期。
王妍蕾、刘晴,2013,《OECD十年发展援助情况演变》,《烟台大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),第4期,第109-114页。
周宝根,2009,《援助促进受援国发展吗?——国外发展援助有效性的学理纷争》,《国际经济合作》,第5期,第40～43页。
[1]2017年8月笔者在示范中心的访谈。
[2]2015年11月笔者与时任示范中心主任的访谈。
[3]2015年11月笔者与卢萨卡、Mazabuka的农牧部地方官员的访谈。
[4]2015年11月笔者在几个点上的访谈。
[5]这一点与西方项目安排项目执行人员时的即时和有条件的考虑很相似;但是在其他示范中心项目中,有些并没有采取这种方式,因此产生执行机构人员承担很多不属于自己专业领域的任务,从而效果受到限制。
[6]每年都有近四次生产周期,每次合作社能获得24000克瓦查的毛收入,而近一半是纯利润。于是每年能有48000克瓦查的纯利润(当年汇率,等于同等额度人民币)。
[7]2016年笔者与示范中心执行机构的人员的微信交流,以及2017年9月笔者同示范中心的负责人访谈时发现,在进入中心的可持续期的运行前,比尔盖茨基金会已经表示进行今后三年的支持,同时给中方和赞比亚方提供运营资金。而吉林农业大学和赞比亚农业大学作为中心的执行机构,从2016年开始撰写的项目建议书,已经按照西方项目实施的要求,而考虑了制定项目逻辑框架,以及监测评估内容。
[8]2015年与挪威开发署驻赞比亚办公室的访谈。
Cassen R, et al, 1986, Does Aid Work? Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Choi,2017,"Governance and management for better aid effectiveness:a donor country's perspective",International Review of Public Administration,Volume:22(1), pp. 45-59.
Collier P,Hoeffler A,2004,"Aid,Policy and Growth in Post Conflict Societies", European Economic Review,48, pp. 1125-1145.
French, Howard W.,2014, China's Second Continent:How a Million Migrants Are Building a New Empire in Africa, New York:Vintage Books.
Li,Xiaoyun,Banik,Dan,Tang,Lixia,and Wu, Jin, 2014,"Difference or Indifference:China's Development Assistance Unpacked", IDS Bulletin,45(4),pp. 22-35.
Loots E,2006,"Aid and Development in Africa:the Debate, the Challenges and the Way Forward", South African Journal of Economics, 74(3),pp. 363-381.
Mason N.M., Jayne T.S. and Mukuka R, 2013,"Zambia's input subsidy programs", Agricultural Economics, 44(6), pp. 613-628.
Mosley P, 1986,"Aid Effectiveness:the MicroMacro Paradox", Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, 17, pp. 214-225.
Moyo, Dambisa,2009, Dead Aid:Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa,New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Ngona S, 2013, Assessment of the Status of the Zambia s Agriculture Sector Development Framework and its Impact and Contribution to Improvement of Small Scale Producer's Livelihoods, Lusaka:OXFAM.
OECD/DAC, 2010, Evaluating Development Cooperation:PARTⅡ:Evaluation Criteria, Second Edition, Paris, 2010.
Park,Sukyung; Jae-Sung,Kwak,2017,'Understanding Results-based Conditionality in Development Cooperation:A Comparative Case Analysis",JIAS,24(1),pp. 125-146.
Sachs J., 2005, The End of Poverty:How We can Make it Happen In Our Life Time,London:Penguin.
Sitko, N. J., Chamberlin, J.,&Hichaambwa,M, 2014,"Does smallholder land titling facilitate agricultural growth? An analysis of the determinants and effects of smallholder land titling in Zambia",World Development, 64, pp. 791-802.
Tierney, Michael J.,Nielson, Daniel L.,Hawkins,Darren G.,et al.,2011,"More Dollars than Sense:Refining Our Knowledge of Development Finance Using Aid Data", World Development,39(11), pp.1891-1906.
Timmer,P,2005,"Food Security and Economic Growth:An Asian Perspective", Asian-Pacific Economic Literature,19,pp.1-17.
USAID, 2011, Analysis for Zambia in Support of the USAID Mission's Feed the Future Strategic Review Working Paper,No. 52, Food Security Research Project,Lusaka, Zambia.
Vera Rocca, 2016,"Gender and Livelihoods in Commercial Sugarcane Production:A Case Study of Contract Farming in Magobbo, Zambia", IDS working paper, p. 136.
World Bank, 2011, Rising Global Interest in Farmland:Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits? In:Bank, T. W. Agriculture and Rural Development, Washington D.C:The World Bank.
Xiuli Xu et.al, 2016,"Technology, and the Politics of Knowledge:The Case of China's Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centers in Africa,China and Brazil in African Agriculture", World Development, 82, p91.
Xu, X. Li, X. Qi, G. Tang, L. Mukwereza,L.,2016,"Science, Technology, and the Politics of Knowledge:The Case of China's Agricultural Technology Demonstration Centers in Africa", World Development, 81, pp. 82-91.
曹俊金、薛新宇,2015,《对外援助监督评价制度:借鉴与完善》,《国际经济合作》,第4期,第20-26页。
[美]黛博拉·布罗蒂加姆,2012,《龙的礼物:中国在非洲的真实故事》,沈晓雷、高明秀译,北京:社会科学文献出版社。
贺文萍,2011,《从“援助有效性”到发展有效性”:援助理念的演变及中国经验的作用》,《西亚非洲》,第9期,第120～135页。
李安山,2007,《全球化视野中的非洲:发展、援助与合作——兼谈中非合作中的几个问题》,《西亚非洲》,第7期,第5～14页。
李兴乾,200 7,《国际有效援助的管理困境》,《国家行政学院学报》,第6期,第42～46页。
刘方平,2016,《中国援外的历史进程与现时拓展》,《暨南学报》(哲学社会科学版),第2期,第1～9页。
齐顾波,2015,《DAC成员国与非DAC国家对外援助的经验及其对中国的启示》,李小云等编著,《国际发展援助——中国的对外援助》,北京:世界知识出版社,第53～73页。
齐顾波、于乐荣,2016,《中国与非洲农业合作的逻辑:制度的模仿与适应》,《复旦国际关系评论》。
《我援助赞比亚农业技术示范中心选育小麦品种通过该国审定》,http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/resume/n/201605/20160501313796.shtml。
汪淳玉、王伊欢,2010,《国际发展援助效果研究综述》,《中国农业大学学报》(社会科学版),第3期,第102～116页。
汪艳丽,2011,《对外发展援助的有效性问题与德国的应对》,《德国研究》,第4期。
王小林、刘倩倩,2012,《中非合作:提高发展有效性的新方式》,《国际问题研究》,第5期。
王妍蕾、刘晴,2013,《OECD十年发展援助情况演变》,《烟台大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),第4期,第109-114页。
周宝根,2009,《援助促进受援国发展吗?——国外发展援助有效性的学理纷争》,《国际经济合作》,第5期,第40～43页。
[1]2017年8月笔者在示范中心的访谈。
[2]2015年11月笔者与时任示范中心主任的访谈。
[3]2015年11月笔者与卢萨卡、Mazabuka的农牧部地方官员的访谈。
[4]2015年11月笔者在几个点上的访谈。
[5]这一点与西方项目安排项目执行人员时的即时和有条件的考虑很相似;但是在其他示范中心项目中,有些并没有采取这种方式,因此产生执行机构人员承担很多不属于自己专业领域的任务,从而效果受到限制。
[6]每年都有近四次生产周期,每次合作社能获得24000克瓦查的毛收入,而近一半是纯利润。于是每年能有48000克瓦查的纯利润(当年汇率,等于同等额度人民币)。
[7]2016年笔者与示范中心执行机构的人员的微信交流,以及2017年9月笔者同示范中心的负责人访谈时发现,在进入中心的可持续期的运行前,比尔盖茨基金会已经表示进行今后三年的支持,同时给中方和赞比亚方提供运营资金。而吉林农业大学和赞比亚农业大学作为中心的执行机构,从2016年开始撰写的项目建议书,已经按照西方项目实施的要求,而考虑了制定项目逻辑框架,以及监测评估内容。
[8]2015年与挪威开发署驻赞比亚办公室的访谈。