中国0-3岁婴幼儿托育服务实践模式评估
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摘要
本文提出七要素的新公共服务理论框架,包括理念、项目、方式、规范、机制、政策和效果。以七要素的新公共服务理论框架为基础,对中国0-3岁婴幼儿托育服务的实践模式进行识别和分类,在此基础上对不同模式的效果进行评估。研究发现政府主导模式、市场主导模式和企事业主导模式除在服务项目上较为相似,即大多都包括保育和早教项目,在理念、方式、规范、机制和政策上均存在较大的差异,从而导致了服务效果的不同。目前中国托育服务模式的主要问题是托育服务政策及管理的缺位。建议明确托育服务的公共服务地位,构建"政府主导、市场主体、社会参与、家庭补充"的多元供给体系。完善托育服务政策,制定行业相关标准。建立统筹协调的托育服务管理机制和监管机制,制定符合现阶段发展特征、科学、灵活的托育机构准入机制。加快托育从业人员的培养,鼓励高校、职校开设0-3岁婴幼儿托育相关专业,培养婴幼儿护理、早期教育等方面的专业人才。探索建立以社区为依托,包含不同教育理念、不同层次、灵活多样的托育服务体系。建立以托管照料为主、以早期教育为主及保教兼顾的满足不同托育需求的服务机构及全日制、半日制、计时制、假期托管等多样化托育服务方式。
This paper proposes a New Public Service theory frame work with seven factors,including beliefs,contents,methods,norms,mechanisms,polices and outcomes. Based on the New Public Service theo-ry framework,this paper identifies and classifies the practice modes of China's child care service for chil-dren aged 0-3 years and evaluates the effects of different modes. The study finds that the government-ledmodel,market-led model,and enterprise-led model are similar in terms of service items,that is,most ofthem include care and early education programs. There are great differences in beliefs,methods,norms,mechanisms,and policies. As a result,the outcomes of the service modes are different. At present,the mainproblem of China's child care service is the absence of policy and management. It is recommended to clari-fy the public service status of the child care service and build a multi-supply system of"government-led,market-oriented,social-participated,and family-supplemented". We suggest to improve the policy of childcare service and formulate relevant standards for the industry. We recommend the establishment of a com-prehensive and coordinated management mechanism and supervision mechanism for the child care service,and the establishment of a scientific and flexible access mechanism that is in line with current developmentcharacteristics. We suggest to accelerate the cultivation of personnel in the field of child care,encouragecolleges and vocational schools to set up programs related to child care for children aged 0-3 years,and cul-tivate professional talents in infant care and early education. Explore the establishment of communi-ty-based,including different education concept,different levels,flexible and diverse child care service sys-tem. We propose to establish a service organization that mainly focuses on trusteeship,mainly focuses onearly education,and takes into account the care and education to meet different educational needs,as wellas various modes of supporting education,such as full-time,half-day,time-keeping and vacation trusteeship.
This paper proposes a New Public Service theory frame work with seven factors,including beliefs,contents,methods,norms,mechanisms,polices and outcomes. Based on the New Public Service theo-ry framework,this paper identifies and classifies the practice modes of China's child care service for chil-dren aged 0-3 years and evaluates the effects of different modes. The study finds that the government-ledmodel,market-led model,and enterprise-led model are similar in terms of service items,that is,most ofthem include care and early education programs. There are great differences in beliefs,methods,norms,mechanisms,and policies. As a result,the outcomes of the service modes are different. At present,the mainproblem of China's child care service is the absence of policy and management. It is recommended to clari-fy the public service status of the child care service and build a multi-supply system of"government-led,market-oriented,social-participated,and family-supplemented". We suggest to improve the policy of childcare service and formulate relevant standards for the industry. We recommend the establishment of a com-prehensive and coordinated management mechanism and supervision mechanism for the child care service,and the establishment of a scientific and flexible access mechanism that is in line with current developmentcharacteristics. We suggest to accelerate the cultivation of personnel in the field of child care,encouragecolleges and vocational schools to set up programs related to child care for children aged 0-3 years,and cul-tivate professional talents in infant care and early education. Explore the establishment of communi-ty-based,including different education concept,different levels,flexible and diverse child care service sys-tem. We propose to establish a service organization that mainly focuses on trusteeship,mainly focuses onearly education,and takes into account the care and education to meet different educational needs,as wellas various modes of supporting education,such as full-time,half-day,time-keeping and vacation trusteeship.
引文
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[5]杨雪燕,李树茁.国际视野中的性别失衡公共治理:比较与借鉴[J].公共管理学报,2009,6(3):92-101.
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[15]谢涛,闫文青.绳绑孩子小区内玩耍,家庭式幼儿园西安走俏[Z/OL].[2018-02-07]. http://news.163.com/15/0729/20/AVNI58MH00014AEE.html.
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[19]陈怡夏.半日制托班,上还是不上[Z/OL].[2018-02-09]. http://g2c.tx.gov.cn/art/2016/1/19/art_7_56841.html.
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[21]赵翰露.社区里的托儿所回来了!年内上海将建成20家公办社区幼儿托管点[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=45979.
[22]左颖.伊彤代表:鼓励建立社区0至3岁婴幼儿托育机构[Z/OL].[2018-02-09]. http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2018/0317/c82840-31353611.html.
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[27]仲伟秀.我国幼儿园保育教师队伍现状及其建设[J].学前教育研究,2013,(8):39-44.
[28]王默,洪秀敏,庞丽娟.聚焦我国民办幼儿园教师队伍的发展:问题、影响因素及政策建议[J].教师教育研究,2015,27(3):36-42.
[29]上海市人民政府.上海市人民政府印发《关于促进和加强本市3岁以下幼儿托育服务工作的指导意见》的通知[EB/OL].[2018-06-18]. http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2319/nw12344/u26aw55674.html.
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[31]刘旭.早教市场背后乱象:课程设置随意师资水平不一[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2016-09/16/c_129283698.htm.
[32]项义妹.央视曝光的“山寨月嫂证”背后的水原来这么深[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2017-03-18/1086166.html.
[33]育儿嫂为什么总不靠谱?根本原因在这里[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://chuansong.me/n/1339435.
[34]独家对话携程亲子项目负责人:携程最大的责任是监管问题[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. https://www.baidu.com/link?url=bRRgMb3JPUsFRqGy19mrJ-S0MskGFI2xQnBtMoW3bJb3FMpIrYEiInI8qz0SgbBW&wd=&eqid=cf4d1dab000196a0000000025ac7331f.
[35]谭畅,郑可书.携程亲子园事件背后:“没有部门发证,也没有部门监管”[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://www.infzm.com/content/130611.
[36]柏檀,熊筱燕,王水娟.我国学前教育财政投入问题探析[J].教育与经济,2012,(1):29-33.
[37]中华人民共和国教育部.全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法》的决定[EB/OL].[2018-02-27]. http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A02/zfs__left/s5911/moe_619/201612/t20161213_291732.html.
[38]梁健敏.民办托儿所该去哪申领牌照[Z/OL].[2018-03-02]. http://news.163.com/17/0308/02/CEVLAS4V00018AOP.html.
[39]方翔. 0-3岁幼儿社会化托育引关注[Z/OL].[2018-04-07]. http://xmwb.xinmin.cn/html/2016-11/07/content_3_1.htm.
[40]0-3岁儿童托育服务行业白皮书[Z/OL].[2018-04-07]. http://www.sohu.com/a/208949621_817001.
[41]大良招生方案出炉,公办幼儿园取消小小班[Z/OL].[2018-04-07]. http://www.sohu.com/a/68084698_390426.
[42]李盈盈.我国民办幼儿园数量超公办幼儿园,占学前教育总量的54%[Z/OL].[2018-04-07]. http://news.k618.cn/dj/201701/t20170118_10101143.html.
[43]谢克伟.越来越多家庭要求找长相好的育儿嫂[Z/OL].[2018-04-10]. http://newspaper.jfdaily.com/xwcb/html/2017-06/22/content_16299.htm.
[2]杨雪燕,井文,等. 0~3岁托育服务模式评估与发展建议[N].中国妇女报,2018-06-05(005).
[3]李沛霖,王晖,丁小平,等.对发达地区0-3岁儿童托育服务市场的调查与思考——以南京市为例[J].南方人口,2017,32(2):71-80.
[4]和建花.关于3岁以下托幼公共服务理念的再思考——跨学界视野与跨学界对话[J].学前教育研究,2017,(7):3-10.
[5]杨雪燕,李树茁.国际视野中的性别失衡公共治理:比较与借鉴[J].公共管理学报,2009,6(3):92-101.
[6]王海英.公益性、普惠性、科学性——新政策背景下的幼儿园新文化建设[J].幼儿教育,2011,(7):1-4.
[7]窦玉沛.儿童福利:从补缺型向适度普惠型转变[J].社会福利,2011,(4):8-9.
[8]杨浦小邻通.杨浦新建2家社区幼托点,6月正式试运营![Z/OL].[2018-02-02]. http://www.sohu.com/a/145969411_351448.
[9]王晓易.普惠性民办幼儿园可获补助[Z/OL].[2018-02-02]. http://news.163.com/16/0908/05/C0DUQUOQ00014SEH.html.
[10]国务院办公厅.国务院关于当前发展学前教育的若干意见[EB/OL].[2018-04-08]. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2010-11/24/content_1752377.htm.
[11]乐小萍.我国学前教育服务供给多元化特征研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2012.
[12]谢苗枫,欧楚欣,陈芳庭.每10家幼儿园才有1间托儿所,不应被遗忘的“托育机构”,在哪里?[Z/OL].[2018-01-30]. http://static.nfapp.southcn.com/content/201711/15/c789389.html.
[13]秦紫霞.“家庭式”幼儿托管悄然走俏,有需求也有担忧[Z/OL].[2018-02-07]. https://www.sohu.com/a/73657425_119928.
[14]为什么他的“家庭式幼儿园”深得人心?[Z/OL].[2018-02-07]. https://www.sohu.com/a/111181280_455248.
[15]谢涛,闫文青.绳绑孩子小区内玩耍,家庭式幼儿园西安走俏[Z/OL].[2018-02-07]. http://news.163.com/15/0729/20/AVNI58MH00014AEE.html.
[16]上海市总工会.关于全面二孩政策背景下,亟待解决0-3岁幼儿托育问题的建议[Z/OL].[2018-01-30]. http://www.shszx.gov.cn/node2/node5368/node5376/node5388/u1ai98832.html.
[17]育儿嫂[Z/OL].[2018-02-07]. https://baike.baidu.com/item/育儿嫂/770996.
[18]刘锟.要想设立“职工亲子工作室”,这些条件得具备[Z/OL].[2018-02-07]. http://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=61414.
[19]陈怡夏.半日制托班,上还是不上[Z/OL].[2018-02-09]. http://g2c.tx.gov.cn/art/2016/1/19/art_7_56841.html.
[20]成岗.南京将推婴幼儿早教4年行动,已建成493个托育机构[Z/OL].[2018-01-28]. http://jiangsu.sina.com.cn/news/m/2016-12-19/detail-ifxytqax6556408.shtml.
[21]赵翰露.社区里的托儿所回来了!年内上海将建成20家公办社区幼儿托管点[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=45979.
[22]左颖.伊彤代表:鼓励建立社区0至3岁婴幼儿托育机构[Z/OL].[2018-02-09]. http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2018/0317/c82840-31353611.html.
[23]胡俊.上海市政协妇联界别开展“社区公共托育”专题调研[Z/OL].[2018-02-09]. http://www.china.com.cn/cppcc/2016-11/18/content_39732947.htm.
[24]妈咪助理宝宝看护中心[Z/OL].[2018-02-04]. http://www.mamihelp.cn/.
[25]中华人民共和国教育部.幼儿园工作规程[EB/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://www.moe.edu.cn/srcsite/A02/s5911/moe_621/201602/t20160229_231184.html.
[26]刘言滢,胡苗苗,张艳丽,等.西安市公办幼儿园师资现状调查研究[J].学理论,2012,(5):150-151.
[27]仲伟秀.我国幼儿园保育教师队伍现状及其建设[J].学前教育研究,2013,(8):39-44.
[28]王默,洪秀敏,庞丽娟.聚焦我国民办幼儿园教师队伍的发展:问题、影响因素及政策建议[J].教师教育研究,2015,27(3):36-42.
[29]上海市人民政府.上海市人民政府印发《关于促进和加强本市3岁以下幼儿托育服务工作的指导意见》的通知[EB/OL].[2018-06-18]. http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2319/nw12344/u26aw55674.html.
[30]北京市企业信用信息网.妈咪助理(北京)科技有限公司[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://qyxy.baic.gov.cn/xycx/query Credit Action!qyxq_view.dhtml?reg_bus_ent_id=20e38b8b4f4e717a014f5d96cd180b15&credit_ticket=5EDB3320F69D5029258BC10A4513B244.
[31]刘旭.早教市场背后乱象:课程设置随意师资水平不一[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2016-09/16/c_129283698.htm.
[32]项义妹.央视曝光的“山寨月嫂证”背后的水原来这么深[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2017-03-18/1086166.html.
[33]育儿嫂为什么总不靠谱?根本原因在这里[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://chuansong.me/n/1339435.
[34]独家对话携程亲子项目负责人:携程最大的责任是监管问题[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. https://www.baidu.com/link?url=bRRgMb3JPUsFRqGy19mrJ-S0MskGFI2xQnBtMoW3bJb3FMpIrYEiInI8qz0SgbBW&wd=&eqid=cf4d1dab000196a0000000025ac7331f.
[35]谭畅,郑可书.携程亲子园事件背后:“没有部门发证,也没有部门监管”[Z/OL].[2018-02-23]. http://www.infzm.com/content/130611.
[36]柏檀,熊筱燕,王水娟.我国学前教育财政投入问题探析[J].教育与经济,2012,(1):29-33.
[37]中华人民共和国教育部.全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法》的决定[EB/OL].[2018-02-27]. http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A02/zfs__left/s5911/moe_619/201612/t20161213_291732.html.
[38]梁健敏.民办托儿所该去哪申领牌照[Z/OL].[2018-03-02]. http://news.163.com/17/0308/02/CEVLAS4V00018AOP.html.
[39]方翔. 0-3岁幼儿社会化托育引关注[Z/OL].[2018-04-07]. http://xmwb.xinmin.cn/html/2016-11/07/content_3_1.htm.
[40]0-3岁儿童托育服务行业白皮书[Z/OL].[2018-04-07]. http://www.sohu.com/a/208949621_817001.
[41]大良招生方案出炉,公办幼儿园取消小小班[Z/OL].[2018-04-07]. http://www.sohu.com/a/68084698_390426.
[42]李盈盈.我国民办幼儿园数量超公办幼儿园,占学前教育总量的54%[Z/OL].[2018-04-07]. http://news.k618.cn/dj/201701/t20170118_10101143.html.
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