2017年北京北部一次罕见强弓状飑线过程演变和机理
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摘要
2017年7月7日下午至午夜,河北西北部和北京中北部发生了一次罕见的最大瞬时风力将近12级并伴有大冰雹的强弓状飑线过程,其触发、演变和维持机制等具有较高研究价值。综合多种观测资料和NCEP分析资料,利用"配料法"分析了该次飑线过程的环境条件、触发、演变、风暴结构和弓形回波的形成与维持机制。飑线发生在500 hPa冷涡西南部的前倾槽和低空急流形势下;超过2000 J/kg的对流有效位能(CAPE)、强0—6 km和0—3 km风垂直切变为弓状飑线及其相关超级单体的生成和维持、大冰雹和地面强风的形成提供了有利条件;较低的湿球温度0℃层(～3.8 km)是有利于大冰雹形成的融化层高度;对流层中层高达30℃温度露点差与大的垂直减温率造成环境大气具有强的下沉对流有效位能(DCAPE),利于弓形回波和地面大风的形成。初始对流形成于西北风和西南偏西风之间的地面辐合线附近。地面大风和冰雹主要分布于低黑体亮温(TBB)和以正闪为主的闪电活跃处。雷达回波显示飑线先由线状对流系统发展成为团状超级单体对流系统,最后演变成弓状飑线。超级单体阶段和飑线阶段都有明显的回波悬垂、弱回波区、中气旋(飑线成熟后期为中涡旋)、强后侧入流及其伴随的入流缺口等;对流层中层急流和大的温度露点差是形成强下沉气流并发展出弓状特征的主要原因;大的对流有效位能和下沉对流有效位能以及强风垂直切变是飑线维持的原因。
Based on the NCEP(National Centers of Environmental Prediction) analysis data and various observations from automatic weather stations(AWS), cloud-to-ground lightning positioning system, stationary meteorological satellites and weather radars, the present study uses a "ingredient-based method" to comprehensively analyze environmental conditions, evolution characteristics, trigger and development mechanisms of a rare strong arc-shaped squall line with maximum instantaneous wind on nearly F12 scale and large hails. The squall line originated on the southwestern side of a 500 hPa cold vortex and swept northwestern Hebei Province and central and northern Beijing during the period from afternoon to midnight on 7 July 2017. The strong low-level jet, large convective available potential energy(CAPE) above 2000 J/kg and intense 0-6 km and 0-3 km vertical wind shears were very favorable for the development and maintenance of the squall line. A supercell storm embedded in the squall line produced large hails and high winds. The lower level of 3.8 km altitude for the wet bulb temperature 0℃ was in favor of producing large hails. Dew-point deficit that was up to 30℃ in the middle troposphere and large vertical temperature lapse rate caused large downdraft convective available potential energy(DCAPE), which promoted the formation of bow echoes and high winds. The convection initiation of the squall line was triggered near a surface convergence line between northwesterly winds and southwesterly winds. High winds and large hails were mainly located in the low TBB and active positive cloud-ground lightning area. Radar observations show that the squall line developed from a linear convection system to a cluster supercell storm, and finally to an arc-shaped squall line with significant overhang echoes, weak echo regions, mesocyclone(or mesovortex) and strong rear inflows which caused rear inflow notches. Intense downdraft induced by the strong jet in the middle of the troposphere and high dew-point deficit was the main cause for the formation of the bow echoes in the squall line. The mechanisms of maintaining the squall line and bow echoes include large CAPE and DCAPE and strong vertical wind shear.
Based on the NCEP(National Centers of Environmental Prediction) analysis data and various observations from automatic weather stations(AWS), cloud-to-ground lightning positioning system, stationary meteorological satellites and weather radars, the present study uses a "ingredient-based method" to comprehensively analyze environmental conditions, evolution characteristics, trigger and development mechanisms of a rare strong arc-shaped squall line with maximum instantaneous wind on nearly F12 scale and large hails. The squall line originated on the southwestern side of a 500 hPa cold vortex and swept northwestern Hebei Province and central and northern Beijing during the period from afternoon to midnight on 7 July 2017. The strong low-level jet, large convective available potential energy(CAPE) above 2000 J/kg and intense 0-6 km and 0-3 km vertical wind shears were very favorable for the development and maintenance of the squall line. A supercell storm embedded in the squall line produced large hails and high winds. The lower level of 3.8 km altitude for the wet bulb temperature 0℃ was in favor of producing large hails. Dew-point deficit that was up to 30℃ in the middle troposphere and large vertical temperature lapse rate caused large downdraft convective available potential energy(DCAPE), which promoted the formation of bow echoes and high winds. The convection initiation of the squall line was triggered near a surface convergence line between northwesterly winds and southwesterly winds. High winds and large hails were mainly located in the low TBB and active positive cloud-ground lightning area. Radar observations show that the squall line developed from a linear convection system to a cluster supercell storm, and finally to an arc-shaped squall line with significant overhang echoes, weak echo regions, mesocyclone(or mesovortex) and strong rear inflows which caused rear inflow notches. Intense downdraft induced by the strong jet in the middle of the troposphere and high dew-point deficit was the main cause for the formation of the bow echoes in the squall line. The mechanisms of maintaining the squall line and bow echoes include large CAPE and DCAPE and strong vertical wind shear.
引文
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陈淑琴,章丽娜,俞小鼎等.2017.浙北沿海连续3次飑线演变过程的环境条件.应用气象学报,28(3):357-368.Chen S Q,Zhang L N,Yu X D,et al.2017.Environmental conditions of three squall lines in the north part of Zhejiang province.J Appl Meteor Sci,28(3):357-368 (in Chinese)
戴建华,陶岚,丁杨等.2012.一次罕见飑前强降雹超级单体风暴特征分析.气象学报,70(4):609-627.Dai J H,Tao L,Ding Y,et al.2012.Case analysis of a large hail-producing severe supercell ahead of a squall line.Acta Meteor Sinica,70(4):609-627 (in Chinese)
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冯桂力,郄秀书,袁铁等.2007.雹暴的闪电活动特征与降水结构研究.中国科学 D 辑:地球科学,37(1):123-132.Feng G L,Qie X S,Yuan T,et al.2007.Lightning activity and precipitation structure of hailstorm.Sci China Ser D:Earth Sci,50(4):629-639
公衍铎,郑永光,罗琪.2019.冷涡底部一次弓状强飑线的演变机理.气象,45(4):483-495.Gong Y D,Zheng Y G,Luo Q.2019.Evolution and development mechanisms of an arc-shaped strong squall line occurring along the South side of a cold vortex.Meteor Mon,45(4):483-495 (in Chinese)
郄秀书,刘冬霞,孙竹玲.2014.闪电气象学研究进展.气象学报,72(5):1054-1068.Qie X S,Liu D X,Sun Z L.2014.Recent advances in research of lightning meteorology.Acta Meteor Sinica,72(5):1054-1068 (in Chinese)
王秀明,俞小鼎,朱禾.2012.NCEP再分析资料在强对流环境分析中的应用.应用气象学报,23(2):139-146.Wang X M,Yu X D,Zhu H.2012.The applicability of NCEP reanalysis data to severe convection environment analysis.J Appl Meteor Sci,23(2):139-146 (in Chinese)
王秀明,周小刚,俞小鼎.2013.雷暴大风环境特征及其对风暴结构影响的对比研究.气象学报,71(5):839-852.Wang X M,Zhou X G,Yu X D.2013.Comparative study of environmental characteristics of a windstorm and their impacts on storm structures.Acta Meteor Sinica,71(5):839-852 (in Chinese)
杨珊珊,谌芸,李晟祺等.2016.冷涡背景下飑线过程统计分析.气象,42(9):1079-1089.Yang S S,Chen Y,Li S Q,et al.2016.Analysis of squall lines under the background of cold vortex.Meteor Mon,42(9):1079-1089 (in Chinese)
俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南等.2006.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用.北京:气象出版社,93pp.Yu X D,Yao X P,Xiong T N,et al.2006.The Principls and Business Applications of Doppler Weather Radar.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,93pp (in Chinese)
俞小鼎.2011.基于构成要素的预报方法:配料法.气象,37(8):913-918.Yu X D.2011.Ingredients based forecasting methodology.Meteor Mon,37(8):913-918 (in Chinese)
俞小鼎,周小刚,王秀明.2012.雷暴与强对流临近天气预报技术进展.气象学报,70(3):311-337.Yu X D,Zhou X G,Wang X M.2012.The advances in the nowcasting techniques on thunderstorms and severe convection.Acta Meteor Sinica,70(3):311-337 (in Chinese)
俞小鼎.2014.关于冰雹的融化层高度.气象,40(6):649-654.Yu X D.2014.A note on the melting level of hail.Meteor Mon,40(6):649-654 (in Chinese)
章国材.2011.强对流天气分析与预报.北京:气象出版社,19-24.Zhang G C.2011.The Analysis and Forecasting of Severe Convective Weather.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,19-24 (in Chinese)
张宁,苏爱芳,史一丛.2017.2014年一次飑线的发展维持原因分析.气象,43(11):1383-1392.Zhang N,Su A F,Shi Y C.2017.Causation analysis of evolution of a squall line in 2014.Meteor Mon,43(11):1383-1392 (in Chinese)
郑永光,陶祖钰,俞小鼎.2017.强对流天气预报的一些基本问题.气象,43(6):641-652.Zheng Y G,Tao Z Y,Yu X D.2017.Some essential issues of severe convective weather forecasting.Meteor Mon,43(6):641-652 (in Chinese)
郑永光,田付友,周康辉等.2018a.雷暴大风与龙卷的预报预警和灾害现场调查.气象科技进展,8(2):55-61.Zheng Y G,Tian F Y,Zhou K H,et al.2018a.Forecasting techniques and damage survey of convectively driven high winds and tornadoes.Adv Meteor Sci Technol,8(2):55-61 (in Chinese)
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曹艳察,田付友,郑永光等.2018.中国两级阶梯地势区域冰雹天气的环境物理量统计特征.高原气象,37(1):185-196.Cao Y C,Tian F Y,Zheng Y G,et al.2018.Statistical characteristics of environmental parameters for hail over the second-step terrains of China.Plateau Meteor,37(1):185-196 (in Chinese)
陈明轩,王迎春.2012.低层垂直风切变和冷池相互作用影响华北地区一次飑线过程发展维持的数值模拟.气象学报,70(3):371-386.Chen M X,Wang Y C.2012.Numerical simulation study of interactional effects of the low-level vertical wind shear with the cold pool on a squall line evolution in North China.Acta Meteor Sinica,70(3):371-386 (in Chinese)
陈淑琴,章丽娜,俞小鼎等.2017.浙北沿海连续3次飑线演变过程的环境条件.应用气象学报,28(3):357-368.Chen S Q,Zhang L N,Yu X D,et al.2017.Environmental conditions of three squall lines in the north part of Zhejiang province.J Appl Meteor Sci,28(3):357-368 (in Chinese)
戴建华,陶岚,丁杨等.2012.一次罕见飑前强降雹超级单体风暴特征分析.气象学报,70(4):609-627.Dai J H,Tao L,Ding Y,et al.2012.Case analysis of a large hail-producing severe supercell ahead of a squall line.Acta Meteor Sinica,70(4):609-627 (in Chinese)
丁一汇,李鸿洲,章名立等.1982.我国飑线发生条件的研究.大气科学,6(1):18-27.Ding Y H,Li H Z,Zhang M L,et al.1982.A study on the genesis conditions of squall-line in China.Chinese J Atmos Sci,6(1):18-27 (in Chinese)
樊李苗,俞小鼎.2013.中国短时强对流天气的若干环境参数特征分析.高原气象,32(1):156-165.Fan L M,Yu X D.2013.Characteristic analyses on environmental parameters in short-term severe convective weather in China.Plateau Meteor,32(1):156-165 (in Chinese)
冯桂力,郄秀书,袁铁等.2007.雹暴的闪电活动特征与降水结构研究.中国科学 D 辑:地球科学,37(1):123-132.Feng G L,Qie X S,Yuan T,et al.2007.Lightning activity and precipitation structure of hailstorm.Sci China Ser D:Earth Sci,50(4):629-639
公衍铎,郑永光,罗琪.2019.冷涡底部一次弓状强飑线的演变机理.气象,45(4):483-495.Gong Y D,Zheng Y G,Luo Q.2019.Evolution and development mechanisms of an arc-shaped strong squall line occurring along the South side of a cold vortex.Meteor Mon,45(4):483-495 (in Chinese)
郄秀书,刘冬霞,孙竹玲.2014.闪电气象学研究进展.气象学报,72(5):1054-1068.Qie X S,Liu D X,Sun Z L.2014.Recent advances in research of lightning meteorology.Acta Meteor Sinica,72(5):1054-1068 (in Chinese)
王秀明,俞小鼎,朱禾.2012.NCEP再分析资料在强对流环境分析中的应用.应用气象学报,23(2):139-146.Wang X M,Yu X D,Zhu H.2012.The applicability of NCEP reanalysis data to severe convection environment analysis.J Appl Meteor Sci,23(2):139-146 (in Chinese)
王秀明,周小刚,俞小鼎.2013.雷暴大风环境特征及其对风暴结构影响的对比研究.气象学报,71(5):839-852.Wang X M,Zhou X G,Yu X D.2013.Comparative study of environmental characteristics of a windstorm and their impacts on storm structures.Acta Meteor Sinica,71(5):839-852 (in Chinese)
杨珊珊,谌芸,李晟祺等.2016.冷涡背景下飑线过程统计分析.气象,42(9):1079-1089.Yang S S,Chen Y,Li S Q,et al.2016.Analysis of squall lines under the background of cold vortex.Meteor Mon,42(9):1079-1089 (in Chinese)
俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南等.2006.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用.北京:气象出版社,93pp.Yu X D,Yao X P,Xiong T N,et al.2006.The Principls and Business Applications of Doppler Weather Radar.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,93pp (in Chinese)
俞小鼎.2011.基于构成要素的预报方法:配料法.气象,37(8):913-918.Yu X D.2011.Ingredients based forecasting methodology.Meteor Mon,37(8):913-918 (in Chinese)
俞小鼎,周小刚,王秀明.2012.雷暴与强对流临近天气预报技术进展.气象学报,70(3):311-337.Yu X D,Zhou X G,Wang X M.2012.The advances in the nowcasting techniques on thunderstorms and severe convection.Acta Meteor Sinica,70(3):311-337 (in Chinese)
俞小鼎.2014.关于冰雹的融化层高度.气象,40(6):649-654.Yu X D.2014.A note on the melting level of hail.Meteor Mon,40(6):649-654 (in Chinese)
章国材.2011.强对流天气分析与预报.北京:气象出版社,19-24.Zhang G C.2011.The Analysis and Forecasting of Severe Convective Weather.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,19-24 (in Chinese)
张宁,苏爱芳,史一丛.2017.2014年一次飑线的发展维持原因分析.气象,43(11):1383-1392.Zhang N,Su A F,Shi Y C.2017.Causation analysis of evolution of a squall line in 2014.Meteor Mon,43(11):1383-1392 (in Chinese)
郑永光,陶祖钰,俞小鼎.2017.强对流天气预报的一些基本问题.气象,43(6):641-652.Zheng Y G,Tao Z Y,Yu X D.2017.Some essential issues of severe convective weather forecasting.Meteor Mon,43(6):641-652 (in Chinese)
郑永光,田付友,周康辉等.2018a.雷暴大风与龙卷的预报预警和灾害现场调查.气象科技进展,8(2):55-61.Zheng Y G,Tian F Y,Zhou K H,et al.2018a.Forecasting techniques and damage survey of convectively driven high winds and tornadoes.Adv Meteor Sci Technol,8(2):55-61 (in Chinese)
郑永光,朱文剑,田付友等.2018b.2015年“东方之星”翻沉事件和2016年阜宁EF4级龙卷对流风暴环境条件、结构特征和机理.气象科技进展,8(2):44-54.Zheng Y G,Zhu W J,Tian F Y,et al.2018b.Environmental conditions,structures,and mechanisms of convective storms of 2015 "Oriental Star" capsizing event and 2016 Funing EF4 tornado.Adv Meteor Sci Technol,8(2):44-54 (in Chinese)
Atkins N T,Bouchard C S,Przybylinski R W,et al.2005.Damaging surface wind mechanisms within the 10 June 2003 Saint Louis bow echo during BAMEX.Mon Wea Rev,133(8):2275-2296
Bluestein H B,Jain M H.1985.Formation of mesoscale lines of precipitation:Severe squall lines in Oklahoma during the spring.J Atmos Sci,42(16):1711-1732
Carey L D,Rutledge S A.1998.Electrical and multiparameter radar observations of a severe hailstorm.J Geophys Res,103(D12):13979-14000
Coniglio M C,Stensrud D J,Wicker L J.2006.Effects of upper-level shear on the structure and maintenance of strong quasi-linear mesoscale convective systems.J Atmos Sci,63(4):1231-1252
Corfidi S F,Meritt J H,Fritsch J M.1996.Predicting the movement of mesoscale convective complexes.Wea Forecasting,11(1):41-46
Craven J P,Brooks H E.2004.Baseline climatology of sounding derived parameters associated with deep moist convection.Natl Wea Dig,28:13-24
Davis C A,Trier S B.2007.Mesoscale convective vortices observed during BAMEX.Part I:Knematic and thermodynamic structure.Mon Wea Rev,135(6):2029-2049
Doswell III C A,Brooks H E,Maddox R A.1996.Flash flood forecasting:An ingredients-based methodology.Wea Forecasting,11(4):560-581
Doswell III C A.2001.Severe Convective Storms.Boston:American Meteorological Society,223-253
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