传承与嬗变:广州市小洲村的空间转换
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摘要
在快速城市化进程影响下,广州市小洲村因从典型的岭南水乡古村逐步演化为创意艺术与旅游空间而成为关注热点。空间生产理论为揭示小洲村的空间转换与重构提供了理论工具。运用实地考察法、访谈法、文本分析法等质性研究方法,围绕"空间转换的过程""空间生产主体及作用""空间生产的结果及机制"等问题,探讨不同发展阶段各空间主体对小洲村的建构过程以及结果,构建"时间—空间主体—空间"的分析框架。研究发现:①小洲村经历了岭南水乡古村落的自然发育阶段、艺术精英自发集聚阶段、乡村旅游与文化创意产业融合发展阶段三个空间转换阶段,并分别形成了对应水乡古寨的生产生活空间、艺术创意空间、创意旅游商业空间三种空间形态。②创意阶层、政府、资本、游客等空间主体的加入,使小洲村由单一空间主体(村民)转变为多元主体。③在资本城乡不平衡发展机制下,创意阶层、政府、资本、村民、游客等空间主体为实现各自的利益诉求,在小洲村的空间转换中产生了不同的影响,其中当地村民、创意阶层和游客发挥着自下而上的能动作用;政府起到自上而下的管治作用,但在村民的空间抵抗下效果甚微。
Under the background of rapid urbanization in the past few decades in China, rural areas have been experiencing a dramatic transformation process. Rural transformation reflects the urban-rural development and transformation of economic development mode. Based on the theory of "the production of space", by integrating the research methods of literature review,field observation and interview, this paper explores the process of rural space transition with the influence by different subjects of production. The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Xiaozhou village has experienced a dramatic change and become a creative tourism destination from a typical ancient village mainly in three phases, i.e. the organic development of an ancient village; spontaneous agglomeration of artistic elites; rural and cultural creative tourism develop simultaneously, which are one-to-one correlation between the space of the water village, the space of artistic creativity and the space of creative tourism.(2) With the participation of creative class, local government, capital, and tourists, the space production subjects have been oriented towards multiple villagers from the single villager previously in Xiaozhou village.(3)Under the impact of capital imbalance, multi-stakeholders including local villagers, creative class, tourists, government and developers all play an important role in Xiaozhou village's space transition. Local villagers, creative class and tourists fully act as the bottom-up active function. The government exerts the top-down control effect, despite of the ineffectiveness when local villagers' spatial resistance occurs. Against the uneven promotion of capital, this paper mainly analyzes the transition from the three dimensions: How the space transformation process goes on, who are the subjects, and what are the results and mechanism of spatial production. This paper explores the dynamic mechanism of the rural transformation and provides the suggestions and references for the urbanization drive.
Under the background of rapid urbanization in the past few decades in China, rural areas have been experiencing a dramatic transformation process. Rural transformation reflects the urban-rural development and transformation of economic development mode. Based on the theory of "the production of space", by integrating the research methods of literature review,field observation and interview, this paper explores the process of rural space transition with the influence by different subjects of production. The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Xiaozhou village has experienced a dramatic change and become a creative tourism destination from a typical ancient village mainly in three phases, i.e. the organic development of an ancient village; spontaneous agglomeration of artistic elites; rural and cultural creative tourism develop simultaneously, which are one-to-one correlation between the space of the water village, the space of artistic creativity and the space of creative tourism.(2) With the participation of creative class, local government, capital, and tourists, the space production subjects have been oriented towards multiple villagers from the single villager previously in Xiaozhou village.(3)Under the impact of capital imbalance, multi-stakeholders including local villagers, creative class, tourists, government and developers all play an important role in Xiaozhou village's space transition. Local villagers, creative class and tourists fully act as the bottom-up active function. The government exerts the top-down control effect, despite of the ineffectiveness when local villagers' spatial resistance occurs. Against the uneven promotion of capital, this paper mainly analyzes the transition from the three dimensions: How the space transformation process goes on, who are the subjects, and what are the results and mechanism of spatial production. This paper explores the dynamic mechanism of the rural transformation and provides the suggestions and references for the urbanization drive.
引文
[1]韩非,蔡建明.中国半城市化地区乡村聚落的形态演变与重建.地理研究,2011,30(7):1271-1284.[Han Fei,Cai Jianming.The evolution and reconstruction of peri-urban rural habitat in China.Geographical Research,2011,30(7):1271-1284.]
[2]周尚意,成志芬.关于“乡愁”的空间道德和地方道德评价.人文地理,2015,30(6):1-6.[Zhou Shangyi,Cheng Zhifen.On the morality of nostalgia.Human Geography,2015,30(6):1-6.]
[3]刘沛林.新型城镇化建设中“留住乡愁”的理论与实践探索.地理研究,2015,34(7):1205-1212.[Liu Peilin.The theory and practice exploration of''remembering nostalgia''in the construction of new urbanization.Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1205-1212.]
[4]王勇,李广斌,王传海.基于空间生产的苏南乡村空间转型及规划应对.规划师,2012,28(4):110-114.[Wang Yong,Li Guangbin,Wang Chuanhai.Space production based southern Jiangsu province countryside space transition.Planners,2012,28(4):110-114.]
[5]Henri Lefebvre.The Production of Space.Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,1991.
[6]Simmel G.Sociology:The Study of Social Forms.Beijing:Huaxia Publishing Press,2002:459-460.
[7]Peter B.Rural process-pattern relationships:Nomadization,sedentarization and settlement fixation.The Geographical Journal,1994,16(1):98.
[8]Michael W.Discourses of power and rurality-local politics in Somerset in the 20th century.Political Geography,1997,16(6):453-478.
[9]Halfacree K H.Locality and social representation:Space,discourse and alternative definitions of the rural.Journal of Rural Studies,1993,9(1):23-37.
[10]魏开,许学强,魏立华.乡村空间转换中的土地利用变化研究:以滘中村为例.经济地理,2012,32(6):114-119.[Wei Kai,Xu Xueqiang,Wei Lihua.Land use change in rural space transition:A case study of Jiaozhong village.Economic Geography,2012,32(6):114-119.]
[11]谭雪兰,张炎思,谭洁,等.江南丘陵区农村居民点空间演变特征及影响因素研究:以长沙市为例.人文地理,2016,31(1):89-139.[Tan Xuelan,Zhang Yansi,Tan Jie,et al.Study on the spatial evolution characteristics and influent factors of rural residential in the south of Yangtze River:A case study of Changsha.Human Geography,2016,31(1):89-139.]
[12]翁一峰,吕斌,鲁晓军.“产权关系”视角下的乡村空间发展探究:以无锡市阳山镇为例.城市规划,2014,38(10):51-58.[Weng Yifeng,Lyu Bin,Lu Xiaojun.Research on rural spatial development in the view of property right relationship:A case study on Yangshan town,Wuxi city,Jiangsu province.City Planning Review,2014,38(10):51-58.]
[13]贺艳华,唐承丽,周国华,等.论乡村聚居空间结构优化模式:RROD模式.地理研究,2014,33(9):1716-1727.[He Yanhua,Tang Chengli,Zhou Guohua,et al.The new model of the spatial structure of rural settlements:RROD.Geographical Research,2014,33(9):1716-1727.]
[14]Henri Lefebvre.The Production of Space.Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,1991.
[15]Woods M.Performing rurality and practicing rural geography.Progress in Human Geography,2010,34(6):835-846.
[16]王勇,李广斌.基于“时空分离”的苏南乡村空间转型及其风险.国际城市规划,2012,27(1):53-57.[Wang Yong,LiGuangbin.Rural spatial transformation and its risk based upon"separation of time and space"theory in southern Jiangsu province.Urban Planning International,2012,27(1):53-57.]
[17]高慧智,张京祥,罗震东.复兴还是异化?消费文化驱动下的大都市边缘乡村空间转型:对高淳国际慢城大山村的实证观察.国际城市规划,2014,29(1):68-73.[Gao Huizhi,Zhang Jingxiang,Luo Zhendong.Renaissance or alienation?Spatial transformation of rural space of metropolis fringe area driven by consumer culture:Empirical observation on Dashan village of Gaochun international slow city.Urban Planning International,2014,29(1):68-73.]
[18]姜辽,苏勤.旅游对古镇地方性的影响研究:基于周庄的多案例考察.地理科学,2016,36(5):766-771.[Jiang Liao,Su Qin.The impact of tourism to placeness in ancient town:Multiple cases in Zhouzhuang.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(5):766-771.]
[19]陈培培,张敏.从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间:行动者网络理论与大世凹村的社会空间重构.地理研究,2015,34(8):1435-1446.[Chen Peipei,Zhang Min.From beautiful village to urban residents'consumption space:Actor-network theory and the social space reconstruction of Dashiao village.Geographical research,2015,34(8):1435-1446.]
[20]姜辽,李甜甜.旅游目的地外来艺术的地方成长机理:周庄古镇三毛文学案例.旅游学刊,2016,31(2):109-115.[Jiang Liao,Li Tiantian.The growth of foreign art in tourism destination:A case study of San Mao Literature in Ancient Town Zhouzhuang.Tourism Tribune,2016,31(2):109-115.]
[21]Rigg J,Ritchie M.Production,consumption and imagination in rural Thailand.Journal of Rural Studies,2002,18(4):359-371.
[22]孙信茹,苏和平.媒介与乡村社会空间的互动及意义生产:云南兰坪大羊普米族村寨的个案考察.云南社会科学,2012,(6):10-14.[Sun Xinru,Su Heping.Interaction between media and rural social space and its significance production:A case study of Pumi village in Lanping,Yunnan.Social Sciences in Yunnan,2012,(6):10-14.]
[23]彭丽娟,徐红罡,刘畅.基于社会交换理论的西递古村落私人空间转化机制研究.人文地理,2011,26(5):29-33.[Peng Lijuan,Xu Honggang,Liu Chang.A social exchange approach to the mechanism of personal spatial transformation in Xidi village.Human Geography,2011,26(5):29-33.]
[24]许家伟.乡村聚落空间结构的演变与驱动机理.开封:河南大学博士学位论文,2013.[Xu Jiawei.Spatial-temporal evolution and driving mechanism of rural settlements:A long term examination of Gongyi,Henan province.Kaifeng:Doctoral Dissertation of Henan University,2013.]
[25]周立民.涂尔干的法社会学思想研究.上海:华东政法大学,2013.[Zhou Limin.Studying the thoughts of Durkheim's sociology of low.Shanghai:Master Dissertation of East China University of Political Science and Law,2013.]
[26]汪芳,孙瑞敏.传统村落的集体记忆研究:对纪录片《记住乡愁》进行内容分析为例.地理研究,2015,34(12):2368-2380.[Wang Fang,Sun Ruimin.Collective memory of Chinese traditional villages:A case study of content analysis on the documentary Homesickness in Mind.Geographical Research,2015,34(12):2368-2380.]
[27]常建华.近十年明清宗族研究综述.宗族史研究,2010,(1):85-105.[Chang Jianhua.A summary of studies on the clan of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the last ten years.Study of Clan History.2010,(1):85-105.]
[28]麻国庆.祖先的张力:流动的同姓集团与社会记忆:东南汉族的事例.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004:180-181.[Ma Guoqing.The Tension of the Ancestors:The Flow of the Same Name Group and the Social Memory:The Case of the Southeast Han Nationality.Hangzhou:Zhejiang People's Publishing House,2004:180-181.]
[29]王丰龙,刘云刚.空间的生产研究综述与展望.人文地理,2011,26(2):13-20.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.A review of reseaches on the production of space.Human Geography,2011,26(2):13-20.]
[30]张宏卿.农民性格与中共的乡村动员模式:以中央苏区为中心的考察.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012:122.[Zhang Hongqing.Farmer's Character and the CPC's Mode of Rural Mobilization:A Case Study of the Central Soviet Area.Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2012:122.]
[31]张雯.艺术家群居状态和艺术集聚区发展特征的对应与差异.大众文艺,2015,(1):266-267.[Zhang wen.Correspondence and differences of artist's social status and artistic development area.Popular Literature and Art,2015,(1):266-267.]
(1)数据来源:广州市海珠区华洲街官方网站.华洲街概况。http://www.haizhu.gov.cn/site/hzj/hzfm/jj/201107/t20110704_127053. html, 2016-06-08.
(2)以前人们习惯将海珠区称为“河南”,珠江对岸的越秀区、荔湾区等称为“河北”。
(3)来源:广州市海珠区小洲村历史文化保护区保护规划.广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院, 2008。
(4)“沉浸式剧场”由国外传入国内,与传统剧场在观众席正襟危坐的体验不同,它以整栋建筑作为演出空间,观众在内部戴上白色面具自由行动,零距离观看表演,也可以在固定时间摘掉面具参与互动演出。
[2]周尚意,成志芬.关于“乡愁”的空间道德和地方道德评价.人文地理,2015,30(6):1-6.[Zhou Shangyi,Cheng Zhifen.On the morality of nostalgia.Human Geography,2015,30(6):1-6.]
[3]刘沛林.新型城镇化建设中“留住乡愁”的理论与实践探索.地理研究,2015,34(7):1205-1212.[Liu Peilin.The theory and practice exploration of''remembering nostalgia''in the construction of new urbanization.Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1205-1212.]
[4]王勇,李广斌,王传海.基于空间生产的苏南乡村空间转型及规划应对.规划师,2012,28(4):110-114.[Wang Yong,Li Guangbin,Wang Chuanhai.Space production based southern Jiangsu province countryside space transition.Planners,2012,28(4):110-114.]
[5]Henri Lefebvre.The Production of Space.Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,1991.
[6]Simmel G.Sociology:The Study of Social Forms.Beijing:Huaxia Publishing Press,2002:459-460.
[7]Peter B.Rural process-pattern relationships:Nomadization,sedentarization and settlement fixation.The Geographical Journal,1994,16(1):98.
[8]Michael W.Discourses of power and rurality-local politics in Somerset in the 20th century.Political Geography,1997,16(6):453-478.
[9]Halfacree K H.Locality and social representation:Space,discourse and alternative definitions of the rural.Journal of Rural Studies,1993,9(1):23-37.
[10]魏开,许学强,魏立华.乡村空间转换中的土地利用变化研究:以滘中村为例.经济地理,2012,32(6):114-119.[Wei Kai,Xu Xueqiang,Wei Lihua.Land use change in rural space transition:A case study of Jiaozhong village.Economic Geography,2012,32(6):114-119.]
[11]谭雪兰,张炎思,谭洁,等.江南丘陵区农村居民点空间演变特征及影响因素研究:以长沙市为例.人文地理,2016,31(1):89-139.[Tan Xuelan,Zhang Yansi,Tan Jie,et al.Study on the spatial evolution characteristics and influent factors of rural residential in the south of Yangtze River:A case study of Changsha.Human Geography,2016,31(1):89-139.]
[12]翁一峰,吕斌,鲁晓军.“产权关系”视角下的乡村空间发展探究:以无锡市阳山镇为例.城市规划,2014,38(10):51-58.[Weng Yifeng,Lyu Bin,Lu Xiaojun.Research on rural spatial development in the view of property right relationship:A case study on Yangshan town,Wuxi city,Jiangsu province.City Planning Review,2014,38(10):51-58.]
[13]贺艳华,唐承丽,周国华,等.论乡村聚居空间结构优化模式:RROD模式.地理研究,2014,33(9):1716-1727.[He Yanhua,Tang Chengli,Zhou Guohua,et al.The new model of the spatial structure of rural settlements:RROD.Geographical Research,2014,33(9):1716-1727.]
[14]Henri Lefebvre.The Production of Space.Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd,1991.
[15]Woods M.Performing rurality and practicing rural geography.Progress in Human Geography,2010,34(6):835-846.
[16]王勇,李广斌.基于“时空分离”的苏南乡村空间转型及其风险.国际城市规划,2012,27(1):53-57.[Wang Yong,LiGuangbin.Rural spatial transformation and its risk based upon"separation of time and space"theory in southern Jiangsu province.Urban Planning International,2012,27(1):53-57.]
[17]高慧智,张京祥,罗震东.复兴还是异化?消费文化驱动下的大都市边缘乡村空间转型:对高淳国际慢城大山村的实证观察.国际城市规划,2014,29(1):68-73.[Gao Huizhi,Zhang Jingxiang,Luo Zhendong.Renaissance or alienation?Spatial transformation of rural space of metropolis fringe area driven by consumer culture:Empirical observation on Dashan village of Gaochun international slow city.Urban Planning International,2014,29(1):68-73.]
[18]姜辽,苏勤.旅游对古镇地方性的影响研究:基于周庄的多案例考察.地理科学,2016,36(5):766-771.[Jiang Liao,Su Qin.The impact of tourism to placeness in ancient town:Multiple cases in Zhouzhuang.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(5):766-771.]
[19]陈培培,张敏.从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间:行动者网络理论与大世凹村的社会空间重构.地理研究,2015,34(8):1435-1446.[Chen Peipei,Zhang Min.From beautiful village to urban residents'consumption space:Actor-network theory and the social space reconstruction of Dashiao village.Geographical research,2015,34(8):1435-1446.]
[20]姜辽,李甜甜.旅游目的地外来艺术的地方成长机理:周庄古镇三毛文学案例.旅游学刊,2016,31(2):109-115.[Jiang Liao,Li Tiantian.The growth of foreign art in tourism destination:A case study of San Mao Literature in Ancient Town Zhouzhuang.Tourism Tribune,2016,31(2):109-115.]
[21]Rigg J,Ritchie M.Production,consumption and imagination in rural Thailand.Journal of Rural Studies,2002,18(4):359-371.
[22]孙信茹,苏和平.媒介与乡村社会空间的互动及意义生产:云南兰坪大羊普米族村寨的个案考察.云南社会科学,2012,(6):10-14.[Sun Xinru,Su Heping.Interaction between media and rural social space and its significance production:A case study of Pumi village in Lanping,Yunnan.Social Sciences in Yunnan,2012,(6):10-14.]
[23]彭丽娟,徐红罡,刘畅.基于社会交换理论的西递古村落私人空间转化机制研究.人文地理,2011,26(5):29-33.[Peng Lijuan,Xu Honggang,Liu Chang.A social exchange approach to the mechanism of personal spatial transformation in Xidi village.Human Geography,2011,26(5):29-33.]
[24]许家伟.乡村聚落空间结构的演变与驱动机理.开封:河南大学博士学位论文,2013.[Xu Jiawei.Spatial-temporal evolution and driving mechanism of rural settlements:A long term examination of Gongyi,Henan province.Kaifeng:Doctoral Dissertation of Henan University,2013.]
[25]周立民.涂尔干的法社会学思想研究.上海:华东政法大学,2013.[Zhou Limin.Studying the thoughts of Durkheim's sociology of low.Shanghai:Master Dissertation of East China University of Political Science and Law,2013.]
[26]汪芳,孙瑞敏.传统村落的集体记忆研究:对纪录片《记住乡愁》进行内容分析为例.地理研究,2015,34(12):2368-2380.[Wang Fang,Sun Ruimin.Collective memory of Chinese traditional villages:A case study of content analysis on the documentary Homesickness in Mind.Geographical Research,2015,34(12):2368-2380.]
[27]常建华.近十年明清宗族研究综述.宗族史研究,2010,(1):85-105.[Chang Jianhua.A summary of studies on the clan of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the last ten years.Study of Clan History.2010,(1):85-105.]
[28]麻国庆.祖先的张力:流动的同姓集团与社会记忆:东南汉族的事例.杭州:浙江人民出版社,2004:180-181.[Ma Guoqing.The Tension of the Ancestors:The Flow of the Same Name Group and the Social Memory:The Case of the Southeast Han Nationality.Hangzhou:Zhejiang People's Publishing House,2004:180-181.]
[29]王丰龙,刘云刚.空间的生产研究综述与展望.人文地理,2011,26(2):13-20.[Wang Fenglong,Liu Yungang.A review of reseaches on the production of space.Human Geography,2011,26(2):13-20.]
[30]张宏卿.农民性格与中共的乡村动员模式:以中央苏区为中心的考察.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012:122.[Zhang Hongqing.Farmer's Character and the CPC's Mode of Rural Mobilization:A Case Study of the Central Soviet Area.Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,2012:122.]
[31]张雯.艺术家群居状态和艺术集聚区发展特征的对应与差异.大众文艺,2015,(1):266-267.[Zhang wen.Correspondence and differences of artist's social status and artistic development area.Popular Literature and Art,2015,(1):266-267.]
(1)数据来源:广州市海珠区华洲街官方网站.华洲街概况。http://www.haizhu.gov.cn/site/hzj/hzfm/jj/201107/t20110704_127053. html, 2016-06-08.
(2)以前人们习惯将海珠区称为“河南”,珠江对岸的越秀区、荔湾区等称为“河北”。
(3)来源:广州市海珠区小洲村历史文化保护区保护规划.广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院, 2008。
(4)“沉浸式剧场”由国外传入国内,与传统剧场在观众席正襟危坐的体验不同,它以整栋建筑作为演出空间,观众在内部戴上白色面具自由行动,零距离观看表演,也可以在固定时间摘掉面具参与互动演出。