重返“政治语境”看马克思的劳动哲学转向及本质
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摘要
马克思的劳动哲学在本质上并非属于经济哲学,而是政治哲学。或者确切地说,马克思的经济哲学的论证目的是为了最终返回政治。国民经济学家们之所以没有洞悉劳动的本质,重要原因就在于其极力"回避政治"。马克思认为,资本主义社会的存在结构,在归根结底的意义上表现为劳动和资本的对立,劳动沦为资本统治一切的工具和手段,"劳动生产力"在逻辑和事实上已经变成"资本生产力"。资本逻辑让劳动的工人们失去自由和参与政治的条件。只有通过"重返"劳动的政治语境解读,解放劳动,构建起无产阶级对抗资产阶级、扬弃私有财产和异化劳动的政治哲学,才可能让工人真正成为自由的人,从而完成对劳动必然性的超越,使得劳动成为人的自我的需求和自觉自愿的"自由王国"。
Marx's philosophy of labor is not economic philosophy,but political philosophy. To be precisely, the purpose of Marx's economic philosophy is to return to politics. The reason why national economists did not understand the essence of labor is that they are trying to "avoid politics". Marx believes that the existence structure of capitalist society, in the final sense, is manifested in the opposition between labor and capital. In this society,labor is the tool and means for capital to rule everything. "Labor productivity" has become "capital productivity" in logic and in fact of capitalist society. The logic of capital allows the workers to lose the conditions of freedom and participation in politics. Only by interpreting the political context of "returning" to labor, liberating labor, and constructing a political philosophy of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, abandoning private property and alienating labor, can make the workers truly free, thereby completing the transcendence of labor inevitability, and making labor become the self-demand of human beings and the voluntary "freedom kingdom".
Marx's philosophy of labor is not economic philosophy,but political philosophy. To be precisely, the purpose of Marx's economic philosophy is to return to politics. The reason why national economists did not understand the essence of labor is that they are trying to "avoid politics". Marx believes that the existence structure of capitalist society, in the final sense, is manifested in the opposition between labor and capital. In this society,labor is the tool and means for capital to rule everything. "Labor productivity" has become "capital productivity" in logic and in fact of capitalist society. The logic of capital allows the workers to lose the conditions of freedom and participation in politics. Only by interpreting the political context of "returning" to labor, liberating labor, and constructing a political philosophy of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie, abandoning private property and alienating labor, can make the workers truly free, thereby completing the transcendence of labor inevitability, and making labor become the self-demand of human beings and the voluntary "freedom kingdom".
引文
[1](英)亚当·斯密.国富论[M].章莉,译.南京:译林出版社,2012.
[2]马克思恩格斯全集:第30卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1997.
[3]马克思恩格斯全集:第3卷[M]:北京:人民出版社,2002.
[4]马克思恩格斯全集:第32卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1998.
[5]刘余勤.异化的现代社会与资本奴役之路———以马尔库塞“单向度的人”为视角[J].东华大学学报:社会科学版,2014(4).
[6](匈)卢卡奇.历史与阶级意识[M].杜章智,任立,燕宏远,译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.
[7]马克思恩格斯选集:第3卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1995.
[8](法)F.费迪耶,等.晚期海德格尔的三天讨论班纪要[J].丁耘,译.哲学译丛,2001(7).
[9]马克思恩格斯文集:第4卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2009.
[10]马克思恩格斯选集:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2012.
[11]张一兵.马克思必然王国向自由王国转换的理论真谛[J].哲学研究,1994(8).
[2]马克思恩格斯全集:第30卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1997.
[3]马克思恩格斯全集:第3卷[M]:北京:人民出版社,2002.
[4]马克思恩格斯全集:第32卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1998.
[5]刘余勤.异化的现代社会与资本奴役之路———以马尔库塞“单向度的人”为视角[J].东华大学学报:社会科学版,2014(4).
[6](匈)卢卡奇.历史与阶级意识[M].杜章智,任立,燕宏远,译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.
[7]马克思恩格斯选集:第3卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1995.
[8](法)F.费迪耶,等.晚期海德格尔的三天讨论班纪要[J].丁耘,译.哲学译丛,2001(7).
[9]马克思恩格斯文集:第4卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2009.
[10]马克思恩格斯选集:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2012.
[11]张一兵.马克思必然王国向自由王国转换的理论真谛[J].哲学研究,1994(8).