超长波天文观测微卫星宽带有源天线设计
|
摘要
月球轨道超长波天文观测微卫星(path finder of discovering the sky at the longest wavelengths,DSL-P)是国际首次开展绕月轨道超长波干涉技术验证实验。DSL-P工作频率1～30MHz,其关键技术之一为宽带有源天线。介绍了DSL-P宽带有源天线的方案,重点分析其噪声特性,通过仿真和测试获取有源天线的噪声性能,分析宽带有源天线对系统设计指标的满足度。研究表明,用于超长波观测的宽带有源天线并不是传统意义上的被动天线和前置放大器的组合,其主要作用是阻抗匹配,并可兼顾噪声要求。
Path finder of discovering the sky at the longest wavelengths(DSL-P)is a pioneering mission of interferometric radio astronomy at the longest wavelengths on the lunar orbit.Operating frequency of DSL-P ranges from 1 to 30 MHz,and one of its key technologies is the broadband active receiving antenna.This paper describes the scheme of DSL-P active antenna,and focuses on its noise characteristics.The research results show that the active antenna is not a combination of passive antenna and preamplifier in the traditional sense,its main function is impedance matching,and it takes into account the noise requirements.
Path finder of discovering the sky at the longest wavelengths(DSL-P)is a pioneering mission of interferometric radio astronomy at the longest wavelengths on the lunar orbit.Operating frequency of DSL-P ranges from 1 to 30 MHz,and one of its key technologies is the broadband active receiving antenna.This paper describes the scheme of DSL-P active antenna,and focuses on its noise characteristics.The research results show that the active antenna is not a combination of passive antenna and preamplifier in the traditional sense,its main function is impedance matching,and it takes into account the noise requirements.
引文
[1]BOONSTRA A J,HONG X Y,ROTHKAEHL H,et al.Discovering the sky at the longest wavelengths(DSL)[C]∥Proc.of the IEEE Aerospace Conference,2016.
[2]JONES D L,LAZIO J,BURNS J O.Dark ages radio explorer mission:probing the cosmic dawn[C]∥Proc.of the IEEE Aerospace Conference,2015.
[3]JESTER S,FALCKE H.Science with a lunar low-frequency array:from the dark ages of the universe to nearby exoplanets[J].New Astronomy Review,2009,53(1/2):1-26.
[4]陈学雷.关于开展我国空间低频射电天文学研究的一些设想[C]∥中国宇航学会深空探测技术专业委员会第二届学术会议,2005:49-53.CHEN X L.The space low frequency radio astronomy in China[C]∥Proc.of the 2nd Academic Conference of the Committee of Deep Space Exploration Technology,2005:49-53.
[5]BURNS J O,LAZIO J,BALE S,et al.Probing the first stars and black hole in the early universe with the dark ages radio explorer(DARE)[J].Advances in Space Research,2012,49(3):433-450.
[6]KAISER M L,WEILER K W.The current status of low frequency radio astronomy from space[J].Geophysical Monograph:Radio Astronomy at Long Wavelengths,2000,119:1–11.
[7]CONDON J,RANSOM S.Essential radio astronomy[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2016:1-10.
[8]VUGT P V,MEIJERINK A,BENTUM M.Calibration of the OLFAR space-based radio telescope using a weighted alternating least squares approach[C]∥Proc.of the IEEE Aerospace Conference,2017:1-11.
[9]吴季,洪晓瑜,阎敬业,等.超长波射电天文望远镜[C]∥第28届全国空间探测学术研讨会,2015.WU J,HONG X Y,YAN J Y,et al.Radio astronomical telescope at longest wavelength[C]∥Proc.of the 28th National Space Exploration Symposium,2015.
[10]ENGELEN S,VERHOEVEN C J,BENTUM M J.OLFAR,a radio telescope based on Nano-satellites in moon orbit[C]∥Proc.of the 24th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites,2010:1-7.
[11]张锦绣,陈学雷,曹喜滨,等.月球轨道编队超长波天文观测微卫星任务[J].深空探测学报,2017,4(2):158-165.ZHANG J X,CHEN X L,CAO X B,et al.Formation flying around lunar for ultra-long wave radio interferometer mission[J].Journal of Deep Space Exploration,2017,4(2):158-165.
[12]BUCHEN E.Spaceworks`2014nano/microsatellite market assessment[C]∥Proc.of the 28th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites,2014:1-5.
[13]武林,阎敬业,陈学雷,等.DSL-P科学目标与技术指标体系可行性论证报告[R].科学载荷技术报告,2016.WU L,YAN J Y,CHEN X L,et al.The feasibility study report of scientific objectives and technical indicators of DSL-P[R].Technology Report of Scientific Payload,2016.
[14]KONOVALENKO A A,FALKOVICH I S,KALINICHENKO N N,et al.Thirty-element active antenna array as a prototype of a huge low-frequency radio telescope[J].Experimental Astronomy,2003,16(3):149-164.
[15]DE VOS M,GUNST A W,NIJBOER R.The LOFAR telescope:system architecture and signal processing[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2009,97(8):1431-1437.
[16]KRAUSE M.Calibration of the LOFAR antennas[D].Netherlands:Radboud University Nijmegen,2013.
[17]VAN HAARLEM M P,WISE M W,GUNST A W,et al.LOFAR:the low-frequency array[J].Astronomy&Astrophysics,2013,556(7):629-635.
[18]ROTHKAEHL H,DOROTA P,MATYJASIAK B.New advanced radio tools for monitoring and diagnostics near Earth plasma environment.[C]∥Proc.of the Radio Science Conference(URSI AT-RASC),,2015.
[19]武林,赵飞,蓝爱兰,等.DSL-P载荷分系统初样详细设计报告[R].科学载荷技术报告,2016.WU L,ZHAO F,LAN A L,et al.Detailed design report of DSL-P[R].Technology Report of Scientific Payload,2016.
[20]ART KAY.运算放大器噪声优化手册[M].杨立敬译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2013:11-22.ART KAY.Operational amplifier noise:techniques and tips for analyzing and reducing noise[M].YANG L J trans.Beijing:Post&Telecom Press,2012.
[21]ELLINGSON S W.Receivers for low-frequency radio astronomy[C]∥Proc.of the From Clark Lake to the Long Wavelength Array:Bill Erickson’s Radio Science ASP Conference Series,2004,345:321.
[22]CONDON J J,COTTON W D,FOMALONT E B,et al.Resolving the radio source background:deeper understanding through confusion[J].The Astrophysical Journal,2012,758(1):1173-1188.
[23]乌拉比,穆尔,冯健超.微波遥感(第一卷):微波遥感基础和辐射测量学[M].侯世昌.马锡冠.北京:科学出版社,1988:229-245.ULABY F T,MOORE R K,FUNG A K.Microwave remotes sensing(Volume I):microwave remote sensing fundamentals and radiometry[M].Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,1981.
[24]谢拥军,刘莹,李磊,等.HFSS原理与工程应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.XIE Y J,LIU Y,LI L,et al.HFSS principle and engineering application[M].Beijing:The Science Publishing Company,2009.
[25]HICKS B C,DALAL N P,STEWART K P,et al.A Wide-band active antenna system for long wavelength radio astronomy[J].Publications of the Astronomical Society of The Pacific,2012,124(920):1090-1104.
[2]JONES D L,LAZIO J,BURNS J O.Dark ages radio explorer mission:probing the cosmic dawn[C]∥Proc.of the IEEE Aerospace Conference,2015.
[3]JESTER S,FALCKE H.Science with a lunar low-frequency array:from the dark ages of the universe to nearby exoplanets[J].New Astronomy Review,2009,53(1/2):1-26.
[4]陈学雷.关于开展我国空间低频射电天文学研究的一些设想[C]∥中国宇航学会深空探测技术专业委员会第二届学术会议,2005:49-53.CHEN X L.The space low frequency radio astronomy in China[C]∥Proc.of the 2nd Academic Conference of the Committee of Deep Space Exploration Technology,2005:49-53.
[5]BURNS J O,LAZIO J,BALE S,et al.Probing the first stars and black hole in the early universe with the dark ages radio explorer(DARE)[J].Advances in Space Research,2012,49(3):433-450.
[6]KAISER M L,WEILER K W.The current status of low frequency radio astronomy from space[J].Geophysical Monograph:Radio Astronomy at Long Wavelengths,2000,119:1–11.
[7]CONDON J,RANSOM S.Essential radio astronomy[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2016:1-10.
[8]VUGT P V,MEIJERINK A,BENTUM M.Calibration of the OLFAR space-based radio telescope using a weighted alternating least squares approach[C]∥Proc.of the IEEE Aerospace Conference,2017:1-11.
[9]吴季,洪晓瑜,阎敬业,等.超长波射电天文望远镜[C]∥第28届全国空间探测学术研讨会,2015.WU J,HONG X Y,YAN J Y,et al.Radio astronomical telescope at longest wavelength[C]∥Proc.of the 28th National Space Exploration Symposium,2015.
[10]ENGELEN S,VERHOEVEN C J,BENTUM M J.OLFAR,a radio telescope based on Nano-satellites in moon orbit[C]∥Proc.of the 24th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites,2010:1-7.
[11]张锦绣,陈学雷,曹喜滨,等.月球轨道编队超长波天文观测微卫星任务[J].深空探测学报,2017,4(2):158-165.ZHANG J X,CHEN X L,CAO X B,et al.Formation flying around lunar for ultra-long wave radio interferometer mission[J].Journal of Deep Space Exploration,2017,4(2):158-165.
[12]BUCHEN E.Spaceworks`2014nano/microsatellite market assessment[C]∥Proc.of the 28th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites,2014:1-5.
[13]武林,阎敬业,陈学雷,等.DSL-P科学目标与技术指标体系可行性论证报告[R].科学载荷技术报告,2016.WU L,YAN J Y,CHEN X L,et al.The feasibility study report of scientific objectives and technical indicators of DSL-P[R].Technology Report of Scientific Payload,2016.
[14]KONOVALENKO A A,FALKOVICH I S,KALINICHENKO N N,et al.Thirty-element active antenna array as a prototype of a huge low-frequency radio telescope[J].Experimental Astronomy,2003,16(3):149-164.
[15]DE VOS M,GUNST A W,NIJBOER R.The LOFAR telescope:system architecture and signal processing[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2009,97(8):1431-1437.
[16]KRAUSE M.Calibration of the LOFAR antennas[D].Netherlands:Radboud University Nijmegen,2013.
[17]VAN HAARLEM M P,WISE M W,GUNST A W,et al.LOFAR:the low-frequency array[J].Astronomy&Astrophysics,2013,556(7):629-635.
[18]ROTHKAEHL H,DOROTA P,MATYJASIAK B.New advanced radio tools for monitoring and diagnostics near Earth plasma environment.[C]∥Proc.of the Radio Science Conference(URSI AT-RASC),,2015.
[19]武林,赵飞,蓝爱兰,等.DSL-P载荷分系统初样详细设计报告[R].科学载荷技术报告,2016.WU L,ZHAO F,LAN A L,et al.Detailed design report of DSL-P[R].Technology Report of Scientific Payload,2016.
[20]ART KAY.运算放大器噪声优化手册[M].杨立敬译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2013:11-22.ART KAY.Operational amplifier noise:techniques and tips for analyzing and reducing noise[M].YANG L J trans.Beijing:Post&Telecom Press,2012.
[21]ELLINGSON S W.Receivers for low-frequency radio astronomy[C]∥Proc.of the From Clark Lake to the Long Wavelength Array:Bill Erickson’s Radio Science ASP Conference Series,2004,345:321.
[22]CONDON J J,COTTON W D,FOMALONT E B,et al.Resolving the radio source background:deeper understanding through confusion[J].The Astrophysical Journal,2012,758(1):1173-1188.
[23]乌拉比,穆尔,冯健超.微波遥感(第一卷):微波遥感基础和辐射测量学[M].侯世昌.马锡冠.北京:科学出版社,1988:229-245.ULABY F T,MOORE R K,FUNG A K.Microwave remotes sensing(Volume I):microwave remote sensing fundamentals and radiometry[M].Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,1981.
[24]谢拥军,刘莹,李磊,等.HFSS原理与工程应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.XIE Y J,LIU Y,LI L,et al.HFSS principle and engineering application[M].Beijing:The Science Publishing Company,2009.
[25]HICKS B C,DALAL N P,STEWART K P,et al.A Wide-band active antenna system for long wavelength radio astronomy[J].Publications of the Astronomical Society of The Pacific,2012,124(920):1090-1104.